In Pursuit of Excellence STUDENT MODULE GUIDE

SMG 101/2/2022

Anatomy II

ATN15M2

Department of Human Biology

Faculty of Health Sciences

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

NB: Each student registered for this module is entitled to 1 (one)

copy of this Student Module Guide (SMG). Any additional copies
required will have to be paid for by the student . Students are
advised, therefore, to keep their copy in a safe place, in case it is
required in future when registering and applying for credits at other
institutions.
 Contents

1. Introduction & Welcome........................................................................................ 1

2. Qualification Information ....................................................................................... 2

2.1 Qualification Title .................................................................................................. 2

2.2 Programme (Theme) Title ..................................................................................... 2

2.3 Module NQF Level ................................................................................................. 2

2.4 Total Credits ......................................................................................................... 2

2.5 Notional Hours Required ....................................................................................... 2

3. Module Purpose & Outcomes ................................................................................. 2

3.1 Module Purpose .................................................................................................... 2

3.2 Module Learning Outcomes ................................................................................... 2

3.3 Module Assessment Criteria ................................................................................... 3

4. Rules and regulations ............................................................................................ 3

5. Mode of Delivery & Access to Learner Management System .................................... 4

6. Contact with the Lecturers, Department and University ........................................... 4

6.1 Communication with Lecturers ............................................................................... 4

6.2 Contacting the Department ................................................................................... 4

6.3 Contacting the University ...................................................................................... 4

7. Resources ............................................................................................................ 4

7.1 Study Material ...................................................................................................... 4

7.2 Prescribed and Recommended Material .................................................................. 4

7.3 Electronic Reserves ............................................................................................... 5

7.4 Joining WSU Learner Management System (Student Portal) .................................... 5

7.5 Other Resources ................................................................................................... 5

 7.6 Library Information ............................................................................................... 5

8. Student Support Services ...................................................................................... 5

8.1 Student Counseling ............................................................................................... 5

8.2 Contact with Fellow Students................................................................................. 6

8.3 Tutor Services ...................................................................................................... 6

9. Expectations for different learning opportunities ..................................................... 6

10. Rules for Online Engagement (Netiquette) ............................................................. 6

11. Continuous Assessment ......................................................................................... 6

11.1 Formative Assessment ............................................................................................ 7

11.2.1 Year-Mark (DP) and Examination Requirements ................................................... 7

11.2.2 DP Requirements ......................................................................................... 7

11.2.3 Mark Calculation .......................................................................................... 7

12 Final Assessment .................................................................................................. 7

12.1 Final Assessment Period ........................................................................................ 8

13 Module Syllabus .................................................................................................... 8

13.1 Blocks’ organization .............................................................................................. 8

13.1.1 Module key Concepts ................................................................................... 8

13.1.2 Module Learning Objectives .......................................................................... 8

14. Scheme of Work (Timetable) ............................................................................. 110

15. Notes on Plagiarism. ......................................................................................... 111

16. Miscellaneous Issues ......................................................................................... 122

16.1 Role of class representatives in the Educational Process ...................................... 122

 1. Introduction & Welcome

The Anatomy II course is a semester course organized in three modules. These modules are
region-system-organ based and its contents are aligned with the competencies that
professional nurses must attained at the end of their degree. The anatomical foundation is core
to perform all the procedures that a nurse must do in the workplace; and it is also relevant to
understand the function of the body organs and systems. Understanding of functions is vital,
and it cannot be attained without the structural support where each function takes place.

The sequence of modules along the semester is as follows:

1. Musculoskeletal=Limbs and Peripheral nervous system.

2. Head and Neck=Cranial nerves, upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
3. Neuroanatomy=Central Nervous system.
I WELCOME YOU/WAMKELEKILE to this interesting course which may enrich your
understanding of the wonders of the Human Body.

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 2. Qualification Information
2.1 Qualification Title
Bachelor of Nursing Science

2.2 Programme (Theme) Title

Human Anatomy

2.3 Module NQF Level

5

2.4 Total Credits

12

2.5 Notional Hours Required

120

3. Module Purpose & Outcomes

3.1 Module Purpose
To understand the functional harmony between organs and cells in the different systems of the human
body.

3.2 Module Learning Outcomes

1. To identify the components of a synovial joint and groups of muscles, and their role in the range of
movements performed by multi-axial and bi-axial joints.
2.To appreciate the role of nerves and vessels as life support structures for the functions of the
extremities.
3. To appreciate the morpho-functional concepts underpinning health procedures such as: assessing
vital signs, vessel catheterization, intra-muscular injection, intra-venous support line, lumbar puncture,
invasive investigation procedures value of exercise as therapy.
4. To appreciate the role of the bones of the head and neck supporting and protecting softer structures
vital for human beings.
5. To understand motor function based on muscle groups that perform functions such as: facial
expression, mastication, and swallowing.
6. To understand sensory function based on the functions of the eyes, ears, nose, and tongue.
7. To appreciate the role of the brain hemispheres in the performance of body functions.
8. To understand the relationship between higher and lower areas of the CNS in the execution of
functions.
9. To understand the meaning of conscious and unconscious in terms of functions and responses
(reflexes).

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10. To appreciate the involvement of the autonomic system in body homeostasis.

3.3 Module Assessment Criteria

In each study block students have opportunities to interact with their lecturer; this frequent interaction
may enable students to monitor their progress along the block and their readiness for the test that takes
place at the end of the 4 weeks of duration of each study block. Both disciplines, Histology and Anatomy,
are visual sciences, consequently the assessment tools will be aligned with the learning approach;
anatomical pictures and microphotographs are the drivers of the learning process.

The formative assessment will weight 60% of the final mark and the final exam contributes to the
remaining 40%. In both component of the Final Mark (Year Mark and Exam Mark), Histology makes
60% and Gross Anatomy 40%.

Each discipline offers enough opportunities to the students to monitor their progress along the
academic year, this self-monitoring is paramount to be ready for the Final Exam that takes place at the
end of the year.

4. Rules and regulations

Attendance is compulsory to all classes. In the case that a student misses a class he/she must
provide in writing the explanation for the missed class. It is the responsibility of the individual
to contact their group members to be able to catch up the content and practice of what happens
in the class.

Staff members are committed to work with students who practice respect and discipline to each
other and to staff. Some ways to practice this respect is:

• Arriving on time to class and if there is any good reason for arriving late a note with one
of the peers to the lecturer is accepted.
• Presenting a valid document that may explain the reason of absenteeism to class.
• Showing courtesy when participating in class or in extra sessions without a staff member.
• Do not display any negative nonverbal behavior.
• Contributes to a quality learning environment.
• Shows commitment to learning.

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 5. Mode of Delivery & Access to Learner Management System

At the beginning of each Gross Anatomy module the students will receive the learning
objectives grouped according to topics to learn in each week. It is expected that the students
would study the images that emanate from those learning objectives and be able to interact
with the lecturer in the class identifying the relevant structures. This basic identification of
structures will facilitate the addition of the theory associated to each image. Short videos would
also assist in the 3D visual representation of the organs and structures learned.

Short case scenarios are available as enablers of reasoning skills.

6. Contact with the Lecturers, Department and University

6.1 Communication with Lecturers

a/Prof. M Gari- mgari@wsu.ac.za (office ext. 2115)

6.2 Contacting the Department

• Head of Department (HB): Dr. M Gondwe email: mgondwe@wsu.ac.za

• Secretary: Ms. O Shibe/ office’s ext:2352 email: oshibe@wsu.ac.za

6.3 Contacting the University

Mr. Dabula (Student Development & Students Affairs) 047 502 2901 email: pdabula@wsu.ac.za

7. Resources

Videos and textbooks.

7.1 Study Material

The student guide is a valuable resource to read and organize the study on weekly bases.
Observing the videos before coming to class is highly recommended to optimize the learning
path.

7.2 Prescribed and Recommended Material

There are various books that may help you to study the subject, the Health Sciences Library
has hard copies of them and there are students that have obtained the electronic versions and

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have been sharing with others, talk to your mentor about this issue. It is advisable to search
for resources in the web too and the learning objectives direct you towards the direction to
search. Any textbook that combines Anatomy & Physiology may be useful. The following are
two examples:

a) Human Anatomy & Physiology. Marieb and Hoehn. 10th Edition.

b) Mader’s Understanding Human Anatomy & Physiology. 8th Edition.

7.3 Electronic Reserves

The support videos are uploaded in WiSeUp. As a registered student you can access the module
per your convenience.

7.4 Joining WSU Learner Management System (Student Portal)

WiSeUp is the Learner Management System (LMS) of Walter Sisulu University. Your student
number is the key to login in the LMS platform and in your home page you will see all the
modules that you have registered for the academic year.

Besides the LMS, with the help of class representatives, we will create a chat in WhatsApp for
the purpose of quick communication and feed-back.

7.5 Other Resources

There are resources in the net which you can visit in free portals of international universities
e.g., Khan University, Jove.com (WSU has subscription) and You Tube.

7.6 Library Information

The Health Sciences library has textbooks dedicated to Gross Anatomy and if interested to learn
deeper, specialties books have more detailed information of the respective systems and their
examination.

8. Student Support Services

8.1 Student Counseling

• Ms. Mafune (047 502 1941)

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• Ms. Nyembezi (047 502 1908)

8.2 Contact with Fellow Students

Your class representative has regular contact with the FHS student leadership (HESSCO) and
with the Student Representative Council.

8.3 Tutor Services

Your mentor, usually a senior student can be resourceful to assist you with guidance and
support. Mthatha campus has a Centre for Teaching and Learning with specialists that can
assist with reading and writing skills. Do not hesitate to ask any of your lecturers for advice if
you need assistance. The sooner the better.

9. Expectations for different learning opportunities

Learning is a process that takes place on daily bases, consciously and unconsciously. With the
arrival of the Fourth Industrial Revolution learning has a new dimension. Verbal and nonverbal
interactions involve learning, optimize the digital opportunity to enhance quality learning.

The interdisciplinary integration that is exercised in the discussion of the short case scenarios
open opportunities to apply and reconsolidate knowledge and skills of this module. It is
advisable to observe the videos before you study the content to facilitate the 3D visual
representation. After you have studied the content watch again the video, but mute, you may
self-assess your preparation.

10. Rules for Online Engagement (Netiquette)

The virtual engagement that takes place in both, the university LMS and in any other digital
platforms e.g., WhatsApp must be responsible and respectful. Social interaction is useful for
learning, and all participants have the right to be listened. Agreements and disagreements must
be handled with respect and professionalism.

11. Continuous Assessment

It is the best opportunity to monitor the quality of learning and teaching, to improve and set
new goals.

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 11.1 Formative Assessment

There is formative assessment in class since staff members listen to your participation and
highlight those areas that need improvement; peer interaction is key to improve learning.

Continuous assessment entails the objectives learned per block and are the mean to calculate
the Year Mark. This assessment is the average calculation of all Histology assessments and the
average calculation of all the Gross Anatomy assessments.

11.2.1 Year-Mark (DP) and Examination Requirements

The year mark weights 60% of the Final mark and the candidate must have a year mark of
40% or more to be able to sit in the final exam. (G 24.2 WSU prospectus)

11.2.2 DP Requirements

A student must have written all the blocks’ tests to be able to sit in the final exam.

11.2.3 Mark Calculation

The Year Mark is calculated adding the Histology average and the Gross
Anatomy average. Histology weights 60% while Anatomy 40%. This proportion
is consistent in the final exam paper too.
DP=Histology 60%+Anatomy 40%= 100%
Final Mark= DP (60 %) + Exam Mark (40 %) = 100%

11.2.4 Aegrotat Examination

According to rule G 26.1 “a student who is prevented from writing one or more papers by
illness or family circumstances such as the death of serious illness of a relative during
examination …” The application must reach the office of the registrar within five days after the
final date of the examination.

12 Final Assessment

The final exam is a written exam that includes images to identify and requests that the
candidate represent (draw) an organ/cell associated to a theoretical description. The final exam
weights 40 % of the Final Mark.

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 12.1 Final Assessment Period

Usually at the end of November.

13 Module Syllabus
13.1 Blocks’ organization

I. Musculo-skeletal.
II. Head & Neck
III. Neurosciences.

13.1.1 Module key Concepts

• Identify
• Describe
• Contrast/compare
• Represent/illustrate
• Summarize/organize

13.1.2 Module Learning Objectives

Upper Limbs

1.1 To identify the bones of the arm and forearm. To name in each bone three to four anatomical details that may
assist in its identification.
2. To name the groups of bones of the hands. To identify their points of articulation in the hands of an alive
person.
3. To identify and name the muscular compartments of the upper limbs. To relate each compartment with its
function.
4.1 To identify and name the bones that articulate in the following joints: shoulder, elbow, and wrist.
4.2 To demonstrate the following movements at the corresponding joint where may occur: flexion & extension,
abduction & adduction, pronation & supination, rotation.
5. To identify and name the surface anatomy features used as landmarks to perform the following procedures:
blood pressure, radial & brachial pulses, venous blood sample, intramuscular injection
6.1 To name the spinal segments that are part of the brachial plexus.
6.2 To name the five major nerves that supply the upper limbs and have both sensory and motor functions.
6.3 To relate the following anatomical features with the localization of any of the above-mentioned nerves: radial
groove, medial epicondyle, & neck of the humerus, carpal tunnel, snuff box.
7. To describe the blood supply and venous drainage of the upper limbs.
Lower Limbs
1. To identify the bones of the thigh and leg. To name in each bone three to four anatomical details that may
assist in its identification.
2. To name the groups of bones of the feet. To identify their points of articulation in the feet of an alive person.

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3. To identify and name the muscular compartments of the lower limbs. To relate each compartment with its
function.
4.1 identify and name the bones that articulate in the following joints: hip, knee, and ankle.
4.2 To demonstrate the following movements at the corresponding joint where may occur: flexion & extension,
abduction & adduction, inversion & eversion, rotation.
5. To identify and name the surface anatomy features used to perform the following procedures: femoral &
popliteal pulses, venous blood sample, femoral catheterization, intramuscular injection
6.1 To name the spinal segments that are part of the lumbo-sacral plexus.
6.2 To name the three major nerves that supply the lower limbs, both sensory and motor functions.
6.3 To relate the following anatomical features with the localization of any of the above-mentioned nerves: femoral
triangle, popliteal fossa, neck of the fibula.
7. To describe the blood supply and venous drainage of the lower limbs.

Head & Neck

1.1 Identify and name the bones of the head. Organize them in anterior, posterior, and base of the skull. Palpate
your own head and face and find the position of some of the mentioned bones.
1.2. Identify and name in a picture of the skull sutures (coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid) and fontanelles (anterior
and posterior) as landmarks of the ossification process of the bones of the calvaria. Discuss the role of fontanels
during birth.
1.3. Identify the landmark named pterion, state its clinical relevance.
1.4. Identify the layers of soft tissue covering the calvaria. Test its existence raising your eyebrows (the frontalis
muscle is contracted) and your forehead wrinkles.
1.5. Identify and name the bones that are forming the base of the skull and relate their positions to the anterior,
middle, and posterior cranial fossae (each fossae accommodates one portion of the brain).

2.1. Identify and list the muscles of the face that belong to the following groups:
a) Muscles of facial expression.
b) Muscles of mastication.
c) Extra-ocular muscles.
2.2. Name the cranial nerves that innervate each group of muscles.

3.1. Identify the component of the external, middle, and internal ears. Indicate the function of each portion.
3.2. Name the cranial nerve that has the function of hearing.

4.1. Identify the different portions of the eyeball. Organize the position of the media that the light passes
throughout until it reaches the retina.
4.2. Indicate the functions of the following: iris, lens, and retina.
4.3. Name the cranial nerve responsible for vision.

5.1. Identify the median groove, the sulcus terminalis, and papillae of the dorsum of the tongue. Differentiate
between oral and pharyngeal parts of the tongue.
5.2. Name the cranial nerve that allows the tongue movements, crucial during mastication and during speech.
5.3. Name the cranial nerves involves in the function of taste of the tongue.
5.4. Localize and indicate the role of the glands known as: sublingual, sub-mandibular and parotids.
5.5. Identify the following portions of the nose: root, apex, nostrils, nasal septum, alae, nasal cavities & choanae.
5.1. Indicate the cranial nerve that performs the function of olfaction.

6.1. Identify the three triangles of the neck.

6.2. Identify the following: pharynx, larynx & trachea. Discuss the functional implications of the presence of
cartilage (like rings) in the walls of the trachea. Identify and name the thyroid, cricoid cartilage, and epiglottis.
6.2. Identify the following vessels of the neck: Carotid arteries, jugular veins, vertebral arteries.

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6.3. Trace the route of the external carotid arteries and their branches to appreciate all areas that these vessels
and their branches supply blood to.
6.4. Identify and indicate the functions of the following glands of the neck: thyroid and parathyroid glands.
6.5. Contrast the type of function performed by these two glands respect to the glands in 5.4.
6.6. Identify in a cervical vertebra the vertebral arch, the vertebral body, spinous and transverse process, vertebral
foramina. Name the structures that are localized within the vertebral arch and within the foramen transversarium.
6.7. Identify and name the following muscles of the neck: sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, scalene.

Nervous System

1. Name all components of the Nervous System grouped in: Peripheral (PNS) & Central (CNS).
2. Identify and name the meninges and their spaces: epidural, sub-Dural and sub-arachnoid’s.
3. Describe the flow of CSF within the ventricles and subarachnoid space.
4. Define the following concepts:
a) CNS & PNS
b) Somatic and autonomic functions of nerves.
c) Neurons and glial cells.
5. Contrast the position (vertebral column level) where the spinal cord ends in a child and in an adult.
6. Describe the composition of gray and white maters within the CNS.
7. Contrast motor and sensory functions of both, spinal and cranial nerves, based on:
a) Direction of the action potential (nerve impulse).
b) Localization of the cell body of each neuron.
c) Type (morphology/histology) of each neuron.
8. Identify and name, in a cross section of the spinal cord, the following: anterior and posterior horns, anterior
and posterior roots, position of motor neurons, position of axons forming ascending and descending tracts.
9. Appreciate the importance of myelin in the speed of conduction of the impulse (either nerve or tract)
10. Contrast between CNS & PNS, the morpho-functional meaning of the following:
CNS PNS
a tract a nerve
a nucleus a ganglion
direction of motor & sensory impulses
11. Identify and name the external features of the brain that are useful to identify its four lobes: frontal, parietal,
temporal, and occipital.
a) Central & parietal-occipital sulci. Lateral & calcarine fissures.
b) Pre-central & post-central gyri, superior temporal gyrus.
12.1 Basic understanding of the role of the brain and its control of lower segments of the CNS.
12.2 Indicate the role of these major afferent and efferent pathways (cortico-spinal, spino-thalamic, dorsal white
columns).
12.3 State the meaning of ipsilateral and contra lateral respect to brain hemisphere and decussation of a tract.
13.Identify in the medial aspect of the hemispheres the following: thalamus, hypothalamus
corpus callosum, calcarine area.
14.1 Localize these centers (integration of functions): primary vision, primary hearing, motor somatic, sensory
somatic, motor speech, sensory speech (understanding words).
14.2 Identify both, sensory and motor homunculi (representation/map of the body in the cerebral cortex, post-
central and pre-central gyri respectively)
15. Contrast the position of white and gray matters of the brain with their position in the spinal cord.
16. Identification (in a section of the brain) of the brain cortex and nuclei (basal ganglia).
17. Identify and name external features of the brain stem that are useful to identify its portions: medulla oblongata,
pons, and mid-brain.
a) Pyramids b) Olive c) Floor of the fourth ventricle
d) Cerebral and cerebellar peduncles e) Superior and inferior colliculi
18. Indicate the importance of the cardio-respiratory center.
19.1 Group cranial nerves according to their functions (somatic motor, autonomic and sensory).

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19.2 Give examples of functions of each cranial nerve.
20. Identify and name the following portions of the cerebellum: hemispheres, vermis, and flocculo-nodular lobe.
21. Appreciate the role of the cerebellum in the maintenance of posture, balance, and coordination of movements.
22.1 Name a minimum of two portions of the brain that are part of the limbic system.
22.2 Appreciate the role of this system in mood, learning and memory disorders.
23. Identification of the vertebral and internal carotid arteries in the neck.
24.1 Identification of the basilar artery and cerebral arteries.
24.2 Name the parts of the CNS that are supplied by each of these arteries.
25.1 Organize the autonomic function of nerves (cranial and spinal) according to divisions of the ANS (sympathetic
& parasympathetic).
25.2 Mention the effects of sympathetic (fight & fly) stimulation on: cardiovascular and digestive systems.
26. Appreciate the role of the hypothalamus in the control of autonomic functions (hunger, thirst, sex,
temperature)

14. Scheme of Work Gross Anatomy (Block Timetable)

WEEK(S) DATE(S) CLASS STUDENT ACTIVITY

All weeks, Tuesday Identification of the 1.Participation in the two

structures in activities that are going to
except test afternoons
anatomical images and facilitate the class.
and exam
discussion of the
weeks. 2. Discussing the case
contents that can be
scenarios that have
applied to the videos. relationship with the topics
of the class.

15. Notes on Plagiarism.

The extraction of meaning from the studied content is an individual exercise. Meaningful
(making sense) learning can be enriched in a small group discussion. Individuals who decide
not to commit themselves and consequently do not create her/his own notes, and do not
participate in the class discussion are harming themselves. Consistent work every week is the

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best option to learn with quality and reach stress free the day of the test or exam. Working
with peers, is recommended, as far as responsibilities are distributed and individual
accountability is monitored.

16. Miscellaneous Issues

16.1 Role of class representatives in the Educational Process
Class representatives are the interface between the lecturers and the class, and this channel
of communication remains open along the academic year. All lecturers are open to suggestions
that may improve the learning process, and students must not hesitate to communicate them.
If necessary, request a meeting to express any concern when it happens, do NOT wait until
the end of the block. Do not hesitate to canalize your queries or complaints timeously.

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