Advanced - Workbook

MSNGOCLAN LANGUAGE ACADEMY - Chuyên luyện thi THCS, THPT, Thi Đại Học, IELTS
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ADVANCED
WORKBOOK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
WEEK 1 EDUCATON & EMPLOYMENT..................................................................................................2
1.1.................................................................................................................................................... 3
WEEK 2 HEALTH................................................................................................................................. 14
2.1.................................................................................................................................................. 15
2.2.................................................................................................................................................. 26
WEEK 3 TECHNOLOGY........................................................................................................................27
3.1.................................................................................................................................................. 28
3.2.................................................................................................................................................. 38
WEEK 4 ANIMALS............................................................................................................................... 39
4.1.................................................................................................................................................. 40
4.2.................................................................................................................................................. 51
WEEK 5 ENTERTAINMENT.................................................................................................................. 52
5.1.................................................................................................................................................. 53
5.2.................................................................................................................................................. 65
WEEK 7 TOURISM...............................................................................................................................66
7.1.................................................................................................................................................. 67
7.2.................................................................................................................................................. 86
WEEK 8 MASS MEDIA.........................................................................................................................87
8.1.................................................................................................................................................. 88
8.2................................................................................................................................................ 105
WEEK 9 ENTERTAINMENT................................................................................................................111
9.1................................................................................................................................................ 112
9.2................................................................................................................................................ 130
WEEK 10 CULTURE & HERITAGE.......................................................................................................131
10.1.............................................................................................................................................. 132
10.2.............................................................................................................................................. 149
WEEK 11 CRIME & PUNISHMENT.....................................................................................................150
11.1.............................................................................................................................................. 151
11.2.............................................................................................................................................. 178
2
“Education is a better safeguard of liberty than a standing army.” – Edward Everett
WEEK 1
EDUCATON & EMPLOYMENT
3
1.1
READING: SHORT ANSWER, NOTE COMPLETION
LISTENING: FORM COMPLETION
VOCABULARY: EDUCATION & EMPLOYMENT
A. READING
Exercise 1: Answer these questions.
Our Vanishing Night

“Most city skies have become virtually empty of stars”
A. If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, it would make no difference
to us whether we were out and about at night or during the day, the midnight world as visible to us as
it is to the vast number of nocturnal species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, meaning
our eyes are adapted to living in the sun’s light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most
of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings any more than as primates or mammals or Earthlings.
Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: we’ve engineered it to meet our needs
by filling it with light.
B. This kind of engineering is no different from damming a river. Its benefits come with
consequences – called light pollution – whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study.
Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows artificial light to shine
outward and upward into the sky, where it is not wanted, instead of focusing it downward, where it
is. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspects of life – migration, reproduction,
feeding – is affected. For most of human history, the phrase “light pollution” would have made no
sense. Imagine walking toward London on a moonlit night around 1800, when it was one of Earth’s
most populous cities. Nearly a million people lived there, making do, as they always had, with
candles and lanterns. There would be no gaslights in the streets or squares for another seven years.
Questions 1-4
Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS, answer the following questions.
Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1. What are humans referred to as? diurnal creatures
2. What resulted in~lead to light pollution? bad lighting design
3. What are the factors impacted by human lights?
Glossary
New words Meaning New words Meaning
1 nocturnal (adj) Sống về đêm 4. dam (v) Đắp đập, đắp đê
2. diurnal (adj) Thuộc về ban ngày 5. primate (adj) Linh trng
3. evolutionary (adj) Tiến hóa, thuộc về 6. earthlings (n) Người trái đất
phát triển
4
Walking with Dinosaurs
Peter L. Falkingham and his colleagues at Manchester University are developing techniques which
look set to revolutionize our understanding of how dinosaurs and other extinct animals behaved.
A. The media image of palaeontologists who study prehistoric life is often of field workers camped
in the desert in the hot sun, carefully picking away at the rock surrounding a large dinosaur bone. But
Peter Falkingham has done little of that for a while now. Instead, he devotes himself to his computer.
Not because he has become inundated with paperwork, but because he is a new kind of
paleontologist: a computational paleontologist. What few people may consider is that uncovering a
skeleton or a new species, is where the research begins, not where it ends. What we really want to
understand is how the extinct animals and plants behaved in their natural habitats. Dr Bill Sellers and
Phil Manning from the University of Manchester use a ‘genetic algorithm’ – a kind of computer code
that can change itself and ‘evolve’ – to explore how extinct animals like dinosaurs, and our own
early ancestors, walked and stalked.
B. The fossilized bones of a complete dinosaur skeleton can tell scientists a lot about the animal, but
they do not make up the complete picture and the computer can try to fill the gap. The computer
model is given a digitized skeleton and the locations of known muscles. The model then randomly
activates the muscles. This, perhaps unsurprisingly, results almost without fail in the animal falling
on its face. So the computer alters the activation pattern and tries again … usually to similar effect.
The modelled dinosaurs quickly ‘evolve’. If there is any improvement, the computer discards the old
pattern and adopts the new one as the base for alteration. Eventually, the muscle activation pattern
evolves a stable way of moving, the best possible solution is reached, and the dinosaur can walk, run,
chase or graze. Assuming natural selection evolves the best possible solution too, the modelled
animal should be moving in a manner similar to its now-extinct counterpart. And indeed, using the
same method for living animals (humans, emu and ostriches) similar top speeds were achieved on the
computer as in reality. By comparing their cyberspace results with real measurements of living
species, the Manchester team of paleontologists can be confident in the results computed showing
how extinct prehistoric animals such as dinosaurs moved.
Questions 4-5
Using NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS, answer the following questions.
4. What would you call somebody who studies prehistoric life? palaeontologists
5. How does a paleontologist begin the research with? use a ‘genetic algorithm’
6. Which part of a dinosaur can reveal a lot to scientists? The fossilized bones
Glossary
1 revolutionize (v) Cách mạng hóa 4. fossilize (v) Hóa thạch
2. prehistoric (adj) Thời tiền sử 5. cyberspace (n) Không gian mạng
5
3. inundate (v) Tràn ngập 6. counterpart (n) Bản đối chiếu, bản sao

The First Cyber Criminals
“Cybercrime” sounds like a very new type of crime. In fact, it has been around since the 1970s –
before the personal computer was invented, when computers far less powerful than today’s game
consoles filled entire rooms and were monitored by technicians.
The first cybercrimes were carried out across telephone lines, by a group of electronic enthusiasts
known as 'phone phreakers'. Having studied the US telephone system, they realised that it recreated a
series of musical tones to connect calls. They found they could imitate those tones, and steal free
phone calls, by creating small musical devices called 'blue boxes'. One famous 'phreaker', John
Draper, even discovered that using a whistle given away inside a cereal box could do the same job as
a blue box.
Cybercrime centred on the telephone for many years, until the first computer-to-computer
cybercrime took place in the 1980s. 'Hacking', as it has since been referred to, gained new public
visibility after the popular 1984 film Wargames, in which a hacker breaks into a US military
computer and saves the world. Many hackers later said this was their inspiration.
It was the arrival of the Internet that was eventually to make cybercrime a big issue. When millions
of home and business computer users began to visit the Internet in the early to mid-1990s, few were
thinking about the dangers of cybercrime or about security and so it seemed only a matter of time
before banks became the target for hackers.
In 1994 a group of hackers broke into US bank Citibank's computers and stole $10 million. This was
later nearly all recovered. With the rise of the Internet, credit cards became the tools of cyber
criminals: Kevin Mitnick was arrested for stealing 20,000 credit card numbers over the net in 1995.
This and other credit card crime prompted credit card companies to consider ways they could make
cards more secure.
Complete the notes below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each
answer.
Cyber crime
First cyber criminals: called (7)… ………… (1970s)
Nature of crime: made free calls by copying (8)…… ……..….
Computer crime: began in (9)…………..
Crime known as: (10)…….………
Promoted by hit movie: (11)……………
Internet crime: initially unexpected, but quickly focused on (12)……….…
Current concern: (13)……….….. fraud
6
KEYWORD TABLE
Questions Keywords in the questions Similar words in the passage
3 factors
3 impacted
6 reveal
7 called
8 copying
9 began
11 Promoted
11 hit movie
12 focused on
Exercise 4: Answer these questions. (optional)

Tool for ancient writing
The writing instrument that dominated for the longest period in history (over one thousand years)
was the quill pen. Introduced around 700 A.D., the quill is a pen made from a bird feather. The
strongest quills were those taken from living birds in the spring from the five outer left wing feathers.
The left wing was favoured because the feathers curved outward and away when used by a right-
handed writer. Goose feathers were most common; swan feathers were of a premium grade being
scarcer and more expensive. For making fine lines, crow feathers were the best, and then came the
feathers of the eagle, owl, hawk, and turkey.
There were also disadvantages associated with the use of quill pens, including a lengthy preparation
time. The early European writing parchments made from animal skins required much scraping and
cleaning. A lead and a ruler made margins. To sharpen the quill, the writer needed a special knife
(origins of the term “pen-knife”.) Beneath the writer’s high-top desk was a coal stove, used to dry the
ink as fast as possible.
Plant-fiber paper became the primary medium for writing after another dramatic invention took
place: Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press with replaceable wooden or metal letters in
1436. Simpler kinds of printing e.g. stamps with names used much earlier in China, did not find their
way to Europe. During the centuries, many newer printing technologies were developed based on
Gutenberg’s printing machine e.g. offset printing.
Articles written by hand had resembled printed letters until scholars began to change the form of
writing, using capitals and small letters, writing with more of a slant and connecting letters.
Gradually writing became more suitable to the speed the new writing instruments permitted. The
credit of inventing Italian ‘running hand’ or cursive handwriting with its Roman capitals and small
letters, goes to Aldus Manutius of Venice, who departed from the old set forms in 1495 A.D. By the
end of the 16th century, the old Roman capitals and Greek letterforms transformed into the twenty-
six alphabet letters we know today, both for upper and lower-case letters. When writers had both
better inks and paper, and handwriting had developed into both an art form and an everyday
occurrence, man’s inventive nature once again turned to improving the writing instrument, leading to
the development of the modern fountain pens
7
Questions 14-16
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each
answer.
14. What makes it not so convenient to use the quill pens? __________
15. When did one more breakthrough occur, followed by the popularity of paper of plant fibres?
__________
16. What inventions were the results of human’s creative instinct of developing writing tools?
__________
Glossary
Scarce (adj) Hiếm Quill pen (n) Bút lông
Parchment (n) Da động vật để Fountain pen (n) Bút máy
viết
Slant (adj) Nghiêng Margin (n) Lề

More cavities needed
Bluebirds live in cavities, but they can't make their own cavities. Like woodpeckers, bluebirds prefer
trees in open areas. The best habitat for bluebirds is an open area with scattered trees such as an old
garden. By clearing sections of forest to create more fields, early settlers happened to improve
bluebird habitat. Bluebirds feed on insects on the ground, and insects were abundant in the fields.
In the early 1900s, eastern bluebirds were one of the most common songbirds, but by 1969 fewer
than 100 bluebirds nested in Minnesota. Other states also reported severe declines in the populations
of all three bluebird species.
Why did the population decline? One factor may have been the widespread use of insecticides, but
the most important factor was probably the loss of habitat. At first, fences were built with wooden
posts, and wooden posts develop cavities. While bluebirds life fence posts with cavities, farmers do
not. Cavities make the fence posts weak, and cattle escape through weak fences. After World War II,
most farmers replaced wooden posts with new posts made of steel.
With less suitable habitat, the bluebirds were forced to compete with other birds for the few
remaining nesting sides. More aggressive birds such as the tree swallow and the house wren often
drive the bluebirds from their nests. Starlings and house sparrows - both introduced to this country
from Europe - also compete with the bluebirds for nesting sites.
All three bluebird populations - eastern, western, and mountain - declined nearly 90 per cent between
1935 - 1985. The North American Bluebird Society and others are working to increase the number of
bluebirds. The most successful method is to improve the habitat by providing the bluebirds with
boxes as living places. Thousands of boxes are placed and being managed by individuals interested
in helping the little bird.
If placed in the right environment, the boxes do attract bluebirds. Bluebirds prefer boxes placed next
to open areas. If placed near a brushy area, the boxes are more likely to attract house wrens. Tree
swallows would compete for isolated sites in open areas. Competition from tree swallows will
decrease if the boxes are placed in pairs, less than three feet apart. Boxes for mountain and western
8
bluebirds must have slightly larger holes than those for eastern bluebirds, but if the holes are too
large, starlings will take the boxes.
Another cavity programme helped the wood duck population. When seeking for houses, the female
wood duck looks for a cavity in a tree that is in or near the water. Often she chooses a cavity with a
hole too small for a raccoon to enter. Human activities - logging mature trees and hunting - threaten
the wood duck population. In 1918, the United States and Canadian governments banned the hunting
of this species. Groups of citizens and conservation organisations built living boxes and placed them
on poles or in trees that are in or near the water. Today the wood duck population is greater than one
million, and hunting is once again permitted.
Questions 17-22
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
17. What place is given as an example of the best habitat for bluebirds?
18. According to the passage, who accidentally helped with improving bluebird habitat?
19. How many species do bluebirds have?
20. What is the most important reason for the severe decline in the population of bluebirds?
21. Which material do most farmers prefer when they made fences?
22. Among the bluebird species, which one prefers boxes with smaller holes than other bluebirds do?

Nature on display in American zoos
by Elizabeth Hanson
The first zoo in the United States opened in Philadelphia in 1874, followed by the Cincinnati Zoo the
next year. By 1940 there were zoos in more than one hundred American cities. The Philadelphia Zoo
was more thoroughly planned and better financed than most of the hundreds of zoos that would open
later but in its landscape and its mission – to both educate and entertain it embodied ideas about how
to build a zoo that stayed consistent for decades. The zoos came into existence in the late nineteenth
century during the transition of the United States from a rural and agricultural nation to an industrial
one.
Most American zoos were founded and operated as part of the public parks administration. They
were dependent on municipal funds, and they charged no admission fee. They tended to assemble as
many different mammal and bird species as possible, along with a few reptiles, exhibiting one or two
specimens of each, and they competed with each other to become the first to display a rarity, like a
rhinoceros. In the constant effort to attract the public to make return visits, certain types of display
came in and out of fashion; for example, dozens of zoos built special islands for their large
populations of monkeys. In the 1930s, the Works Progress Administration funded millions of dollars
of construction at dozens of zoos, for the most part, the collections of animals were organized by
species in a combination of enclosures according to a fairly loose classification scheme.
9
Although many histories of individual zoos describe the 1940s through the 1960s as a period of
stagnation, and in some cases there was neglect, new zoos continued to be set up all over the country.
In the 1940s and 1950s, the first zoos designed specifically for children were built, some with the
appeal of farm animals. An increasing number of zoos tried new ways of organizing their displays. In
addition to the traditional approach of exhibiting like kinds together, zoo planners had a new
approach of putting animals in groups according to their continent of origin and designing exhibits
showing animals of particular habitats, for example, polar, desert, or forest. During the 1960s, a few
zoos arranged some displays according to behavior; the Bronx Zoo. for instance, opened its World of
Darkness exhibit of nocturnal animals. Paradoxically, at the same time as zoo displays began
incorporating ideas about the ecological relationships between animals, big cats and primates
continued to be displayed in bathroom like cages lined with tiles.
By the 1970s, a new wave of reform was stirring. Popular movements for environmentalism and
animal welfare called attention to endangered species and to zoos that did not provide adequate care
for their animals. More projects were undertaken by research scientists and zoos began hiring full-
time vets as they stepped up captive breeding programs. Many zoos that had been supported entirely
by municipal budgets began recruiting private financial support and charging admission fees. In the
prosperous 1980s and 1990s. zoos built realistic ‘landscape immersion’ exhibits, many of them
around the theme of the tropical rainforest and. Increasingly, conservation moved to the forefront of
zoo agendas.
Although zoos were popular and proliferating institutions in the United States at the turn of the
twentieth century, historians have paid little attention to them. Perhaps zoos have been ignored
because they were, and remain still, multi-purpose institutions, and as such they fall between the
categories of analysis that historians often use. In addition, their stated goals of recreation, education,
the advancement of science, and protection of endangered species have often conflicted. Zoos
occupy a difficult middle ground between science and showmanship, high culture and low, remote
forests and the cement cityscape, and wild animals and urban people.
Questions 23-28
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
 Up to 1940 More mammals and birds exhibited than (23) …………..….
(24)……………were very popular animals in many zoos at one time.
 1940s and 1950s Zoos started exhibiting animals according to their (25) …………… and
where they came from.
 1960s Some zoos categorized animals by (26) …………. …..
 1970s (27) ………….. were employed following protests about animal care
 1980s onwards The importance of (28) …………………. became greater.
10
KEYWORD TABLE
15 occur
creative instinct
16 developing
tools
18 accidentally
25 where they came from
26 categorized
27 employed
B. LISTENING
Ex 1: Questions 1-10
Complete the form below. <track 01>
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY ACCOMMODATION REQUEST FORM
Surname: Blake
First name: 1 …………………..
ID number: 2 …………………….
Gender: male
Email address: d.blake@internet.com
Telephone number: 3 … ……………
Course attending: 4 …………………
Start date: 5 …………….….
Accommodation type: 6 ……………….
Room type: 7 … ……………
Type of bathroom: 8 ………………
Vehicle 9 ………………..
Amount of deposit: 10 £…………….
11
Glossary
Word Meaning Word Meaning
1. submit (v) Nộp 4. self-catering Tự phục vụ
(adj)
2. full board (n) Đầy đủ bữa ăn 5. prospectus Giấy quảng cáo
(n)
3. half board (n) Giá phòng bao gồm 6. guarantee (v) Người/vật theo chủ nghĩa
bữa sáng và bữa tối phi lý
Ex 2: Questions 11-14
Student
Health Centre Name: 11 ………………David
Address 12 ...…………....,TT43.7TY
Student ID: 13 ……………………..
Faculty: 14 ………………………...
Ex 3: Questions 15-18 (optional)

FLAT FACILITIES REPAIRS
Example Answer
The reason for dialing: complain
Full name: 15 __________
Address: International House
Room number: 16 __________
Register number: 17 __________
Length of stay: 18 __________
Ex 4: Questions 19-25 (optional)
12
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
University Geography Field Trip
Time: next week (a two-day trip)
Destination: the Warrangamba Dam and 19 __________
Matching course: Environmental Science
Departing time of coach: at 20 __________ next Monday
Length of journey there: 21 __________ roughly and three hours back
First day’s activity: 22 __________
Spending the night: in 23 __________
Meals provided: in the form of 24 __________
Sydney’s daily water equal to the water to fill 25 __________ full-size Olympic
consumption: swimming pools
Second day’s activity:

go to the water plant to see how to purify the water for drinking
C. VOCABULARY
Ex 1: Choose the correct answer:
1. You can not assign John this task because dealing with numbers is not John’s strong __________
A. top priority B. forte C. deficiency D. curiosity
2. Many companies tend to provide their employees with _________ in order to encourage their
productivity.
A. incentive payment B. career ladder C. hectic schedule D. redundancy
3. The education system in Vietnam is usually _________ as good qualifications play an important
role in landing a decent job.
A. discipline B. test-oriented C. vague D. subsidize
4. Mike has been under a lot of stress due to his ___________
A. job satisfaction B. educational reform C. well-paid job D. hectic schedule
5. It is important for companies to __________ meals for their workers.
13
A. get B. subsidize C. perk D. impart
6. Reading different types of books is a good way to enhance your __________
A. prospect B. promotion C. critical thinking D. productivity
7. Pregnant women often suffer from iron __________
A. prospect B. deficiency C. discipline D. forte
8. ________ is an approach that seeks to fully activate all aspects of the learner’s personality
(intellect, emotions, imagination, body) for more effective and comprehensive learning.
A. holistic learning approach B. deficiency
C. cram school D. reward
9. ___________ is a key construct in industrial and organizational psychology, and has been
associated with multiple desirable outcomes such as job performance.
A. perk B. redundancy C. job satisfaction D. decision-making
10. Many students are likely to attend _________ in order to boost their academic performance in a
short time.
A. tertiary education B. cram school C. career ladder D. exam-driven
Ex 2: Transform these sentences using vocabulary on the table

1. Đặt ra kế hoạch và mục tiêu cụ thể là cách giúp bạn thăng tiến trong công việc tốt hơn.
->........................................................................................................................................................
2. Nhiều bố mẹ cho rằng một hệ thống giáo dục tốt chính là nền tảng giúp con cái của họ tìm được
công việc tốt trong tương lai.
->........................................................................................................................................................
3. Một vài học sinh kém cảm thấy khó khăn trong việc tiếp thu những kiến thức mang tính lý thuyết.
->........................................................................................................................................................
4. Mặc dù đã có một công việc bán thời gian tại trường đại học nhưng bạn vẫn nên cho việc học tập
lên làm ưu tiên hàng đầu.
->........................................................................................................................................................
5. Một trong những yếu tố mà các nhân viên quan tâm nhất khi tìm kiếm một môi trường làm việc đó
chính là triển vọng nghề nghiệp về lâu dài của họ.
->........................................................................................................................................................
14
WEEK 2
HEALTH
15
2.1
READING: TABLE COMPLETION, SENTENCE COMPLETION
LISTENING: SENTENCE COMPLETION
VOCABULARY: HEALTH
A. READING
The iceman
It was late spring or early summer. The man hurried through a forest he knew well, wincing from the
pain in his injured right hand and pausing occasionally to listen for sounds that he was being
pursued. As he fled up the slope, the yellow pollen of the hornbeam blossoms fell like an invisible
rain, salting the water and food he consumed when he stopped to rest. Five thousand years later, the
Neolithic hunter we call the Iceman would still bear traces of this ancient dusting inside his body-a
microscopic record of the time of year it was when he passed through this forest and into the nearby
mountains, where fate would finally catch up with him.
When it comes to the Iceman, there has never been a shortage of questions, or theories to answer
them. During the 16 years that scientists have poked, prodded, incised, and x-rayed his body, they
have dressed him up in speculations that have not worn nearly as well as his rustic garments. At one
time or another, he has been mistakenly described as a lost shepherd, a shaman, a victim of ritual
sacrifice, and even a vegan. But all these theories fade in the face of the most startling new fact
scientists have learned about the Iceman. Although we still don't know exactly what happened up
there on that alpine ridge, we now know that he was murdered, and died very quickly, in the rocky
hollow where his body was found.
The object of all this intense scientific attention is a freeze-dried slab of human jerky, which since
1998 has resided in a refrigerated, high-tech chamber in the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in
Bolzano, Italy. The temptation to conduct fresh experiments on the body rises with every new twist
of technology, each revealing uncannily precise details about his life. Using a sophisticated analysis
of isotopes in one of the Iceman's teeth, for example, scientists led by Wolfgang Muller (now at the
Royal Holloway, University of London) have shown that he probably grew up in the Valle Isarco, an
extensive north-south valley that includes the modern- day town of Bressanone. Isotope levels in his
bones, meanwhile, match those in the soil and water of two alpine valleys farther west, the Vai
Senales and the Vai Venosta. Muller's team has also analyzed microscopic chips of mica recovered
from the Iceman's intestines, which were probably ingested accidentally in food made from stone-
ground grain; geologic ages of the mica best match a small area limited to the lower Vai Venosta.
The Iceman probably set off on his final journey from this very area, near where the modern-day
Adige and Senales Rivers meet.
We also know that he was not in good health when he headed up into the mountains. The one
surviving fingernail recovered from his remains suggests that he suffered three episodes of
significant disease during the last six months of life, the last bout only two months prior to his death.
Doctors inspecting the contents of his intestines have found eggs of the whipworm parasite, so he
may well have suffered from stomach distress. But he was not too sick to eat. In 2002, Franco Rollo
and colleagues at the University of Camerino in Italy analyzed tiny amounts of food residue from the
mummy's intestines. A day or two before his death, the Iceman had eaten a piece of wild goat and
some plant food.
16
Archaeobotanists have used equally clever analyses of pollen and plant fragments to plot the
Iceman's last movements. James Dickson of the University of Glasgow has identified no less than 80
distinct species of mosses and liverworts in, on, or near the Iceman's body. The most prominent
moss, Neckera complanata, still grows at several sites in the valleys to the south, in some cases quite
near known prehistoric sites. According to Dickson, a clot of stems found in the Iceman's possession
suggests he was probably using the moss to wrap food, although other ancient peoples used similar
mosses as toilet paper.
Taken together, the evidence strongly indicates that the Iceman’s last journey began in the low-
altitude deciduous forests to the south, in the springtime when the hop hornbeams were in bloom.
But it may not have been a straight hike into the mountains. Oeggl has also found traces of pine
pollen in the Iceman's digestive tract, both above and below the hornbeam pollen. This suggests that
he may have climbed to a higher altitude where pine trees grow in mixed coniferous forests, then
descended to the lower altitude of the hop hornbeams, and finally ascended again into the pine
forests in his last day or two. Why? No one knows. But perhaps he wanted to avoid the steep, thickly
wooded gorge of the lower Vai Senales-especially if he was in a hurry.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet
1 The iceman has been placed in a ……………… room since 1998.
2 The iceman might get ……………… for eggs of the whipworm parasite were found in his gut.
3 There are a variety of mosses and liverworts found around the iceman such as ……………..
4 The route of the iceman’s last movement might not be ……………
Glossary
1. bear (v) Mang (đặc điểm) 4. speculation (n) suy đoán
2. microscopic (adj) Thuộc về kính hiển 5. uncannily (adv) Kỳ lạ, kỳ quái
vi
3. incise (v) Rạch, cắt bỏ 6. poke (v) Xô, chen

Types of Ports
According to the World Bank, there are five distinct types of seaports: service ports, tool ports,
landlord ports, corporatized ports and private ports. The basic difference between the five models is
the amount of government control. Service ports are most often found in developing countries; the
port of Dakar in Senegal, for example, is a service port. At one time, most of the ports in the world
were service ports. A service port is controlled by the central government, usually by the Ministry of
Transportation or Communications. The government owns the land and all the port's assets- all the
infrastructure and tools. A port's assets include roads, docks, terminal buildings, container facilities,
vehicles and cargo handling equipment, such as cranes and forklift trucks. The dock workers who
load and unload the ships in service ports are all government employees. Some supplementary
17
services, such as food for the workers, can be in the hands of private companies. Economic
inefficiencies have led to a decline in the number of service ports in recent years.
In the tool port model, an agency, usually called the Port Authority, owns and manages the land and
assets on behalf of the city. However, the dock workers are employed by private companies. All the
ports in Portugal, many in Brazil, and the French port of Le Havre are tool ports. For many ports, the
tool port model represents a transitional stage on the way to becoming a landlord port. The transition
generally requires that fundamental laws governing ports be changed, and that process often takes
sometime.
The landlord port represents the dominant model today, and is the one recommended by the World
Bank. Landlord ports include the world's largest port, Rotterdam, the port of New York in the USA,
and, since 1997, the port of Singapore. The city retains ownership of the land and the infrastructure,
but leases these to a private company or companies which actually operate the port. The workers are
employed by these private companies. The most common form of lease is a concession agreement
where a private company is granted a long-term lease in exchange for rent. The firms that operate the
port facilities agree to maintain port equipment and keep it up-to date.
A corporatized port has been almost entirely privatized. The port authority is essentially a private
enterprise which owns and controls the port. However, public agencies - either local or national –
own a majority of the stock in the company managing the port and can use their controlling interest
to steer the development of the port. As in the landlord model, the privatized port authority must
keep up and improve the infrastructure, but must agree only to develop port activities. It could not,
for example, turn a container storage yard into a block of luxury apartments. Corporatized ports can
be found in Poland, in Australia, and elsewhere.
In the privatized port model, governments have no direct involvement in port activities. The land and
all the assets are owned and managed by private companies, which likewise employ the dock
workers. The government operates just in a regulatory capacity, making sure laws are followed.
However, public entities can be shareholders. This model is in use in various ports in the United
Kingdom, such as Felixstowe, and in several ports in New Zealand. The World Bank does not in
general approve of this system. The bank advises against completely giving up public ownership,
especially of the land.
Complete the table below with words taken from Reading Passage.
Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORD for each answer.
Type of port Role of government Role of private Comments

companies
Service port -owns and manages all assets Many only provide fewer of these today
- employees are public workers 5……………… due to 6 …………
may only provide e.g. catering
Tool port an agency known as a employs the workers acts as a 8…………
7………… between two other
-owns the land models
-manages the infrastructure
Landlord port -government owns the land - operates the port -dominant model
18
and assets - employs the workers today
- leases them out long-term - keeps 10 ………… - endorsed by the
- receives 9 ………… in good order World Bank
Corporatized government agencies own owns the land and owner agrees to
port most of the port authority's assets management of restrict use to
11………… the port 12…………
Privatized port government has a 13 ………… owns the land and not recommended by
role assets management of the World Bank
the port
Glossary
1. transitional (adj) Chuyển tiếp, biến 4. dominant (adj) Chiếm ưu thế
đổi
2. fundamental (adj) Cơ bản 5. concession (n) Nhượng bộ
3. retain (v) Giữ lại 6. regulatory (adj) Thuộc về quy định
KEYWORD TABLE
1 placed in
room
2 get
5 provide
7 known as
8 acts as
9 receive
10 keeps
13 role
Exercise 3: Answer these questions. <optional>

Travel Books
Records of foreign travel appeared soon after the invention of writing, and fragmentary travel
accounts appeared in both Mesopotamia and Egypt in ancient times. After the formation of large,
imperial states in the classical world, travel accounts emerged as a prominent literary genre in many
lands, and they held especially strong appeal for rulers desiring useful knowledge about their realms.
The Greek historian Herodotus reported on his travels in Egypt and Anatolia in researching the
history of the Persian wars. The Chinese envoy Zhang Qian described much of central Asia as far
west as Bactria (modern- day Afghanistan) on the basis of travels undertaken in the first century
BCE while searching for allies for the Han dynasty. Hellenistic and Roman geographers such as
19
Ptolemy, Strabo, and Pliny the Elder relied on their own travels through much of the Mediterranean
world as well as reports of other travellers to compile vast compendia of geographical knowledge.
During the post-classical era (about 500 to 1500 CE), trade and pilgrimage emerged as major
incentives for travel to foreign lands. Muslim merchants sought trading opportunities throughout
much of the eastern hemisphere. They described lands, peoples, and commercial products of the
Indian Ocean basin from East Africa to Indonesia, and they supplied the first written accounts of
societies in sub-Saharan West Africa. While merchants set out in search of trade and profit, devout
Muslims travelled as pilgrims to Mecca to make their hajj and visit the holy sites of Islam. Since the
prophet Muhammad’s original pilgrimage to Mecca, untold millions of Muslims have followed his
example, and thousands of hajj accounts have related their experiences. East Asian travellers were
not quite so prominent as Muslims during the post-classical era, but they too followed many of the
highways and sea lanes of the eastern hemisphere. Chinese merchants frequently visited South-East
Asia and India, occasionally venturing even to East Africa, and devout East Asian Buddhists
undertook distant pilgrimages. Between the 5th and 9th centuries CE, hundreds and possibly even
thousands of Chinese Buddhists travelled to India to study with Buddhist teachers, collect sacred
texts, and visit holy sites. Written accounts recorded the experiences of many pilgrims, such as
Faxian, Xuanzang, and Yijing. Though not so numerous as the Chinese pilgrims, Buddhists from
Japan, Korea, and other lands also ventured abroad in the interests of spiritual enlightenment.
Medieval Europeans did not hit the roads in such large numbers as their Muslim and East Asian
counterparts during the early part of the post-classical era, although gradually increasing crowds of
Christian pilgrims flowed to Jerusalem, Rome, Santiago de Compostela (in northern Spain), and
other sites. After the 12th century, however, merchants, pilgrims, and missionaries from medieval
Europe travelled widely and left numerous travel accounts, of which Marco Polo’s description of his
travels and sojourn in China is the best known. As they became familiar with the larger world of the
eastern hemisphere - and the profitable commercial opportunities that it offered - European peoples
worked to find new and more direct routes to Asian and African markets. Their efforts took them not
only to all parts of the eastern hemisphere, but eventually to the Americas and Oceania as well.
If Muslim and Chinese peoples dominated travel and travel writing in post- classical times, European
explorers, conquerors, merchants, and missionaries took centre stage during the early modern era
(about 1500 to 1800 CE). By no means did Muslim and Chinese travel come to a halt in early
modern times. But European peoples ventured to the distant corners of the globe, and European
printing presses churned out thousands of travel accounts that described foreign lands and peoples
for a reading public with an apparently insatiable appetite for news about the larger world. The
volume of travel literature was so great that several editors, including Giambattista Ramusio, Richard
Hakluyt, Theodore de Biy, and Samuel Purchas, assembled numerous travel accounts and made them
available in enormous published collections.
During the 19th century, European travellers made their way to the interior regions of Africa and the
Americas, generating a fresh round of travel writing as they did so. Meanwhile, European colonial
administrators devoted numerous writings to the societies of their colonial subjects, particularly in
Asian and African colonies they established. By mid-century, attention was flowing also in the other
direction. Painfully aware of the military and technological prowess of European and Euro-American
societies, Asian travellers in particular visited Europe and the United States in hopes of discovering
principles useful for the organisation of their own societies. Among the most prominent of these
travellers who made extensive use of their overseas observations and experiences in their own
writings were the Japanese reformer Fukuzawa Yu- kichi and the Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen.
20
With the development of inexpensive and reliable means of mass transport, the 20th century
witnessed explosions both in the frequency of long-distance travel and in the volume of travel
writing. While a great deal of travel took place for reasons of business, administration, diplomacy,
pilgrimage, and missionary work, as in ages past, increasingly effective modes of mass transport
made it possible for new kinds of travel to flourish. The most distinctive of them was mass tourism,
which emerged as a major form of consumption for individuals living in the world’s wealthy
societies. Tourism enabled consumers to get away from home to see the sights in Rome, take a cruise
through the Caribbean, walk the Great Wall of China, visit some wineries in Bordeaux, or go on
safari in Kenya. A peculiar variant of the travel account arose to meet the needs of these tourists: the
guidebook, which offered advice on food, lodging, shopping, local customs, and all the sights that
visitors should not miss seeing. Tourism has had a massive economic impact throughout the world,
but other new forms of travel have also had considerable influence in contemporary times.
Questions 14-21
Complete the table on the next page.
TIME TRAVELLER DESTINATION PURPOSE OF
TRAVEL
Classical Greece Herodotus Egypt and Anatolia To gather information for

the study of 14________
Han Dynasty Zhang Qian Central Asia To seek 15 __________
Roman Empire Ptolemy, Strabo, The Mediterranean To acquire 16_________

Pliny the Elder
Post-classical era Muslims From East Africa to For trading and 17______
(about 500 to 1500 Indonesia, Mecca
CE)
5th - 9th Centuries Chinese Buddhists 18__________ To collect Buddhist texts

CE and for spiritual
enlightenment
Early modern era European explorers The New World To satisfy public curiosity
(about 1500 to 1800 for the New World
CE)
During 19th century Colonial Asia, Africa To provide information

administrators for the 19 __________
they set up
By mid-century of Sun Yat-sen, Europe and the To study the 20________

the 1800s Fukuzawa United States of their societies
21
Yukichi
20th century People from 21_____ Mass tourism For entertainment and
______ countries pleasure
Glossary
1. compile (v) biên soạn, sưu tầm 4. account (n) bản miêu tả
2. compendia (n) bản tóm tắt 5. pilgrim (n) người hành hương
3. merchant (n) thương nhân, lái 6. venture (v) chu du, phiêu lưu
buôn

The Innovation of Grocery Stores
A. At the very beginning of the 20th century, the American grocery stores offered comprehensive
services: the customers would ask help from the people behind the counters (called “clerks”) for the
items they liked, and then the clerks would wrap the items up. For the purpose of saving time,
customers had to ask delivery boys or go in person to send the lists of what they intended to buy to
the stores in advance and then went to pay for the goods later. Generally speaking, these grocery
stores sold only one brand for each item. Such early chain stores as A&P stores, although containing
full services, were very time-consuming and inefficient for the purchase.
B. Born in Virginia, Clarence Saunders left school at the age of 14 in 1895 to work first as a clerk in
a grocery store. During his working in the store, he found that it was very inefficient for people to
buy things there. Without the assistance of computers at that time, shopping was performed in a quite
backward way. Having noticed that this inconvenient shopping mode could lead to tremendous
consumption of time and money, Saunders, with great enthusiasm and innovation, proposed an
unprecedented solution—let the consumers do self-service in the process of shopping—which might
bring a thorough revolution to the whole industry.
C. In 1902, Saunders moved to Memphis to put his perspective into practice, that is, to establish a
grocery wholesale cooperative. In his newly designed grocery store, he divided the store into three
different areas: A 'front lobby’ served as an entrance, an exit, and included checkouts at the front. ‘A
sales department’ was deliberately designed to allow customers to wander around the aisle and select
their needed groceries. In this way, the clerks would not do the unnecessary work but arrange more
delicate aisle and shelves to display the goods and enable the customers to browse through all the
items. In the gallery above the sales department, supervisors can monitor the customers without
disturbing them. ‘Stockroom’, where large fridges were placed to maintain fresh products, is another
section of his grocery store only for the staff to enter. Also, this new shopping design and layout
could accommodate more customers to go shopping simultaneously and even lead to some
unimaginable phenomena: impulse buying and later supermarket.
D. On September 6, 1916, Saunders performed the self-service revolution in the USA by opening the
first Piggly Wiggly featured by the turnstile at the entrance store at 79 Jefferson Street in Memphis,
22
Tennessee. Quite distinct from those in other grocery stores, customers in Piggly Wiggly chose the
goods on the shelves and paid the items all by themselves. Inside the Piggly Wiggly, shoppers were
not at the mercy of staff. They were free to roam the store, check out the products and get what they
needed by their own hands. There, the items were clearly priced, and no one forced customers to buy
the things they did not need. As a matter of fact, the biggest benefit that the Piggly Wiggly brought
to customers was the money-saving effect. Self-service was optimistic for the improvement. ‘It is
good for both the consumer and retailer because it cuts costs,’ noted George T. Haley, a professor at
the University of New Haven and director of the Centre for International Industry Competitiveness,
‘if you look at the way in which grocery stores (previous to Piggly Wiggly and Alpha Beta) were
operated, what you can find is that there are a great number of workers involved, and labour is a
major expense.’ Fortunately, the chain stores such as Piggly Wiggly cut the fat.
Questions 22-26
Complete the sentences below.
22. Clarence Saunders’ first job was as __________ in a grocery store.
23. In Clarence Saunders’ store, people should pay for goods in the __________
24. Customers would be under surveillance when shopping in the __________
25. Another area in his store was called ' __________’, which was only accessible to the internal
staff.
26. In Clarence Saunders’ shopping design, much work was done by the __________
Glossary
1. unprecedented (adj) chưa từng có 4. tremendous to lớn
(adj)
2. chain stores (n phr) chuỗi cửa hàng 5. aisle (n) lối đi, gian hàng (trong
siêu thị)
3. clerk (n) nhân viên 6. monitor (v) quản lý
KEYWORD TABLE
14 gather information
15 seek
24 surveillance
25 only accessible to sb
23
24
B. LISTENING
Exercise 1: <Track 01>
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Paxton Nature Reserve
1 Paxton is a good place for seeing rare ……………… all year round.
2 This is a particularly good time for seeing certain unusual … ……………
3 Visitors will be able to learn about … …………… and then collect some.
4 Part of the … …………… has been made suitable for swimming.

5 You need to have a ……………………to buy a ticket for £10.
6 The bus tour lasts ……………………in total.
7 The cost of the bus ticket includes entrance to the ……………………
8 You can listen to an audio commentary which has been made by the ……………………
9 If the weather is wet, it is a good idea to bring ……………………
10 Don’t forget to bring your ……………………when you book online.
Exercise 3: <Track 03> <optional>

Questions 11-15
Complete the sentences.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Additional Details Concerning Repairs
11. The stained walls will be painted __________
12. Extra paint will be left in the __________
13. The baby birds will be given to a __________
14. The fallen tree will be used as __________
15. The smaller parts of the tree will be put in a __________
Exercise 4: <Track 04> <optional>

Questions 16-20
Complete the sentences.
Example
Peter consumes far too much soft drink
16. Peter and Mary’s diet will be both sensible and __________
17. Every two months, they can eat _________
18. On Saturdays, they will go __________
19. This coming Saturday, they will go to __________
25
20. In every meal, there will be __________
C. VOCABULARY
Ex 1: Fill in the blank with those words in the table.
the excessive consumption of immune system follow a well-balanced diet
reduce the risk of build up resistance to diseases resilient to health risks
How can we encourage young people to stay healthy?

Parents should set a good example. But I strongly believe that schools have a crucial role to play. Not
only can they offer a wide range of sports for children to play in order to (1) ………………………..
… (tăng cường sức đề kháng), they can teach them about the way to (2) ………………………..…
(tuân theo chế độ ăn cân bằng), and the negative effects of (3) ………………………..… (việc tiêu
thụ quá mức) junk food and not exercising.
Why does playing sports help young people avoid some potential health problems?
Because once they get a taste for playing sports, they will love the sense of achievement it can give
you and the feeling of camaraderie with your teammates, and then hopefully they won’t ever want to
stop playing sports. In the long run, this will help them (4) ………………………..… (Giảm nguy
cơ) several diseases such as obesity, heart attacks or problems which are related to (5)
………………………..… (hệ miễn dịch)

1. A person would easily____________ some potential health problems if he is equipped with
sufficient basic knowledge about medicine and health care.
A. nourish the body B. reduce the risk of C. increase D. early diagnosis
2. My grandmother is a __________ person as she usually has regular check-ups each month.
A. sedentary B. system C. health-conscious D. medical condition
3. Nowadays, many people living in rural areas can have ___________ to healthcare thanks to the
development of society
A. lead B. access C. resilient D. suffer
4. It is important for you to__________ a doctor before using any types of medicine.
A. alleviate B. carry C. diagnose D. consult
5. Taking part in a wide range of sports is a good way to____________ resistance to diseases and
improve mental health greatly.
A. build up B. improve C. stay in shape D. alleviate

6. Children who ___________ are hard to be resilient to health risks since their immune systems are
usually weaker than other active kids.
A. lead a sedentary lifestyle B. follow a sensible diet
C. have regular check-ups D. stay hydrated
26
7. Laura planned to ______________ and limit the consumption of junk food in order to lose weight
before her birthday.
A. have regular check-ups B. lead a sedentary lifestyle
C. follow a well-balanced diet D. nourish the body
8. ____________practice was measured using physical exercise, low salt diet, alcohol consumption,
smoking and weight management.
A. dietary change B. lifestyle modification
C. early diagnosis D. medical treatment
9. Some kinds of diseases such as cancer or cardiovascular disease need __________ or else the
chance of survival is decreased.
A. immune system B. health service
C. immediate treatment D. medical condition
10. The researchers used a cancer registry and found that 419 were ____________stomach cancer by
1992.
A. stayed hydrated B. diagnosed with C. dietary change D. suffered from

1. Bằng việc tuân theo chế độ ăn cân bằng và khám sức khỏe định kỳ, những người cao tuổi có thể
cải thiện tình trạng sức khỏe một cách đáng kể.
->........................................................................................................................................................
2. Một trong những nguyên do dẫn đến dị ứng thuốc là việc nhiều người có xu hướng sử dụng thuốc
khi chưa hỏi qua ý kiến của bác sĩ. (*dị ứng thuốc: drug allergy)
->........................................................................................................................................................
3. Chính phủ nên khuyến khích người dân tập thể dục thường xuyên trong thời kỳ giãn cách để tăng
cường sức đề kháng chống lại dịch bệnh.
(* thời kỳ giãn cách: lock-down period, dịch bệnh: pandemic)
->........................................................................................................................................................
4. Những nhân viên văn phòng có lối sống thụ động có khả năng mang những rủi ro tiềm ẩn về sức
khỏe.
(*nhân viên văn phòng: white-collar workers, có khả năng: are likely to)
->........................................................................................................................................................
5. Việc tiêu thụ quá mức đồ ăn nhanh và đồ uống có gas sẽ gây ra nhiều ảnh hưởng lên hệ tiêu hóa
của chúng ta, dẫn đến nhiều vấn đề sức khỏe như béo phì, bệnh tim hay stress.
(*hệ tiêu hóa: digestive system, bệnh tim: cardiovascular diseases)
->........................................................................................................................................................
27
2.2
WRITING, SPEAKING
Question: Every government has a duty to provide free healthcare for its people. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of the government providing free healthcare?
________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
28
_________________________________________________________________________________
_
WEEK 3
TECHNOLOGY
29
3.1
READING: TRUE/FALSE/NO GIVEN, YES/NO/NOT GIVEN
LISTENING: TABLE COMPLETION, NOTE COMPLETION
VOCABULARY: TECHNOLOGY
A. READING
The Dead Sea Scrolls
In late 1946 or early 1947, three Bedouin teenagers were tending their goats and sheep near the
ancient settlement of Qumran, located on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea in what is now known
as the West Bank. The teenagers took the seven scrolls to a nearby town where they were sold for a
small sum to a local antiquities dealer. Word of the find spread, and Bedouins and archaeologists
eventually unearthed tens of thousands of additional scroll fragments from 10 nearby caves; together
they make up between 800 and 900 manuscripts. It soon became clear that this was one of the
greatest archaeological discoveries ever made.
The origin of the Dead Sea Scrolls, which were written around 2,000 years ago between 150 BCE
and 70 CE, is still the subject of scholarly debate even today. According to the prevailing theory,
they are the work of a population that inhabited the area until Roman troops destroyed the settlement
around 70 CE. The area was known as Judea at that time, and the people are thought to have
belonged to a group called the Essenes, a devout Jewish sect.
The majority of the texts on the Dead Sea Scrolls are in Hebrew, with some fragments written in an
ancient version of its alphabet thought to have fallen out of use in the fifth century BCE. But there
are other languages as well. Some scrolls are in Aramaic, the language spoken by many inhabitants
of the region from the sixth century BCE to the siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. In addition, several
texts feature translations of the Hebrew Bible into Greek.
The Dead Sea Scrolls include fragments from every book of the Old Testament of the Bible except
for the Book of Esther. The only entire book of the Hebrew Bible preserved among the manuscripts
from Qumran is Isaiah; this copy, dated to the first century BCE, is considered the earliest biblical
manuscript still in existence. Along with biblical texts, the scrolls include documents about sectarian
regulations and religious writings that do not appear in the Old Testament.
The writing on the Dead Sea Scrolls is mostly in black or occasionally red ink, and the scrolls
themselves are nearly all made of either parchment (animal skin) or an early form of paper called
‘papyrus’. The only exception is the scroll numbered 3Q15, which was created out of a combination
of copper and tin. Known as the Copper Scroll, this curious document features letters chiselled onto
metal - perhaps, as some have theorized, to better withstand the passage of time. One of the most
intriguing manuscripts from Qumran, this is a sort of ancient treasure map that lists dozens of gold
and silver caches. Using an unconventional vocabulary and odd spelling, it describes 64 underground
hiding places that supposedly contain riches buried for safekeeping. None of these hoards have been
recovered, possibly because the Romans pillaged Judea during the first century CE. According to
various hypotheses, the treasure belonged to local people, or was rescued from the Second Temple
before its destruction or never existed to begin with.
Some of the Dead Sea Scrolls have been on interesting journeys. In 1948, a Syrian Orthodox
archbishop known as Mar Samuel acquired four of the original seven scrolls from a Jerusalem
shoemaker and part-time antiquity dealer, paying less than $100 for them. He then travelled to the
United States and unsuccessfully offered them to a number of universities, including Yale. Finally, in
30
1954, he placed an advertisement in the business newspaper The Wall Street Journal - under the
category ‘Miscellaneous Items for Sale’ - that read: ‘Biblical Manuscripts dating back to at least 200
B.C are for sale. This would be an ideal gift to an educational or religious institution by an individual
or group.’ Fortunately, Israeli archaeologist and statesman Yigael Yadin negotiated their purchase
and brought the scrolls back to Jerusalem, where they remain to this day.
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 The Bedouin teenagers who found the scrolls were disappointed by how little money they received
for them.
2 There is agreement among academics about the origin of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
3 Most of the books of the Bible written on the scrolls are incomplete.
4 The information on the Copper Scroll is written in an unusual way.
5 Mar Samuel was given some of the scrolls as a gift.

The Art of Visual Merchandising
A In order to promote products and boost sales, owners of retail businesses employ a wide variety of
visual merchandising strategies. The overall aim of visual merchandising is to make the shopping
experience more engaging and enjoyable for consumers while driving profits for the business itself.
One of the first visual marketing techniques, which remains just as effective today, was the notion
that the area surrounding a cash register is of utmost importance. While standing in line, customers
have a tendency to make last-minute purchases. Business owners began noticing this and setting up
displays of low-cost products designed to appeal to 'impulse buyers'. From a psychological
perspective, this type of point of sale (POS) visual merchandising must be discreet in order to be
effective; if the display is too large or intrusive, it might disrupt the customer's checkout experience.
B A crucial factor in visual merchandising in the retail sector is finding a way to showcase as many
products as possible without making the display look cluttered. The most common way to display
items in a clothing store is to use mannequins. However, some retailers make the mistake of failing
to properly utilize their mannequins. For instance, dressing a mannequin in only one garment is a
missed opportunity to present numerous items of clothing that go together well. To make the most of
store mannequins, it is recommended to create a theme for each one and dress it in items for sale,
from head to toe, even including accessories such as watches, hats, and gloves. Another effective
way that apparel retailers can make their merchandise more visible is to have staff members wear in-
season garments while working on the shop floor.
C Grouping multiple products together helps customers to envisage how a product will look,
function, and feel before they buy it. Stores such as IKEA show how different products complement
one another in a home setting. Exemplary real-life bedrooms, kitchens, and living rooms are created
on the shop floor, with each one encompassing several products that are available for purchase. This
represents a perfect example of the powerful effect of using visual merchandising to paint an
appealing picture for shoppers. When grouping products in such a way, it is vital to make sure that
displays have a simple and accessible arrangement. If the merchandise is somewhat visually bland,
eye-catching items - such as a colorful teddy bear on a bed - are often added to attract the attention of
shoppers.
31
D Aside from merchandise displays, business owners incorporate many other visual elements to
appeal to consumers. Flowers are a common addition, as they have been shown to promote
relaxation and a sense of calm. This results in shoppers who are happy to linger and peruse the items
on display, and more inclined to make a casual purchase. Flowers are commonly given and received
as gifts, so the brain connects the image of flowers with feelings of happiness and satisfaction.
Studies have shown that even looking at a picture of flowers, or any natural scene, can have the
same calming and relaxing effect. Therefore, if a business simply does not have the budget for
continually buying fresh flowers, they can strategically place pictures of flowers in the vicinity of
product displays.
E On a similar note, unique artwork is known to contribute to a memorable shopping experience.
Artwork has been shown to have beneficial effects in a wide variety of different businesses, from
boutique hotels to retail stores. In terms of visual merchandising in retail, one-off paintings or
sculptures give a sense of exclusivity and distinctiveness to a store. Pieces of art can be
commissioned from well-known artists and have a visual connection to your brand and products. In
addition, highly visible abstract works of art help to create intrigue and draw potential customers into
a store. Some business leaders with a keen eye for visual merchandising take it to the next level,
having artworks created from the actual products that a business sells.
F Whatever approach a business owner opts for, they should tailor their displays or store designs to
appeal to the age range of their target market. In the case of many clothing retailers, the primary
target market is relatively young - generally from 17 to 35-so it is effective to use common social
media language in their visual merchandising strategies. Expressions such as "OMG!" and "Like!"
are brief and impactful, and help to attract millennials to merchandise displays. Using Internet-
derived language in visual merchandising promotes feelings of familiarity and inclusiveness in
younger consumers. They will view the store or brand as being trendy, and might then share images
of it with their friends online. Many businesses utilize this strategy in their visual merchandising so
that customers make a subconscious connection between the physical store and its online presence,
resulting in a higher number of Web site visitors.
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage? In boxes 6-10 on your
answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
6 Visual merchandising is an effective way to boost earnings.
7 Mannequin displays should be set up near a store's entrance.
8 Displaying multiple products closely together is confusing to consumers.
9 Photographs of flowers can have the same level of appeal as fresh flowers.
10 Having an attractive Website is a key part of visual merchandising.

What price fresh flowers?
Flowers have long been symbols of love and caring. People send them to express sympathy, to
apologise, or just wish someone well. But today, floriculture - the growing and selling of flowers - is
very big business, worth £2.2 billion a year in the UK alone. The majority of the cut-flowers sold
there are imported, these days mostly from countries such as Colombia and Kenya. The Netherlands
32
is the traditional centre of flower production in Europe, and remains a major supplier of flowers. In
recent years, however, as labour and production costs have soared, attention there has shifted from
flower production to flower trading. Meanwhile, the Kenyan cut-flower industry has grown rapidly,
and now provides a vital income for around two million people. It is the country's largest agricultural
foreign exchange earner after tea, producing £165 million annually.
For the environmentally conscious, it might seem wasteful that a commodity such as flowers should
travel halfway around the world before arriving at a supermarket or florist shop. Just as some
environmentalists say that it's better to buy fruit and vegetables grown locally, some also advocate
the buying of locally-grown flowers. Thanks to globalisation, however, the UK cut-flower industry
now supplies just ten per cent of the country's needs. Twenty years ago it was more like half. What's
more, it is suggested that reversing this trend would actually have serious environmental
consequences.
Research published in 2006 by Cranfield University in the UK showed that the production of Kenyan
flowers, including delivery by air freight and truck, resulted in a carbon footprint nearly six times
smaller than that caused by the production of Dutch flowers. Kenya has optimal growing conditions
and the warm African sun provides heat and light, whereas growers in the Netherlands and other
developed countries require significant inputs of gas and electricity to grow flowers year-round in
artificial climate-controlled environments.
But there are other environmental factors to consider. A vast range of pesticides, fertilisers and
fumigants are used in producing cut flowers. Lake Naivasha, the centre of Kenya's flower industry, is
the ideal place to grow roses, thanks to its high altitude and abundant sunlight and water. However,
environmental damage has resulted from the development that has followed in the wake of
floriculture. Lake Naivasha itself has shrunk to half its original size, with water levels dropping by
three metres, fish catches falling and the native hippopotamus feeling the effects of pollution.
Meanwhile, transporting flowers over long distances poses its own set of challenges. Roses, for
example, have to be shipped by air rather than sea because they require constant refrigeration and
wilt quickly. Transporting other types of flowers by sea can also be tricky compared to air freight.
Demand is difficult to predict, which means entire shipping containers can seldom be filled with a
single species, but mixing flowers is often inadvisable because some varieties emit gases that spoil
others. One strategy is to opt for heartier breeds such as carnations and lilies which are easier to ship
and require less refrigeration than roses.
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage? Next to each
question, 11-16, write
11 In recent years, cut flowers have become more expensive to grow in the Netherlands.
12 More people are employed in the cut-flower industry in Kenya than in Europe.
13 Flowers represent Kenya's most valuable agricultural export.
14 The UK has seen a marked decline in the proportion of locally-grown cut flowers on sale.
15 The Cranfield study concentrated on the environmental effects of transporting cut flowers.
33
16 The Lake Naivasha region produces a range of cut flowers including roses.
Examining the placebo effect

The fact that taking a fake drug can powerfully improve some people's health-the so-called placebo
effect-was long considered an embarrassment to the serious practice of pharmacology, but now
things have changed. Several years ago, Merck, a global pharmaceutical company. was falling
behind its rivals in sales. To make matters worse, patents on five blockbuster drugs were about to
expire, which would allow cheaper generic products to flood the market. In interviews with the press,
Edward Scolnick, Merck's Research Director, presented his plan to restore the firm to pre-eminence.
Key to his strategy was expanding the company's reach into the anti-depressant market, where Merck
had trailed behind, while competitors like Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline had created some of the best-
selling drugs in the world. "To remain dominant in the future," he told one media company, "we need
to dominate the central nervous system."
His plan hinged on the success of an experimental anti-depressant codenamed MK-869. Still in
clinical trials, it was a new kind of medication that exploited brain chemistry in innovative ways to
promote feelings of well-being. The drug tested extremely well early on, with minimal side effects.
Behind the scenes, however, MK-869 was starting to unravel. True, many test subjects treated with
the medication felt their hopelessness and anxiety lift. But so did nearly the same number who took a
placebo, a look-alike pill made of milk sugar or another inert substance given to groups of volunteers
in subsequent clinical trials to gauge the effectiveness of the real drug by comparison. Ultimately,
Merck's venture into the anti-depressant market failed. In the jargon of the industry, the trials crossed
the "futility boundary".
MK-869 has not been the only much-awaited medical breakthrough to be undone in recent years by
the placebo effect. And it's not only trials of new drugs that are crossing the futility boundary. Some
products that have been on the market for decades are faltering in more recent follow-up tests. It's
not that the old medications are getting weaker, drug developers say. It's as if the placebo effect is
somehow getting stronger. The fact that an increasing number of medications are unable to beat
sugar pills has thrown the industry into crisis. The stakes could hardly be higher. To win FDA
approval, a new medication must beat placebo in at least two authenticated trials. In today's
economy, the fate of a well-established company can hang on the outcome of a handful of tests.
In one study last year, Harvard Medical School researcher Ted Kaptchuk devised a clever strategy
for testing his volunteers' response to varying levels of therapeutic ritual. The study focused on a
common but painful medical condition that costs more than $40 billion a year worldwide to treat.
First, the volunteers were placed randomly in one of three groups. One group was simply put on a
waiting list, researchers know that some patients get better just because they sign up for a trial.
Another group received placebo treatment from a clinician who declined to engage in small talk.
Volunteers in the third group got the same fake treatment from a clinician who asked them questions
about symptoms, outlined the causes of the illness, and displayed optimism about their condition.
Not surprisingly, the health of those in the third group improved most. In fact, just by participating in
the trial, volunteers in this high-interaction group got as much relief as did people taking the two
leading prescription drugs for the condition. And the benefits of their "bogus" treatment persisted for
34
weeks afterward, contrary to the belief-widespread in the pharmaceutical industry-that the placebo
response is short-lived.
Studies like this open the door to hybrid treatment strategies that exploit the placebo effect to make
real drugs safer and more effective. As Potter says, "To really do the best for your patients, you want
the best placebo response plus the best drug response."
adapted from Wired Magazine
*The Food and Drugs Administration (an agency in the United States responsible for protecting
public health by assuring the safety of human drugs)
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 17-21
on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
17 Merck's experience with MK-869 was unique.

18 These days, a small number of unsuccessful test results can ruin a well-established drugs
company.
19 Some medical conditions are more easily treated by a placebo than others.
20 It was to be expected that the third group in Kaptchuk's trial would do better than the other two
groups.
21 Kaptchuk's research highlights the fact that combined drug and placebo treatments should be
avoided.
KEYWORD TABLE
Questio Keywords in the questions Similar words in the passage
ns
4 an unusual way
6 boost earnings
7 displaying
9 photographs of flowers
13 agricultural export
15 transporting
17 unique
20 It was to be expected
20 do better than the other two groups
35
B. LISTENING
Bird Migration Theory

Most birds are believed to migrate seasonally.
Hibernation theory
• It was believed that birds hibernated underwater or buried themselves in 1…………...
• This theory was later disproved by experiments on caged birds.
Transmutation theory
• Aristotle believed birds changed from one species into another in summer and winter.
- In autumn he observed that redstarts experience the loss of 2……….........and thought they then
turned into robins.
- Aristotle’s assumptions were logical because the two species of birds had a similar 3………......
17th century
• Charles Morton popularised the idea that birds fly to the 4................ in winter.
Scientific developments
• In 1822, a stork was killed in Germany which had an African spear in its 5..................
- previously there had been no 6.................. that storks migrate to Africa
• Little was known about the 7...................and journeys of migrating birds until the practice of
ringing was established.
- It was thought large birds carried small birds on some journeys because they were considered
incapable of travelling across huge 8......................
- Ringing depended on what is called the 9 ‘..................’ of dead birds.
• In 1931, the first 10…………….... to show the migration of European birds was printed.

Complete the table below.
Write ONE word for each answer.
Eye for Colour Exhibition

Section Aim Examples of activities
'Seeing view the gallery through
colour' a huge 11…………...…….
'Colour in to connect colour and ● go to the colour café
culture' 12………...……… ● learn how a 13………...…… affects sight
'Colour in to look at the natural ● put on a camouflage suit and pick a
nature' world suitable 14………...……
● see through the eyes of a dog or fish
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"The 15 to show how colours listen to music as the
………...…… make us feel colours and 16………...…… change
room'
Ex. 3: (Track 03) <optional>

Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Transport Survey
Name: Luisa 1………...……
Address: 2………...…… White Stone Rd
Area: Bradfield
Postcode: 3………...……
Occupation: 4………...……
Reason for visit to town: to go to the 5………...……
Suggestions for improvement:
● better 6… ……...……
● have more footpaths
● more frequent 7………...……
Things that would encourage cycling to work:
● having 8………...……parking places for bicycles
● being able to use a 9………...…… at work
● the opportunity to have cycling 10………...…… on busy roads
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C. VOCABULARY
social media platforms the overuse of technology self-driving vehicle
the continuous advancement of technology addicted to the Internet browsing the Internet
What are some disadvantages of technology?

Although (1) ....................................................... (sự phát triển liên tục của công nghệ) can bring
out several benefits to people, it also carries some potential risks. Needless to say, a majority of
youngsters nowadays tend to be (2) ........................................ (nghiện Internet). They can spend
about 3-5 hours a day (3) ........................................ (lướt mạng) in order to stay up-to-date as there is
much hot news posted on (4) ........................................ (các nền tảng mạng xã hội) every second.
Moreover, (5) ........................................ (việc sử dụng công nghệ quá mức) would possibly result in
isolating people in the future.

1. Some __________ such as violence should be inspected carefully before posting on the Internet
A. inappropriate contents B. meetings
C. cyberbullies D. technophiles
2. My parents are ________. They have a preference for using conventional tools instead of modern
ones.
A. artificial intelligence B. technological breakthroughs
C. technophobes D. technophiles
3. I can’t stop________ as there is so much hot news.

A. fostering technological innovation B. forming virtual relationships
C. surfing the Internet D. discouraging real interaction
4. Workers are no longer needed in the future because everything would be ________
A. overuse of technology B. replaced by automation
C. addicted to the Internet D. browsed the Internet
5. The control panel uses all the newest technology and is considered ___________.
A. take online course B. technophile
C. social media platforms D. state-of-the-art
6. John is definitely a_________. He doesn't know how to post an image on Facebook.

A. computer illiterate B. technophile
C. cyberbully D. computer buff
7. Students now are likely to_________ since they offer flexibility, affordable tuition, and a variety
of academic opportunities.
A. interact through computers B. take online courses
C. labour-saving device D. provide a source of amusement
38
8. In the future, thanks to the advancement of technology, a _______ must be able not only to follow
lanes on a road, but also to react to other traffic.
A. self-driving vehicle B. up-to-date
C. face-to-face interaction D. artificial intelligence
9. The prospect of _____________ and life online has contributed to a radical shift in interpersonal
relations.
A. cyberbully B. source of amusement
C. artificial intelligence D. gadget
10. Manufacturers still build luxury cars with all the _________.
A. virtual relationships B. Inappropriate content
C. computers D. bells and whistles

1. Nhờ có sự phát triển liên tục của công nghệ, con người có thể truy cập vào nhiều nền tảng mạng
xã hội và tạo dựng các mối quan hệ ảo
->........................................................................................................................................................
2. Mike là một người sành công nghệ. Anh ta có thể sử dụng hầu hết các thiết bị đời mới nhất mà
không gặp khó khăn.
->........................................................................................................................................................
3. Trí tuệ nhân tạo là một trong những bước tiến to lớn nhất bởi nó đã giúp cuộc sống của chúng ta
trở nên tiện lợi hơn.
->........................................................................................................................................................
4. Con người có thể nâng cao năng suất của việc sản xuất ô tô bằng cách tích hợp công nghệ vào máy
móc.
->........................................................................................................................................................
5. Sự kết hợp công nghệ vào dạy học sẽ giúp học sinh tiếp cận với nền giáo dục phát triển hơn.
->.......................................................................................................................................................
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3.2
WRITING, SPEAKING
Question: Many students find it difficult to concentrate or pay attention in school. What are the
reasons? What could be done to solve this problem?
__________________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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WEEK 4
ANIMALS
42
4.1
READING: FLOWCHART COMPLETION
LISTENING: SHORT ANSWER QUESTION
VOCABULARY: ANIMALS
A. READING
READING PASSAGE 1:
Workplace health and safety
Workplace health and safety is the legal responsibility of all employers. There are rules and
regulations governing workplace health and safety to help ensure the safety of workers in all
industries. Workplace Health and Safety inspectors are employed by the government to carry out
regular workplace inspections and ensure current safety standards are being met.
Inspector training
All inspectors complete a rigorous nine-month program of classroom training and field experience
with a qualified inspector. New inspectors also receive training on the regulations specific to their
respective programs (i.e. construction, mining, healthcare, industrial and diving). Each inspector is
issued a comprehensive manual of policies and procedures to be used when carrying out workplace
inspections.
Powers of an inspector
Inspectors are employed to monitor employers and workers and ensure that they comply with the
laws concerning Workplace Health and Safety. Inspectors' powers include the ability to enter any
workplace without giving notice.
Once an inspector has begun a workplace inspection, he or she is permitted to:
Question any employee
Handle, use or test any equipment, machinery and materials and take away any samples
Look at any documents or records and take them from the workplace in order to make copies, and
Take photographs.
What to expect from a workplace health and safety visit
Workplace visits by an inspector are typically unannounced and, by law an inspector must be granted
access to enter and access all areas of the workplace. When a workplace health and safety inspector
arrives at your workplace, he or she will introduce themselves and ask to speak with either the
workplace health and safety representative or the most senior member of management available. If
the staff concerned are not available, the inspector may continue with a limited inspection based on
available information and/or arrange a follow-up visit later that day or on the following day.
When all relevant staff have been assembled, the inspector will check that all of the required
documentation is in place. This includes the employer's written occupational health and safety
policy, and the health and safety- awareness poster. These must be displayed in an area accessible to
all employees. Any other documentation that shows workers have been provided with instructions on
how to carry out specific tasks may also be requested. Finally, the inspector may ask to see where the
documents are posted, and verify that a copy of the law and regulations is also displayed.
Following the documentation review, the inspector will inspect the workplace to determine if staff
are maintaining a safe work environment. Short videos describing the specific hazards that inspectors
look for during an inspection can be obtained from the Department of Labour.
43
If the inspector finds any fault within the workplace, then they may issue what is known as a
compliance order. Compliance orders describe actions the employer is obliged to take in order to
meet the current regulations. If the inspector believes there is immediate risk of injury to a worker, a
'stop work' order will be issued to prevent work from continuing until the problem is solved.
Complete the flow chart below. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage.
What happens during an inspection?
The workplace health and safety inspector arrives and identifies themselves.
The inspector asks to meet the company's relevant 1 ……………..... (if they are absent, the
inspection may be postponed for up to a 2 ………………..)
The inspector asks to see the following documents:

 the company's 3…………... and 4.. ………… concerning workplace health and safety
 any 5 ...……………. given to workers to help do a job.
The inspector will inspect the premises - (you can get 6……………. to help prepare your staff
for this).
If there are any problems, the staff will be given a written warning.
If the problems may lead to 7 ………………., the company will be forced to stop work.
READING PASSAGE 2:
The history of the poster
The first posters were known as 'broadsides' and were used for public and commercial
announcements. Printed on one side only using metal type, they were quickly and crudely produced
in large quantities. As they were meant to be read at a distance, they required large lettering.
A major development in poster design was the application of lithography, invented by Alois
Senefelder in 1796, which allowed artists to hand-draw letters, opening the field of type design to
endless styles. The method involved drawing with a greasy crayon onto finely surfaced Bavarian
limestone and offsetting that image onto paper. This direct process captured the artist's true intention;
however, the final printed image was in reverse. The images and lettering needed to be drawn
backwards, often reflected in a mirror or traced on transfer paper.
As a result of this technical difficulty, the invention of the lithographic process had little impact on
posters until the 1860s, when Jules Cheret came up with his 'three-stone lithographic process'. This
gave artists the opportunity to experiment with a wide spectrum of colours. Although the process was
difficult, the result was remarkable, with nuances of colour impossible in other media even to this
44
day. The ability to mix words and images in such an attractive and economical format finally made
the lithographic poster a powerful innovation.
Starting in the 1870s, posters became the main vehicle for advertising prior to the magazine era and
the dominant means of mass communication in the rapidly growing cities of Europe and America.
Yet in the streets of Paris, Milan and Berlin, these artistic prints were so popular that they were
stolen off walls almost as soon as they were hung. Cheret, later known as 'the father of the modern
poster', organised the first exhibition of posters in 1884 and two years later published the first book
on poster art. He quickly took advantage of the public interest by arranging for artists to create
posters, at a reduced size, that were suitable for in-home display.
Thanks to Cheret, the poster slowly took hold in other countries in the 1890s and came to celebrate
each society's unique cultural institutions: the café in France, the opera and fashion in Italy, festivals
in Spain, literature in Holland and trade fairs in Germany. The first poster shows were held in Great
Britain and Italy in 1894, Germany in 1896 and Russia in 1897. The most important poster show
ever, to many observers, was held in Reims, France, in 1896 and featured an unbelievable 1,690
posters arranged by country.
In the early 20th century, the poster continued to play a large communication role and to go through
a range of styles. By the 1950s, however, it had begun to share the spotlight with other media, mainly
radio and print. By this time, most posters were printed using the mass production technique of photo
offset, which resulted in the familiar dot pattern seen in newspapers and magazines. In addition, the
use of photography in posters, begun in Russia in the twenties, started to become as common as
illustration.
Questions 1-4
Complete the flow chart below
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer
Jules Cheret
1860s – invention of ‘three-stone lithographic process
Combination of both 8…………………… on coloured posters
1870s – posters used for advertising and 9…………………… in Europe
1884 – 86 – Cheret’s poster 10…………………… and book on poster art
1890s – posters represent 11…………………… around the world
45
READING PASSAGE 3:
Careers with Kiwi Air
Flight Attendants — Recruitment and Training Process
Recruitment
The position of Flight Attendant is one of prestige and immense responsibility. Recruitment is
conducted according to operational demands and there can be periods of up to 12 months where no
new intake is required. However, applications are always welcomed.
After you submit your initial application online, the Kiwi Air HR Services Team review the details
you have provided. Candidates whose details closely match the requirements of the position are then
contacted via email advising that their application has progressed to the next stage of the recruitment
process. Potential candidates are then asked to attend a Walk-In Day. This could occur several weeks
or months after the original application has been submitted depending on current needs.
The Walk-In Day consists of a brief presentation about the role and a short interview.
Candidates who are successful on the Walk-In Day are notified within 10 days and invited to attend
an Assessment Centre. Please note that candidates are required to pass a swimming test before
attending the Assessment Centre. At the Assessment Centre, candidates attend an interview as well
as participating in a number of assessments. Verbal references are then requested, and candidates
attend a medical check.
At times, there may not be a need to recruit for Flight Attendant positions. However, the company
continuously maintains a 'recruitment pool' of those who have completed the Assessment Centre
stage. These candidates are contacted when a need for Flight Attendants is established, and attend a
full interview before a decision is made on whether to extend an offer of employment.
Due to the volume of applications received, Kiwi Air is not able to offer verbal feedback to
candidates at any stage of the recruitment process. Unsuccessful candidates may reapply at any time
after 12 months from the date at which their applications are declined.
Training
Upon being offered a role as a trainee Flight Attendant, a 5-week training course is undertaken at our
Inflight Services Training Centre in Auckland. This covers emergency procedures, customer care and
service delivery, and equipment knowledge. To successfully complete the course, high standards
must be attained and maintained in all subjects.
Complete the flow-chart below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in
boxes 12-18 on your answer sheet.
Flight attendants of Kiwi Air — Recruitment and Training Process
46
Candidates go online to complete their 12…………………
Suitable candidates are then invited to come to a 13……………………
After having satisfactorily completed a 14……………………, successful candidates will then

go to an Assessment Centre.
Kiwi Air then asks for 15……………………. and candidates are required to undergo a
medical check
If there is no immediate need for flight attendants, successful candidates are put into a
16……………………
When the need arises, these candidates will then be given a 17……………………
On starting the job, a 5-week training programme is given which includes how to look after
passengers and what to do in an 18 …………………….
READING PASSAGE 4:
The history of the tortoise
There is evidence that all modem turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before
most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils called Proganochelys quenstedti and Palaeochersis
talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which appear to be close to the ancestry of all
modem turtles and tortoises. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs.
Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these
particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph
paper to plot the three measurements against one another. All the land tortoise species formed a tight
cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of the
triangular graph. There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in
water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph
approximately half way between the ‘wet cluster’ of sea turtles and the ‘dry cluster’ of land tortoises.
The next step was to determine where the fossils fell. The bones of P quenstedti and JR
talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster.
Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from the era before our turtles returned to the
water.
47
Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed
there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and
became sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now
live in the driest of deserts.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each
answer.
Method of determining where the ancestors of turtles and tortoises come from
Step 1
71 species of living turtles and tortoises were examined and a total of 19… ………………… were
taken from the bones of their forelimbs.
Step 2
The data was recorded on a 20… ………………… (necessary for comparing the information).
Outcome: Land tortoises were represented by a dense 21………………… of points towards the
top.
Step 3
The same data was collected from some living 22… ………………… species and added to the
other results.
Outcome: The points for these species turned out to be positioned about 23………………… up the
triangle between the land tortoises and the sea turtles.
Step 4
Bones of P quenstedti and P. talampayensis were examined in a similar way and the results added.
Outcome: The position of the points indicated that both these ancient creatures were 24…
………………
KEYWORD TABLE
ns
2 absent
3 keener to buy
6 get
7 will be forced to stop work.
8 combination
9 used for
11 around the world
13 suitable candidates
13 come to
48
15 asks for
16 no immediate need for flight
attendants
16 successful candidates
17 the need arises
18 includes
18 look after passengers
20 was recorded
21 dense
21 towards the top
23 the points for these species
OPTIONAL TESTS:
READING PASSAGE 1
The way the brain buys
Having walked to the end of the fruit-and-vegetable aisle, shoppers arrive at counters of prepared
food, the fishmonger, the butcher and the deli. Then there is the in-store bakery, which can be smelt
it is seen. Even small supermarkets now use in-store bakeries. Mostly these bake pre- before
prepared items and frozen ingredients which have been delivered to the supermarket previously, and
their numbers have increased, even though central bakeries that deliver to a number of stores are
much more efficient. They do it for the smell of freshly baked bread, which arouses people's
appetites and thus encourages them to purchase not just bread but also other food, including ready
meals.
Complete the flow chart below.

In-store bread production process
The supermarket is sent 1……………….. and other items which have been prepared earlier.
Baking bread in-store produces an aroma.
Shoppers’ 2... ……………….. are stimulated.
They are then keener to buy food, including bread and 3…………………...
READING PASSAGE 2
Miller explains that he first really understood the impact that swarm behaviour could have on
humans when he read a study of honeybees Tom Seeley, a biologist at Cornell University. The
honeybees choose as a group which new nest to move to. First, scouts fly off to investigate multiple
sites. When they return they do a "waggle dance" for their spot, and other scouts will then fly off and
49
investigate it. Many bees go out, but none tries to compare all sites. Each reports back on just one.
The more they liked the nest, the more vigorous and lengthy their waggle dance and the more bees
will choose to visit it. Gradually the volume of bees builds up towards one site; it's a system that
ensures that support for the best site snowballs and that the decision is made in the most democratic
way.
Complete the flow chart below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each
answer.
How honeybees choose a new nest
4 ... ……………… explore possible nest sites
They perform what is known as a 5 ... ……………… on their return
Other bees go out and report back
Enthusiasm and 6 ………………... increase for one particular site
A final choice is reached using a 7 ... ………….. process
READING PASSAGE 3:
The Cacao
To become chocolate, cacao seeds go through a long production process in a factory. Workers must
sort, clean and cook the seeds. Then they break off the covering of the seeds so that only the inside
fruit, or nibs, remain. Workers crush the nibs into a soft substance called chocolate liquor. This gets
separated into cocoa solids and fat called cocoa butter. Chocolate makers have their own special
recipes in which they combine chocolate liquor with exact amounts of sugar, milk and cocoa fat.
They finely crush this “crumb” mixture in order to make it smooth. The mixture then goes through
two more processes before it is shaped into a mold form. Chocolate making is big business. The
market value of the yearly cacao crop around the world is more than five billion dollars. Chocolate is
especially popular in Europe and the United States. Speciality shops that sell costly chocolates are
also very popular. Many offer chocolate lovers the chance to taste chocolates grown in different
areas of the world.
How to produce chocolate
Cacao seeds
Sorting, cleaning and cooking ridding seeds of their 8…………………..
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Crushing Nibs into 9... ………………...
Add sugar, milk and 10…………………
“Crumb” mixture
Crush finely then come into a shape in a 11... ………………
Chocolate
KEYWORD TABLE
ns
2 are stimulated
3 keener to buy
4 explore
6 increase for one particular site
B. LISTENING
Ex 1: Complete the question below. (Track 01)
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Sea Life Centre - information
1 What was the Sea Life Centre previously called?
2 What is the newest attraction called?
3 When is the main feeding time?
4 What can you do with a VIP ticket?
5 What special event will the Sea Life Centre arrange for you?
6 Where will the petition for animal conservation be sent to?
7 What can you use to test what you have learnt?
Ex2: Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. (Track
02)
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What TWO biofuel-related problems do Mike and Karina decide to focus on in the last section of
their presentation?
• (18) …………………
• (19) …………………
Which two sources of biofuel do Mike and Karina say are being tried out?
• (20) …………………
• algae
• (21) …………………
OPTIONAL TESTS:
Ex1: Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS. <Track 03>
Lifestyle questionnaire
13 What exercises do you do regularly?
14 Do you have any injuries?
15 What is your goal or target?
16 What is your occupation?
17 How did you hear about the club?
Ex2: Answer the questions below. <Track 04>

8 What part of the assignment is Alan going to start working on?
9 Where will Melanie get more information on used paper collection?
10 What will they add to the assignment to make it more interesting?
11 What do they agree to complete by the end of the month?
12 Who will they ask to review their work?
C. VOCABULARY
promoting animal rights adopt a pet from animal illegal poaching
building wildlife sanctuaries the edge of extinction running breeding programmes for
endangered species
There are a number of actions that can be taken to protect the creatures (1) ……………………
……………….. (trên bờ vực tuyệt chủng). The first step involves all citizens actively supporting
and participating in campaigns against (2) ………………………………….. (săn bắt trái phép) and
animal trade, which are believed to be the leading cause of the problem.
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At the same time, in addition to significant investments in (3) ……………………………
……………………… (thực hiện chương trình nhân giống cho động vật quý hiếm), the
government should also raise people’s awareness of (4) …………………….……… (bảo vệ quyền
động vật). Moreover, (5) …………………………..…… (xây dựng nơi trú ẩn cho động vật hoang
dã) is a good way for endangered species to have a safe shelter.

1. The natural ______ of a pig is 10-12 years.
A. awareness B. instincts
C. lifespan D. extinction
2. Animals living in nature tend to live longer than those who are _________.
A. natural habitat B. in captivity
C. mass extinction D. conservation
3. By_______, not only do you save your loving new companion, but you make space for other
animals who desperately need it.
A. wiping out B. adopting a pet from animal shelters
C. keeping animals in captivity D. hunting to extinction
4. Elephants are menaced by poaching and ________.
A. habitat loss B. survival skill
C. animal conservation D. natural habitat
5. Many _________ have large eyes to help them gather as much light as possible to see in the dark.
A. mammals B. domestic animals
C. diurnal animals D. nocturnal animals
6. ______ includes birds such as chickens and ducks that are kept on farms in order to produce eggs
and meat.
A. poultry B. carnivore
C. rodent D. livestock
7. Cosmetic industry is blamed for ___________, which is considered inhumane.
A. illegal poaching B. adopting a pet from animal shelters
C. establishing wildlife preserve D. carrying out animal experiment

1. Động vật bị nuôi nhốt trong lồng sẽ dễ mất đi bản năng tự nhiên
->........................................................................................................................................................
2. Chính phủ nên thực hiện chương trình nhân giống cho động vật quý hiếm do sự suy giảm về số
lượng
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3. Chúng ta cần nâng cao nhận thức của trẻ về bảo vệ môi trường sống hoang dã
->........................................................................................................................................................
4. Sự khai thác quá mức sừng tê giác dẫn đến loài sự tuyệt chủng của loài động vật này trong tương
lai gần. (*Sừng tê giác: rhino horns)
->........................................................................................................................................................
5. Hành vi ngược đãi và thí nghiệm trên động vật cần bị cấm để kéo dài tuổi thọ của chúng.
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4.2
WRITING, SPEAKING
Some people think that zoos are all cruel and should be closed down. Others however believe that
zoos can be useful in protecting wild animals. Discuss both opinions and give your own opinion.
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WEEK 5
ENTERTAINMENT
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5.1
READING: MATCHING HEADINGS
LISTENING: MAP, DIAGRAM LABELING
VOCABULARY: ENTERTAINMENT
A. READING
READING PASSAGE 1
Medical Gloves
A Medical gloves are disposable gloves that are worn to help reduce cross-contamination between
doctors, nurses and other health professionals and patients during surgery, physical examinations
and other medical procedures. When health professionals use gloves, they protect their patients
from infection more effectively than if they simply wash their hands or, in the case of surgical
teams, scrub up before operations. Likewise, health professionals are protected from being
infected by their patients.
B Not all medical gloves are the same, however. Surgical gloves have more precise sizing than
exam gloves, for example, as well as greater sensitivity. They are also less prone to ripping or
tearing. Exam gloves are available as either sterile or non-sterile, while surgical gloves are always
sterile. Both exam and surgical gloves can be made of natural materials, such as latex, or synthetic
materials, such as vinyl, neoprene or nitrile rubber. Surgical gloves can be unpowdered or
powdered with cornstarch, which makes them easier to put on the hands. Cornstarch has mostly
replaced powders such as talc, which are more likely to cause irritation, but since even cornstarch
can impede healing if it gets into tissues during surgery, unpowdered gloves are now becoming
more commonly used during surgery. A manufacturing process called chlorination has made
unpowdered surgical gloves somewhat easier to slip on.
C A significant innovation involving medical gloves occurred at Johns Hopkins Hospital in
Baltimore, USA in the 1880s. Following the advice of the British physician Joseph Lister, Chief
Surgeon W. S. Halsted directed surgeons and surgical nurses to disinfect their hands with carbolic
acid to reduce the rate of infection during operations. One of his nurses, Caroline Hampton, was
sensitive to the chemical and found it was damaging the skin on her hands, and considered
abandoning her career at the hospital. Dr Halsted contacted the Goodyear Tire and Rubber
Company, asking if they could make a rubber glove that could be dipped in carbolic acid. That
short letter has become known as 'the most important paragraph in the history of surgical
literature'. The gloves that Goodyear produced proved to be very satisfactory, and soon all of Dr
Halsted's nurses and assistants were required to routinely use sterilized rubber gloves.
D Strangely enough, Dr Halsted and his fellow surgeons didn't, at first, wear gloves themselves. The
wonderfully named Dr Joseph Bloodgood, Halsted's pupil, began using gloves during surgery in
1896. 'Why shouldn't the surgeon use them as well as the nurse?' he asked. In 1899, Bloodgood
published a report on over 450 surgeries with a near 100 per cent drop in the infection rate
brought about by using gloves. Halsted wrote at the time, 'Why was I so blind not to have
perceived the necessity for wearing them all the time?'
E The first disposable medical gloves came onto the market in the 1960s. These gloves have a range
of clinical uses, as well as non-medical uses. Workers in the hospitality industry wear them, as do
some janitorial and sanitation workers. Criminals have also been known to wear these gloves
while committing their crimes, believing that they will conceal their identities. Ironically, because
58
of the thinness of these gloves, fingerprints may actually pass through the material as glove prints,
thus transferring the wearer's prints onto whatever surface is touched or handled.
Questions 1-5
The Reading Passage has five paragraphs, A-E.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii.
List of headings
i A wrong assumption regarding the qualities of medical gloves

ii Comparison of the qualities of rival brands of medical gloves
iii Main reasons why medical gloves are necessary
iv Health problems arising from the wearing of medical gloves
v Events leading to the development of medical gloves
vi Varieties of medical gloves for specific purposes
vii Evidence for the effectiveness of medical gloves
viii Resistance to a policy promoting the use of medical gloves
1 Paragraph A ………
2 Paragraph B ………
3 Paragraph C ………
4 Paragraph D ………
5 Paragraph E ………
READING PASSAGE 2
Organic food: why?
A Europe is now the biggest market for organic food in the world, expanding by 25 percent a year
over the past 10 years. So what is the attraction of organic food for some people? The really
important thing is that organic sounds more ‘natural’. Eating organic is a way of defining oneself
as natural, good, caring, different from the junk-food-scoffing masses. As one journalist puts it: It
feels closer to the source, the beginning, the start of things.' The real desire is to be somehow
close to the soil, to Mother Nature.
B Unlike conventional farming, the organic approach means farming with natural, rather than man-
made, fertilisers and pesticides. Techniques such as crop rotation improve soil quality and help
organic farmers compensate for the absence of man-made chemicals. As a method of food
production, organic is, however, inefficient in its use of labour and land; there are severe limits to
how much food can be produced. Also, the environmental benefits of not using artificial fertiliser
are tiny compared with the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by transporting food (a great deal of
59
Britain’s organic produce is shipped in from other countries and transported from shop to home
by car).
C Organic farming is often claimed to be safer than conventional farming - for the environment and
for consumers. Yet studies into organic farming worldwide continue to reject this claim. An
extensive review by the UK Food Standards Agency found that there was no statistically
significant difference between organic and conventional crops. Even where results indicated there
was evidence of a difference, the reviewers found no sign that these differences would have any
noticeable effect on health.
D The simplistic claim that organic food is more nutritious than conventional food was always
likely to be misleading. Food is a natural product, and the health value of different foods will vary
for a number of reasons, including freshness, the way the food is cooked, the type of soil it is
grown in, the amount of sunlight and rain crops have received, and so on. Likewise, the flavour of
a carrot has less to do with whether it was fertilised with manure or something out of a plastic
sack than with the variety of carrot and how long ago it was dug up. The differences created by
these things are likely to be greater than any differences brought about by using an organic or
nonorganic system of production. Indeed, even some ‘organic’ farms are quite different from one
another.
E The notion that organic food is safer than ‘normal’ food is also contradicted by the fact that many
of our most common foods are full of natural toxins. Parsnips cause blisters on the skin of
agricultural workers. Toasting bread creates carcinogens. As one research expert says: ‘People
think that the more natural something is, the better it is for them. That is simply not the case. In
fact, it is the opposite that is true: the closer a plant is to its natural state, the more likely it is that
it will poison you. Naturally, many plants do not want to be eaten, so we have spent 10,000 years
developing agriculture and breeding out harmful traits from crops.
F Yet educated Europeans are more scared of eating traces of a few, strictly regulated, man-made
chemicals than they are of eating the ones that nature created directly. Surrounded by plentiful
food, it’s not nature they worry about, but technology. Our obsessions with the ethics and safety
of what we eat - concerns about antibiotics in animals, additives in food, GM crops and so on - are
symptomatic of a highly technological society that has little faith in its ability to use this
technology wisely. In this context, the less something is touched by the human hand, the healthier
people assume it must be.
G Ultimately, the organic farming movement is an expensive luxury for shoppers in well-manicured
Europe. For developing parts of the world, it is irrelevant. To European environmentalists, the fact
that organic methods require more labour and land than conventional ones to get the same yields
is a good thing; to a farmer in rural Africa, it is a disaster. Here, land tends to be so starved and
crop yields so low that there simply is not enough organic matter to put back into the soil. Perhaps
the focus should be on helping these countries to gain access to the most advanced farming
techniques, rather than going back to basics.
Questions 6-12
The Reading Passage has five paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-ix
List of Headings
60
i Research into whether organic food is better for us
ii Adding up the cost of organic food
iii The factors that can affect food quality
iv The rich and poor see things differently
v A description of organic farming
vi Testing the taste of organic food
vii Fear of science has created the organic trend
viii The main reason for the popularity of organic food
ix The need to remove hidden dangers from food
11 Paragraph F ………
12 Paragraph G ………
OPTIONAL TEST:
READING PASSAGE 1
Traffic Jams — No End in Sight
A. There are no easy answers to the problems of traffic congestion. Traffic congestion affects people
throughout the world. Traffic jams cause smog in dozens of cities across both the developed and
developing world. In the U.S., commuters spend an average of a full work week each year sitting
in traffic, according to the Texas Transportation Institute. While alternative ways of getting
around are available, most people still choose their cars because they are looking for convenience,
comfort and privacy.
B. The most promising technique for reducing city traffic is called congestion pricing, whereby cities
charge a toll to enter certain parts of town at certain times of day. In theory, if the toll is high
enough, some drivers will cancel their trips or go by bus or train. And in practice it seems to
work: Singapore, London and Stockholm have reduced traffic and pollution in city centers thanks
to congestion pricing.
C. Another way to reduce rush hour traffic is for employers to implement flextime, which lets
employees travel to and from work at off-peak traffic times to avoid the rush hour. Those who
have to travel during busy times can do their part by sharing cars. Employers can also allow more
staff to telecommute (work from home) so as to keep more cars off the road altogether.
D. Some urban planners still believe that the best way to ease traffic congestion is to build more
roads, especially roads that can take drivers around or over crowded city streets. But such
techniques do not really keep cars off the road; they only accommodate more of them.
E. Other, more forward-thinking, planners know that more and more drivers and cars are taking to
the roads every day, and they are unwilling to encourage more private automobiles when public
transport is so much better both for people and the environment. For this reason, the American
61
government has decided to spend some $7 billion on helping to increase capacity on public
transport systems and upgrade them with more efficient technologies. But environmentalists
complain that such funding is tiny compared with the $50 billion being spent on roads and
bridges.
Questions 1-5
The Reading Passage has five paragraphs, A-E.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-vii
List of Headings
i A solution which is no solution

ii Changing working practices
iii Closing city centres to traffic
iv Making cars more environmentally friendly
v Not doing enough
vi Paying to get in
vii A global problem
READING PASSAGE 2
Persistent bullying is one of the worst experiences a child can face.
How can it be prevented?
A Bullying can take a variety of forms, from the verbal -being taunted or called hurtful names- to
the physical- being kicked or shoved- as well as indirect forms, such as being excluded from
social groups. A survey I conducted with Irene Whitney found that in British primary schools up
to a quarter of pupils reported experience of bullying, which in about one in ten cases was
persistent. There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering
persistent bullying, but these cases may be particularly recalcitrant.
B Bullying is clearly unpleasant and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and
depressed. In extreme cases, it can even lead to suicide, though this is thankfully rare. Victimised
pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults, while
children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convicted
of anti-social offences.
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C Until recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help was available to teachers to
deal with bullying. Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem. 'There is no
bullying at this school' has been a common refrain, almost certainly all true. Fortunately, more
schools are now saying: There is not much bullying here, but when it occurs we have a clear
policy for dealing with it.'
D Three factors are involved in this change. First is an awareness of the severity of the problem.
Second, a number of resources to help tackle bullying have become available in Britain. For
example, the Scottish Council for Research in Education produced a package of materials, Action
Against Bullying, circulated to all schools in England and Wales as well as in Scotland in summer
1992, with a second pack, Supporting Schools Against Bullying, produced the following year. In
Ireland, Guidelines on Countering Bullying Behaviour in Post-Primary Schools was published in
1993. Third, there is evidence that these materials work, and that schools can achieve something.
This comes from carefully conducted 'before and after I evaluations of interventions in schools,
monitored by a research team. In Norway, after an intervention campaign was introduced
nationally, an evaluation of forty-two schools suggested that, over a two-year period, bullying was
halved. The Sheffield investigation, which involved sixteen primary schools and seven secondary
schools, found that most schools succeeded in reducing bullying.
Questions 6-9
The Reading Passage has five paragraphs, A-D.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-D from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-vii
List of Headings
i The role of video violence
ii The failure of government policy
iii Reasons for the increased rate of bullying
iv Research into how common bullying is in British schools
v The reaction from schools to enquiries about bullying
vi The effect of bullying on the children involved
vii Developments that have led to a new approach by schools
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B. LISTENING
Ex1: Label the diagram below. Write ONE word for each answer. <Track 01>
1. …………….…
2. …………….…
3. …………….…
4. …………….…
5. …………….…
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Ex2: Label the map below <Track 02>
Write the correct letter, A-I, next to Questions 6-12
Proposed traffic changes in Granford
6. New traffic lights ……………
7. Pedestrian crossing ……………
8. Parking allowed ……………
9. New ‘No Parking’ sign ……………
10. New disabled parking spaces ……………
11. Widened pavement ……………
12. Lorry loading/unloading restrictions ……………
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OPTIONAL TEST:
Ex.1: Label the map below <Track 03>
1. The Reynolds House ……………
2. The Thumb ……………
3. The Museum ……………
4. The Contemporary Art Gallery ……………
5. The Warner Gallery ……………
6. Nucleus ……………
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Ex.2: Label the map below <Track 04>
Branley Castle
7. Starting point for walking the walls ……………

8. Bow and arrow display ……………
9. Hunting birds display ……………
10. Traditional dancing ……………
11. Shop ……………
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C. VOCABULARY
1. What do you do in your spare time?
It varies, I mean, it depends on the amount of free time I have. A few weeks ago, I would normally
(1) ……………………………. (đắm chìm vào) a light novel during lunch breaks or after dinner,
but these days, leading a hectic lifestyle is such (2) ……………………………. (lấy hết năng lượng
của tôi) that the only thing I crave is some sleep, so all my spare time would be devoted to taking a
quick nap.
2. How do you usually spend your weekends?
Well, I’m not a party animal, so during weekends, I always refuse all the party invitations from my
friends. Instead, I would (3) ……………………………. (kiếm niềm vui từ việc) staying at home
and watching netflix on my laptop. As for me, that is the best way to (4) …………………………….
(xả hơi) and (5) ……………………………. (sạc lại năng lượng) after a long week before coming
back to my (6) ……………………………. (cuộc sống bận rộn).

1. Ben is totally down as he did his final test not well. So we are trying to find some movies that can
__________
A. optimize his leisure time B. once in a blue moon
C. lift up his mood D. foster his cognitive stimulation
2. These days, I’m extremely exhausted because of the overload of work. I think I should______ to
recharge my battery
A. a drain on my energy B. lose track of time
C. foster my cognitive stimulation D. take a nap
3. The ability to manage your time plays a vital role in your daily life, say, if you ________,
everything will be messed up and you won’t be able to complete any task.
A. lose track of time B. flick through
C. optimize your leisure time D. have a blast
4. Life is experience, it is good for me to ______ new things, therefore, I may unexpectedly find out
my potential.
A. have a crack at B. browse through
C. feel at ease D. take a rest
5. My sister is always occupied with her work, so I only hang out with her ___________.
A. paint the town red B. once in a blue moon
C. feel at ease D. practice mental flexibility
6. In my spare time, I usually ______ a copy of Vogue in order to ease my mind.

A. suit my schedule B. pastime
C. chill out D. leaf through
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7. I soon found myself _________ the history of the valley; tales and stories of the turbulent times of
Border wars.
A. let off steam B. optimize leisure time
C. engrossed in D. a drain on my energy
8. instead of hanging out with my besties on the weekend, I would have a preference for
_______such as watching TV or playing video games.
A. indoor amusements B. having a blast
C. tension D. painting the town red

1. Những người mà sống cuộc sống bận rộn thường khó có thời gian cho các hoạt động giải trí ngoài
trời, vì vậy họ hay tìm kiếm niềm vui ở những cuốn sách hoặc một bộ phim.
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2. Bác sĩ khuyên rằng chúng ta nên dành thời gian ra nghỉ ngơi để xả hơi và sạc lại năng lượng.
->........................................................................................................................................................
3. Tôi đã quyết định thử sức với trò chơi xếp hình vì đó là một cách tốt để rèn luyện sự linh hoạt về
tinh thần.
->........................................................................................................................................................
4. Bạn có thể làm tâm trạng tốt lên bằng cách ra ngoài chơi với bạn bè.
->........................................................................................................................................................
5. Đắm chìm vào trò chơi, lũ trẻ thường mất nhận thức về thời gian.
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5.2
WRITING, SPEAKING
Question: Young people today mostly learn by reading books or watching movies, rather than real-
life experiences. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
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WEEK 7
TOURISM
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7.1
READING: MATCHING INFORMATION
LISTENING: MATCHING/ CLASSIFICATION
VOCABULARY: TOURISM
A. READING
READING PASSAGE 1
Palm oil
A Palm oil is an edible oil derived from the fruit of the African oil palm tree, and is currently the
most consumed vegetable oil in the world. It’s almost certainly in the soap we wash with in the
morning, the sandwich we have for lunch, and the biscuits we snack on during the day. Why is
palm oil so attractive for manufacturers? Primarily because its unique properties - such as
remaining solid at room temperature - make it an ideal ingredient for long-term preservation,
allowing many packaged foods on supermarket shelves to have ‘best before’ dates of months,
even years, into the future.
B Many farmers have seized the opportunity to maximise the planting of oil palm trees. Between
1990 and 2012, the global land area devoted to growing oil palm trees grew from 6 to 17 million
hectares, now accounting for around ten percent of total cropland in the entire world. From a mere
two million tonnes of palm oil being produced annually globally 50 years ago, there are now
around 60 million tonnes produced every single year, a figure looking likely to double or even
triple by the middle of the century.
C However, there are multiple reasons why conservationists cite the rapid spread of oil palm
plantations as a major concern. There are countless news stories of deforestation, habitat
destruction and dwindling species populations, all as a direct result of land clearing to establish oil
palm tree monoculture on an industrial scale, particularly in Malaysia and Indonesia. Endangered
species - most famously the Sumatran orangutan, but also rhinos, elephants, tigers, and numerous
other fauna - have suffered from the unstoppable spread of oil palm plantations.
D ‘Palm oil is surely one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity,’ declares Dr Farnon Ellwood
of the University of the West of England, Bristol. ‘Palm oil is replacing rainforest, and rainforest
is where all the species are. That’s a problem.’ This has led to some radical questions among
environmentalists, such as whether consumers should try to boycott palm oil entirely.
Meanwhile Bhavani Shankar, Professor at London’s School of Oriental and African Studies,
argues, ‘It’s easy to say that palm oil is the enemy and we should be against it. It makes for a
more dramatic story, and it’s very intuitive. But given the complexity of the argument, I think a
much more nuanced story is closer to the truth.’
E One response to the boycott movement has been the argument for the vital role palm oil plays in
lifting many millions of people in the developing world out of poverty. Is it desirable to have
palm oil boycotted, replaced, eliminated from the global supply chain, given how many low-
income people in developing countries depend on it for their livelihoods? How best to strike a
utilitarian balance between these competing factors has become a serious bone of contention.
F Even the deforestation argument isn’t as straightforward as it seems. Oil palm plantations produce
at least four and potentially up to ten times more oil per hectare than soybean, rapeseed, sunflower
or other competing oils. That immensely high yield - which is predominantly what makes it so
profitable - is potentially also an ecological benefit. If ten times more palm oil can be produced
from a patch of land than any competing oil, then ten times more land would need to be cleared in
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order to produce the same volume of oil from that competitor. As for the question of carbon
emissions, the issue really depends on what oil palm trees are replacing. Crops vary in the degree
to which they sequester carbon - in other words, the amount of carbon they capture from the
atmosphere and store within the plant. The more carbon a plant sequesters, the more it reduces the
effect of climate change. As Shankar explains: ‘[Palm oil production] actually sequesters more
carbon in some ways than other alternatives. [...] Of course, if you’re cutting down virgin forest
it’s terrible - that’s what’s happening in Indonesia and Malaysia, it’s been allowed to get out of
hand. But if it’s replacing rice, for example, it might actually sequester more carbon.’
G The industry is now regulated by a group called the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO),
consisting of palm growers, retailers, product manufacturers, and other interested parties. Over the
past decade or so, an agreement has gradually been reached regarding standards that producers of
palm oil have to meet in order for their product to be regarded as officially ‘sustainable’. The
RSPO insists upon no virgin forest clearing, transparency and regular assessment of carbon
stocks, among other criteria. Only once these requirements are fully satisfied is the oil allowed to
be sold as certified sustainable palm oil (CSPO). Recent figures show that the RSPO now certifies
around 12 million tonnes of palm oil annually, equivalent to roughly 21 percent of the world’s
total palm oil production.
H There is even hope that oil palm plantations might not need to be such sterile monocultures, or
‘green deserts’, as Ellwood describes them. New research at Ellwood’s lab hints at one plant
which might make all the difference. The bird’s nest fern (Asplenium nidus) grows on trees in an
epiphytic fashion (meaning it’s dependent on the tree only for support, not for nutrients), and is
native to many tropical regions, where as a keystone species it performs a vital ecological role.
Ellwood believes that reintroducing the bird’s nest fern into oil palm plantations could potentially
allow these areas to recover their biodiversity, providing a home for all manner of species, from
fungi and bacteria, to invertebrates such as insects, amphibians, reptiles and even mammals.
Reading Passage 2 has eight sections, A-H. Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
1 examples of a range of potential environmental advantages of oil palm tree cultivation

2 description of an organisation which controls the environmental impact of palm oil production
3 examples of the widespread global use of palm oil
4 reference to a particular species which could benefit the ecosystem of oil palm plantations
5 figures illustrating the rapid expansion of the palm oil industry
6 an economic justification for not opposing the palm oil industry
7 examples of creatures badly affected by the establishment of oil palm plantations
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READING PASSAGE 2
A second attempt at domesticating the tomato
A It took at least 3,000 years for humans to learn how to domesticate the wild tomato and cultivate it
for food. Now two separate teams in Brazil and China have done it all over again in less than
three years. And they have done it better in some ways, as the re-domesticated tomatoes are more
nutritious than the ones we eat at present.
This approach relies on the revolutionary CRISPR genome editing technique, in which changes
are deliberately made to the DNA of a living cell, allowing genetic material to be added, removed
or altered. The technique could not only improve existing crops, but could also be used to turn
thousands of wild plants into useful and appealing foods. In fact, a third team in the US has
already begun to do this with a relative of the tomato called the groundcherry.
This fast-track domestication could help make the world’s food supply healthier and far more
resistant to diseases, such as the rust fungus devastating wheat crops.
'This could transform what we eat,' says Jorg Kudla at the University of Munster in Germany, a
member of the Brazilian team. 'There are 50,000 edible plants in the world, but 90 percent of our
energy comes from just 15 crops.'
‘We can now mimic the known domestication course of major crops like rice, maize, sorghum or
others,’ says Caixia Gao of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Then we might try to
domesticate plants that have never been domesticated.’
B Wild tomatoes, which are native to the Andes region in South America, produce pea-sized fruits.
Over many generations, peoples such as the Aztecs and Incas transformed the plant by selecting
and breeding plants with mutations* in their genetic structure, which resulted in desirable traits
such as larger fruit.
But every time a single plant with a mutation is taken from a larger population for breeding, much
genetic diversity is lost. And sometimes the desirable mutations come with less desirable traits.
For instance, the tomato strains grown for supermarkets have lost much of their flavour.
By comparing the genomes of modern plants to those of their wild relatives, biologists have been
working out what genetic changes occurred as plants were domesticated. The teams in Brazil and
China have now used this knowledge to reintroduce these changes from scratch while maintaining
or even enhancing the desirable traits of wild strains.
C Kudla’s team made six changes altogether. For instance, they tripled the size of fruit by editing a
gene called FRUIT WEIGHT, and increased the number of tomatoes per truss by editing another
called MULTIFLORA.
While the historical domestication of tomatoes reduced levels of the red pigment lycopene -
thought to have potential health benefits - the team in Brazil managed to boost it instead. The wild
tomato has twice as much lycopene as cultivated ones; the newly domesticated one has five times
as much.
‘They are quite tasty,' says Kudla. ‘A little bit strong. And very aromatic.’
The team in China re-domesticated several strains of wild tomatoes with desirable traits lost in
domesticated tomatoes. In this way they managed to create a strain resistant to a common disease
called bacterial spot race, which can devastate yields. They also created another strain that is more
salt tolerant - and has higher levels of vitamin C.
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D Meanwhile, Joyce Van Eck at the Boyce Thompson Institute in New York state decided to use the
same approach to domesticate the groundcherry or goldenberry (Physalis pruinosa) for the first
time. This fruit looks similar to the closely related Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana).
Groundcherries are already sold to a limited extent in the US but they are hard to produce because
the plant has a sprawling growth habit and the small fruits fall off the branches when ripe. Van
Eck’s team has edited the plants to increase fruit size, make their growth more compact and to
stop fruits dropping. ‘There’s potential for this to be a commercial crop,’ says Van Eck. But she
adds that taking the work further would be expensive because of the need to pay for a licence for
the CRISPR technology and get regulatory approval.
E This approach could boost the use of many obscure plants, says Jonathan Jones of the Sainsbury
Lab in the UK. But it will be hard for new foods to grow so popular with farmers and consumers
that they become new staple crops, he thinks.
The three teams already have their eye on other plants that could be ‘catapulted into the
mainstream’, including foxtail, oat-grass and cowpea. By choosing wild plants that are drought or
heat tolerant, says Gao, we could create crops that will thrive even as the planet warms.
But Kudla didn’t want to reveal which species were in his team’s sights, because CRISPR has
made the process so easy. ‘Any one with the right skills could go to their lab and do this.’
*mutations: changes in an organism’s genetic structure that can be passed down to later
generations
Reading Passage 2 has five sections, A-E. Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 8-12 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
8 a reference to a type of tomato that can resist a dangerous infection
9 an explanation of how problems can arise from focusing only on a certain type of tomato plant.
10 a number of examples of plants that are not cultivated at present but could be useful as food
sources
11 a comparison between the early domestication of the tomato and more recent research
12 a personal reaction to the flavour of a tomato that has been genetically edited
READING PASSAGE 3
Agricultural and tourism
A Agricultural tourism is a worldwide trend which offers city dwellers a chance to escape urban
concrete and re-discover their rural roots. In addition, visiting farmers, agronomists and other
agricultural experts can evaluate worldwide developments in agriculture, which have been greatly
influenced by modern technology. Agriculture and tourism—two of Wisconsin’s most important
industries—are teaming up in southwestern Wisconsin. A pilot project has found that tourists,
rural communities, and some farmers could benefit from stronger efforts to promote and market
agricultural tourism there. More than one-half of those surveyed responded favourably to a
proposed tour, saying they would be interested in participating in some types of agricultural tour
in southwestern Wisconsin.
B In 1990, agricultural tourism project members surveyed 290 visitors to the annual Monroe Cheese
Festival and 164 visitors to the Picnic on the Farm, a one-time event held in Platteville in
conjunction with the Chicago Bears summer training camp. Survey respondents reported that they
would prefer to visit cheese factories, sausage processing plants, dairy farms, and historical farm
75
sites, as well as enjoy an old-fashioned picnic dinner. The study also found strong interest in
visiting specialty farms (strawberries, cranberries, poultry, etc.). More than 75 percent of the
Cheese Day visitors planned ahead for the trip, with 37 percent planning at least two months in
advance. More than 40 percent of the visitors came to Monroe for two- or three-day visits. Many
stopped at other communities on their way to Cheese Days. Visitors at both events indicated that
they were there to enjoy themselves and were willing to spend money on food and arts and crafts.
They also wanted the opportunity to experience the “country” while there.
C The study found that planning around existing events should take into account what brought
visitors to the area and provide additional attractions that will appeal to them. For example,
visitors to Cheese Days said they were on a holiday and appeared to be more open to various tour
proposals. Picnic visitors came specifically to see the Chicago Bears practice. They showed less
interest in a proposed agricultural tour than Cheese Day visitors, but more interest in a picnic
dinner. (The table below results from the 1990 survey of Monroe Cheese Days and Picnic on the
Farm visitors and shows how the visitors would rank various activities in the proposed tour.)
Interest in specific activities in proposed tour:
Activity Cheese Days (Rank) Picnic (Rank)
Cheese Factory Visit 1 2
Sausage Processing Visit 2 2
Dairy Farm Visit 3 5
Picnic Dinner 3 1
Historical Farm Visit 3 3
Crop Farm Visit 4 6
D Agricultural tourism can serve to educate urban tourists about the problems and challenges facing
farmers, says Andy Lewis, Grant county community development agent. While agriculture is vital
to Wisconsin, more and more urban folk are becoming isolated from the industry. In fact, Lewis
notes, farmers are just as interested in the educational aspects of agricultural tours as they are in
any financial returns. “Farmers feel that urban consumers are out of touch with farming,” Lewis
says. “If tourists can be educated on issues that concern farmers, those visits could lead to policies
more favourable to agriculture.” Animal rights and the environment are examples of two issues
that concern both urban consumers and farmers. Farm tours could help consumers get the farmer’s
perspective on these issues, Lewis notes.
E Several Wisconsin farms already offer some types of learning experience for tourists. However,
most agricultural tourism enterprises currently market their businesses independently, leading to a
lack of a concerted effort to promote agricultural tourism as an industry. Lewis is conducting the
study with Jean Murphy, assistant community development agent. Other participants include UW-
Platteville Agricultural Economist Bob Acton, the Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems,
UW-Extension Recreation Resources Center, the Wisconsin Rural Development Center, and
Hidden Valleys, a Southwestern Wisconsin regional tourism organization.
F This past fall, Murphy organized several workshops with some Green and Grant County farmers,
local business leaders, and motor coach tour operators to discuss how best to organize and put on
farm tours. Committees were formed to look at the following: tour site evaluations, inventory of
the area’s resources, tour marketing, and familiarization of tours. The fourth committee is
organizing tours for people such as tour bus guides and local reporters to help better educate them
about agricultural tourism. Green County farmers already have experience hosting visitors during
the annual Monroe Cheese Days. Green County Tourism Director Larry Lindgren says these
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farmers are set to go ahead with more formal agricultural tours next year. The tours will combine
a farm visit with a visit to a local cheese factory and a picnic lunch.
G Another farm interested in hosting an organized tour is Sinsinawa, a 200-acre Grant County farm
devoted to sustainable agriculture and run by the Dominican Sisters. Education plays a major role
at the farm, which has an orchard, dairy and beef cows, and hogs. Farm tours could be combined
with other activities in the area such as trips to the Mississippi River and/or visits to historical
towns or landmarks, Lewis says. The project will help expose farmers to the tourism industry and
farm vacations as a way to possibly supplement incomes, he adds. While farm families probably
wouldn’t make a lot of money through farm tours, they would be compensated for their time, says
Lewis. Farmers could earn additional income through the sale of farm products, crafts, and
recreational activities.
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs A-G. Which paragraph contains the following
information?
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 13-16 on your answer sheet.
13 Nearly half of all the surveyed tourists would spend several days in Monroe.
14 Most visitors responded positively to a survey project on farm tours.
15 Cooperation across organisations in research for agriculture tours has been carried out.
16 Agriculture tours help tourists understand more about zoological and ecological issues.’
READING PASSAGE 4
Homeschooling
Paragraph A
Homeschooling is a method of education where children do not attend a traditional school. Instead,
usually parents take over the responsibility for the education of their children, either doing it all
themselves or by using a company that specialises in providing homeschooling curricula and
materials. Homeschooled children can excel in standardised testing and universities and colleges
have no qualms about accepting them. Supporters also claim that because they have been trained
early on to be independent learners, homeschooled individuals grow up to become reliable,
resourceful individuals.
Paragraph B
Homeschooling offers various benefits. Almost all homeschooling families say that homeschooling
has played an essential role in bringing their family closer, as the time that parents spend teaching
their children, and the time the children spend learning together, can foster a loving relationship in
the family. Homeschooled children do not have to worry about bullying, peer pressure and spiteful
competition, so their self-esteem does not have to suffer needlessly, and many parents with children
who have been the target of bullying have resorted to homeschooling to protect their children from
the harmful effects of harassment. Another key advantage of homeschooling is that parents and
children no longer have to work their lives around homework and school hours. They usually
accomplish in a few hours each day what typically takes a week or more to complete in a classroom
setting. Because they spend more time in hands-on learning, homeschooled children can do away
with homework, which is what usually keeps public schooled children up late at night. Additionally,
families can schedule offseason vacations, go on field trips or visit museums, zoos and parks during
the week as part of their learning experience. A more controversial benefit of homeschooling is that
parents have frequently much more say in what is taught to their children, so that they can avoid
subjects which they disapprove of.
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Paragraph C
Homeschooling is, however, sharply criticised in some quarters. A common criticism is that
homeschooled children may not have as many opportunities to interact with other children in
comparison to children who attend regular schools. Forming bonds and socialising with children his
or her own age is important for a child’s developmental health and development of social skills. If
homeschooled, children may be deprived of the chance to form friendships and may suffer socially.
The lack of socialisation may affect them in later stages of life.
Paragraph D
Parents choosing to homeschool their children may also be faced with the common problem of time.
Parents need to set aside time to make it work. The task of homeschooling a child is certainly not
easy, whether for working parents, single parents or stay-at-home parents. They have to take time to
organise and prepare lessons, teach, give tests, and plan field trips. Also, in comparison to public
schools, where education is free, homeschooling can also be costly, as purchasing the newest
curriculum and teaching tools can be very expensive. Parents may choose to use a pre-prepared paid
homeschooling program, but, in spite of the possible added benefits of such programs, they may
increase the cost of the child’s education. There are also other costs to keep in mind, like project
materials, stationery, books, computer software, and field trips.
Paragraph E
There is also the issue of the different relationships between parents and their children and teachers
and their students. Public and private schools provide for many children a safe haven, in which they
are both regarded and respected independently and individually. Family love is intense, and children
need it to survive and thrive. It is also deeply contingent on the existence and nature of the family
ties. The unconditional love children receive at home is actually anything but unconditional: it is
conditioned on the fact that they are their parents’ children. School, either public or private, ideally
provides a welcome respite. Children are regarded and respected at school not because they are their
parents’ children, but because they are students. They are valued for traits and for status that are
independent of their status as the parents’ genetic or adoptive offspring. The ideal teacher cares about
a child as an individual, a learner and an actively curious person. The teacher does not care about the
child because the child is his or hers, and the child is regarded with respect equal to all the children
in the class. In these ways, the school classroom, ideally, and the relations within it, is a model of
some core aspects of citizenship.
Paragraph F
A final criticism of homeschooling is that there is a public health risk. Children who attend public
schools are required to have immunisations in order to begin classes. It is hard in many countries to
ensure that mandatory immunisation is verified. Thus, deregulated homeschooling means that
homeschooled children are basically exempted from immunisation requirements. The children are
more susceptible to the diseases against which immunisation gives some protection, and others
around them, particularly the elderly, are also consequently in danger.
Paragraph G
Even given these potential harms, there remain good reasons to permit homeschooling in plenty of
circumstances. Parents often justifiably wish to shield their children from public schools that too
often ill serve children who are at risk of bullying, or who are hurt by the culture of middle and high
schools. Some children also have special abilities or needs, or simply idiosyncratic learning styles or
habits, and many of these children can best or even only be educated by those who know them best.
78
The text on the previous pages has 7 paragraphs A – G. Which paragraph contains the following
information?
17 The traditional school environment can sometimes be a good model for living in today’s society.
18 Homeschooling has been accused of hindering children’s social development.
19 Homeschooling can sometimes better adapt to a child’s special learning needs.
20 There are companies that focus on providing homeschooling materials, guidance and curricula.
21 Homeschooling can be a financial burden for some families.
22 Homeschooling has been accused of spreading disease.
23 Homeschooling families can benefit from cheaper holidays outside the peak seasons of regular
school holiday times.
KEYWORD TABLE
1 environment advantages
2 an organisation
controls
6 opposing
7 badly affected
the establishment of oil palm plantation
8 resist
a dangerous infection
9 a certain type
12 the flavour of a tomato
13 nearly half of all surveyed tourists
14 most visitors
responded positively
15 carried out
17 good model
living in today’s society
18 hindering
19 a child’s special learning needs
21 financial burden
22 spreading disease
23 outside the peak season
holidays
79
OPTIONAL TESTS:
READING PASSAGE 1
US Shale Gas Fracking

Paragraph A
We have had widespread drilling for oil and gas deposits for more than 100 years in the United
States. Until the 1990’s, most of this recovery has occurred from conventional wells that were drilled
down to rock formations, from which hydrocarbons could be pumped to the surface. The discovery
of hydraulic fracking in the late 1940’s has long allowed companies to extract gas and oil from shale,
but the perfection of these two techniques over the past few decades has allowed the process to
become cost effective. There are numerous shale plays in the United States from which shale gas can
be extracted, and firms are busy drilling wells in many areas of the country.
Paragraph B
Shale gas is natural methane in rock formations deep underground that, before fracking, was not
feasible to extract. Its removal today depends on hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling.
Hydraulic fracturing is the use of pressure to force liquids containing proppants (often sand) into
rock strata, so that hydrocarbons are available for extraction. Current technology uses water, sand,
and miscellaneous fluids, all of which must be imported to the well site. A wellbore is drilled, and
then the fracturing fluid is forced through holes in the casing into the plays. High pressures are used
to create fissures where the proppants are deposited to hold fissures open, so that hydrocarbons can
be released. Hydraulic fracturing occurs in a number of stages and the fracturing fluid is forced into a
small portion of the wellbore at each stage. After the hydraulic fracturing is completed, some of the
fracturing fluid comes back up the well. Because the flowback and wastewater from a well can be
toxic, it must be disposed of in a manner that does not create any health, safety, or environmental
problems. The underground areas from which the gas is extracted may be left with cavities, which in
turn can sometimes cause ground subsidence.
Paragraph C
The development of American shale gas deposits has been accompanied by notable benefits and a
significant impact on the American economy. Next year, it is estimated that the development of
America’s shale gas resources will employ 869,000 people. The shale gas industry will have capital
expenditures of $48 billion and pay more than $28 billion in federal and state taxes this year. Due to
shale gas, the US is using less coal and the country’s electricity costs have been lowered by about ten
per cent. Shale gas has also contributed to a decrease in imports of foreign natural gas.
Paragraph D
Yet not everything is positive. The development of shale gas resources is associated with its toxic
pollutants and environmental problems. It needs to be mentioned that the American federal and state
governments were not prepared for the problems that accompany shale gas development. A lack of
sufficient regulatory oversight in the US when the industry began allowed some unfortunate
situations and instances of damage that could have been prevented.
Paragraph E
Sites where wells are drilled for extracting shale gas often cover about two hectares and involve
increased traffic, noise, light, dangerous equipment, and toxic chemicals. The activities and
conditions at a site therefore create a potential for contamination and environmental degradation. The
major risk involves damage from the toxic chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing. The fracking fluid
is approximately 99.5 per cent water and sand and 0.5 per cent additives used to enhance
80
hydrocarbon recovery. An average of 5000 gallons of chemical additives may be used to frack a well
and some of them are toxic. Since different chemicals and different amounts are used at each well,
the toxicities may vary.
Paragraph F
Under US federal law, the chemicals used at a well are exempted from full reporting requirements.
Under most state laws, the supplier or the service company of a fracturing operation must disclose
information, unless the chemicals are claimed as a trade secret. Recently, it was estimated that in
approximately two-thirds of the cases the complete chemical compositions were not reported.
Chemical secrecy is a problem, because persons working at wells and persons who come into contact
with chemicals used at a well do not have sufficient information to know whether they need medical
attention. Without timely information of the chemicals involved in a spill or release, first responders
to emergencies, health professionals, and property owners may lack key information for deciding
what actions they should take.
Paragraph G
Issues are also being raised about the need for better management practices to reduce the risks that
accompany shale gas development. Hundreds of best management practices have been identified to
employ during energy development and extraction, but most of these are currently voluntary. In the
absence of mandatory management practices covering all of the stages of shale gas development,
there are not sufficient assurances that people and the environment are adequately protected against
health and safety problems. By adopting more mandatory management practices, the industry may be
able to reduce the risks and shale gas development would be beneficial overall.
Paragraph H
The American experiences can be helpful in discerning whether other countries might proceed with
shale gas development. The activities connected with developing shale gas can be assessed to learn
about the risks, dangers, and problems that need to be addressed. Then, existing laws and regulations
can be evaluated to determine their probable success in addressing the risks. Additional regulations
can be developed if they are needed and firms can be required to adopt best management practices.
Governments can require disclosure of dangerous materials and establish funding mechanisms to pay
for regulatory oversight and for collecting monies to be used to remedy future damages caused by
fracking.
Glossary
Shale play – An underground formation of a type of rock containing natural gas.
Proppant – A solid material used in fracking to keep holes open during the fracking process.
The text above has 8 paragraphs A – H. Which paragraph contains the following information?
1 Not all chemicals used for fracking are poisonous.
2 Shale gas is found deep under the ground.
3 At present, recommended management practices for fracking companies are not compulsory.
4 The US government did not initially enforce enough control on the fracking industry.
5 Fracking techniques have been available since the 1940’s.
6 Finance should be set aside to pay for future problems that fracking might create.
7 Some companies do not publicise the chemicals that they use for fracking.
8 Using shale gas has reduced US expenditure on electricity generation.
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READING PASSAGE 2
Origin of Species & Continent Formation
A The fact that there was once a Pangean supercontinent, a Panthalassa Ocean, and a Tethys Ocean,
has profound implications for the evolution of multicellular life on Earth. These considerations
were unknown to the scientists of the 19th century – making their scientific deductions even more
remarkable. Quite independently of each other, Charles Darwin and his young contemporary
Alfred Russel Wallace reached the conclusion that life had evolved by natural selection. Wallace
later wrote in My Life of his own inspiration.
B Why do some species die and some life? The answer was clearly that on the whole the best fitted
lived. From the effects of disease the most healthy escaped; from enemies the strongest, the
swiftest or the most cunning from famine the best hunters – then it suddenly flashed on me that
this self-acting process would improve the race, because in every generation the inferior would
inevitably be killed off and the superior would remain, that is, the fittest would survive.
C Both Darwin’s and Wallace’s ideas about natural selection had been influenced by the essays of
Thomas Malthus in his Principles of Population. Their conclusion, however, had been the direct
result of their personal observation of animals and plants in widely separated geographic
locations: Darwin from his experiences during the voyage of the Beagle, and particularly during
the ship’s visit to the Galapagos Islands in the East Pacific in 1835; Wallace during his years of
travel in the Amazon Basin and in the Indonesia-Australian Archipelago in the 1850s.
D Darwin had been documenting his ideas on natural selection for many years when he received a
paper on this selfsame subject from Wallace, who asked for Darwin’s opinion and help in getting
it published. In July 1858, Charles Lyell and J. D Hooker, close friends of Darwin, pressed
Darwin to present his conclusions so that he would not lose priority to and unknown naturalist.
Presiding over the hastily called but now historic meeting of the Linnean Society in London, Lyell
and Hooker explained to the distinguished members how “these two gentlemen” (who were
absent: Wallace was abroad and Darwin chose not to attend), had “independently and unknown to
one another, conceived the same very ingenious theory,”
E Both Darwin and Wallace had realized that the anomalous distribution of species in particular
regions had profound evolutionary significance. Subsequently, Darwin spent the rest of his days
in almost total seclusion thinking and writing mainly about the origin of species. In contrast,
Wallace applied himself to the science of biogeography, the study of the pattern and distribution
of species, and its significance, resulting in the publication of a massive two-volume work the
Geographical Distribution of Animals in 1876.
F Wallace was a gentle and modest man, but also persistent and quietly courageous. He spent years
working in the most arduous possible climates and terrains, particularly in the Malay archipelago,
he made patient and detailed zoological observations and collected a huge number of specimens
for museums and collectors-which is how he made a living. One result of his work was the
conclusion that there is a distinct faunal boundary, called “Wallace’s line,” between an Asian
realm of animals in Java, Bronco and the Philipiones and an Australian realm in New Guinea and
Australia. In essence, this boundary posed a difficult question: How on Earth did plants and
animals with a clear affinity to the Northern Hemisphere meet with their Southern Hemispheric
counterparts along such a distinct Malaysian demarcation zone? Wallace was uncertain about
demarcation on one particular island-Celebes, a curiously shaped place that is midway between
the two groups. Initially, he assigned its flora-fauna to the Australian side of the line, but later he
transferred it to the Asian side. Today we know the reason for his dilemma. 200MYA East and
West Celebes were islands with their own natural history lying on opposite sides of the Tethys
82
Ocean. They did not collide until about 15 MYA. The answer to the main question is that
Wallace’s Line categorizes Laurasia-derived flora-fauna (the Asian) and Gondwana-derived flora-
fauna (the Australian), fauna that had evolved on opposing shares of the Tethys. The closure of
the Tethys Ocean today is manifested by the ongoing collision of Australia/New Guinea with
Indochina/Indonesia and the continuing closure of the Mediterranean Sea – a remnant of the
Western Tethys Ocean.
G In his origin of continents and oceans, Wegener quoted at length from Wallace’s Geographical
Distribution of Animals. According to Wegener’s reading, Wallace had identified three clear
divisions of Australian animals, which supported his own theory of continental displacement.
Wallace had shown that animals long established in southwestern Australia had an affinity with
animals in South Africa, Madagascar, India, and Ceylon, but did not have an affinity with those in
Asia. Wallace also showed that Australian marsupials and monotremes are clearly related to those
in South America, the Moluccas, and various Pacific islands and that none are found in
neighboring Indonesia. From this and related data, Wegener concluded that the then broadly
accepted “landbridge” theory could not account for this distribution of animals and that only this
theory of continental drift could explain it.
H The theory that Wegener dismissed in preference to his own proposed that plants and animals had
once migrated across now-submerged intercontinental landbridges. In 1885, one of Europe’s
leading geologists, Eduard Suess, theorized that as the rigid Earth cools, its upper-crust shrinks
and wrinkles like the withering skin of an aging apple. He suggested that the planet’s seas and
oceans now fill the wrinkles between once-contiguous plateaus.
I Today, we know that we live on a dynamic Earth with shifting, colliding and separating tectonic
plates, not a “withering skin”, and the main debate in the field of biogeography has shifted. The
discussion now concerns “dispersalism” versus “vicarianism”: unrestricted radiation of species on
the one hand and the development of barriers to migration on the other. Dispersion is a short-term
phenomenon – the daily or seasonal migration of species and their radiation to the limits of their
natural environment on an extensive and continuous landmass. Vicarian evolution, however,
depends upon the separation and isolation of a variety of species within the confines of natural
barriers in the form of islands, lakes, or shallow seas – topographical features that take a long time
to develop.
The Reading Passage has nine paragraphs A-I. Which paragraph contains the following
information?
Write the correct letter A-I, in boxes 9-11 on your answer sheet.
9 Best adaptable animal survived on the planet.
10 Boundary called Wallace’s line found between Asia and Australia.
11 Animal relevance exists between Australia and Africa.
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READING PASSAGE 3
Corporate social Responsibility - A new concept of “market”
Maybe Ben & Jerry’s and The Body Shop set themselves up for a fall by appearing to have a
monopoly on making an honest buck. But their struggles are a lesson on how little we know about
the minefield of “ethical” marketing. The Body Shop, along with the American ice cream maker Ben
and Jerry’s, was hailed as a new breed of green, or environmentally conscious, business.
Ben and Jerry’s
A Ben & Jerry’s offers a very sweet benefits package to employees. First, every one of the 700+ Ben
& Jerry’s workers is entitled to three free pints of ice cream, sorbet or frozen yoghurt per day
worked. (Some workers use allotments of their free treats to barter for other goods and services in
town such as haircuts). Beyond the freebies, personnel receive a 50% discount on the company’s
frozen goodies, a 40% discount on merchandise and further 30% break on no- Ben & Jerry’s
foods at company outlets.
B Workers are further entitled to paid family leave and may take advantage of the Employee Stock
Purchase Program to purchase company stock (after six months with the organization) at a 15%
discount. Beginning in 1998, 316 stock options are awarded to each worker (excluding directors
and officers) and stock is also assigned to each employee’s 410K plan at the end of the calendar
year. These contributions are intended to achieve the company’s goal of linked prosperity, i.e. to
assure that future prosperity is widely shared by all employees.
The Body Shop
C History of The Body Shop Anita Roddick started The Body Shop with a mere £4,000 and a dream.
With over 1,900 stores in 50 countries. The Body Shop was founded in 1976 in Brighton,
England. From her original shop, which offered a line of 25 different lotions, creams, and oils,
Roddick became the first successful marketer of body care products that combined natural
ingredients with ecologically-benign manufacturing processes. Her company’s refusal to test
products on animals, along with an insistence on nonexploitative labor practices among suppliers
around the world, appealed especially to upscale, mainly middle-class women, who were and
have continued to be the company’s primary market. As sales boomed, even the conservative
financial markets approved of The Body Shop’s impressive profit picture, and a public stock
offering in 1984 was successful. An expansion campaign followed. In 1988 the company entered
the U.S. market by opening a store in New York City, and by 1977 the company boasted 1,500
stores, including franchises, in 47 countries. Anti-marketing seemed to be smart marketing, at
least as far as The Body Shop was concerned.
D Part of the secret of The Body Shop’s early success was that it had created a market niche for
itself. The company was not directly competing against the traditional cosmetics companies,
which marketed their products as fashion accessories designed to cover up flaws and make
women look more like the fashion models who appeared in their lavish ads. Instead, The Body
Shop offered a line of products that promised benefits other than appearance – healthier skin, for
instance – rather than simply a better-looking complexion. The company is known for pioneering
the natural-ingredient cosmetic market and establishing social responsibility as an integral part of
company operations. The Body Shop is known for its ethical stances, such as its monetary
donations to be communities in which it operates, and its business partnerships with developing
countries. In 1988 Roddick opened her first store in the United States, and by that time – through
various social initiatives such as the “Stop the Burn” campaign to save the Brazilian rainforest
(the source of many of the company’s natural ingredients), and strong support of employee
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volunteerism – The Body Shop name had become synonymous with social activism and global
preservation worldwide. The company had also become immensely profitable.
E By the mid-1990s, however, The Body Shop faced growing competition, forcing it to begin its first
major advertising initiative, the most prominent part of which was the “Ruby” campaign. The
campaign was personified by Ruby, a doll with Rubenesque proportions who was perched on an
antique couch and who looked quite pleased with herself and her plump frame. Randy
Williamson, a spokesperson for The Body Shop, said, “Ruby is the fruit of our long-established
practice of challenging the way the cosmetic industry talks to women. The Ruby campaign is
designed to promote the idea that The Body Shop creates products designed to enhance features,
moisturize, cleanse, and polish, not to correct ‘flaws.’ The Body Shop philosophy is that there is
real beauty in everyone. “We are not claiming that our products perform miracles.”
F The Competition the Body Shop lost market share in the late 1990s to product-savvy competitors
that offered similar cosmetics at lower prices. The main competitors are H20, Sephora, Bath and
Body Works, and Origins. Research Results Research showed that women appreciate The Body
Shop for their ethical standards. They are pleased by companies with green actions, not promises.
The research proved that The Body Shop has been put on the back burner in many people’s
minds: overcrowded by newer, fresher Brands. Companies like the Body Shop continually hype
their products through advertising and marketing, often creating a demand for something where a
real need for it does not exist. The message pushed is that the route to happiness is through buying
more and more of their products. Under such consumerism, the increasing domination of
multinationals and their standardised products is leading to global cultural conformity. Other
downfall factors also include misleading the public, low pay and against unions, exploiting
indigenous people; Also the mass production, packaging and transportation of huge quantities of
goods are using up the world’s resources faster than they can be renewed and filling the land, sea
and air with dangerous pollution and waste.
G The Problem The Body Shop has used safe and timid advertising over the last decade, decreasing
market share and brand value. With the rise of new, more natural and environmentally friendly
competitors, The Body Shop can no longer stand behind being the greenest or most natural. The
Solution The Body Shop is the originator of ethical beauty with our actions speaking louder than
our words. This is the new direction of The Body Shop. We will be a part of different acts of
kindness in big cities. We will eliminate unwanted graffiti, purify city air, and give the customer
an opportunity to be a part of something good.
The Reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G. Which paragraph contains the following
information?
Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes 12-15 your answer sheet.
12 An action is taken to Establishing social responsibility in the conservation project
13 A description of the conventional way the ads applied to talk to its customers
14 A history of a humble origin and expansion
15 Management practices are intended to line up the company’s goal with participants’ prosperity
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KEYWORD TABLE
1 Not all
poisonous
3 At present
Not compulsory
4 Enough control
5 available
6 Set aside
Future problems
Fracking might created
7 Do not publicise
8 Expenditure on electricity generation
11 Animal relevance
13 ads
15 Line up the company’s goal
Participants’ prosperity
B. LISTENING
Ex.1: What does Chloe decide about the following subjects? Write the correct letter, A, B or C, next
to questions 1-5. <Track 01>
A She will study it.

B She won’t study it.
C She might study it.
1 Public relations …………

2 Marketing …………
3 Taxation …………
4 Human resources …………
5 Information systems …………
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Ex.2: What feature do the speakers identify for each of the following courses? Choose FIVE answers
from the box and write the correct letters, A-G, next to questions 26-30. <Track 02>
Features
A limited value
B useful
C relevant to career
D flexible admission
E intensive
F improving leadership
G self-control and time management
Courses
5 Travel and Business …………
6 Japanese …………
7 Medical Care …………
8 Computer …………
9 Public Relations …………
OPTIONAL TEST
Ex.1: What is the improvement of each main point of interest in the area? Choose FIVE answers
from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next to questions 1-5.<Track 03>
Features
A New entrance
B Free lunch provided
C Free information provided
D Increase in size
E Additional signs
F New exhibitions
G New structure
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1 CarPark …………
2 Primary School …………
3 Science Museum …………
4 National History Museum …………
5 Shopping Mall …………
Ex.2: Who will be responsible for each task? Write the correct letter next to questions 6-9. <Track
04>
A Stefan
B Lauren
C both Stefan and Lauren
6 draw graphs and maps …………
7 choose photographs …………
8 write report …………
9 do presentation …………
C. VOCABULARY
during peak seasons package holiday off the beaten track
spectacular views put pressure on local resources boosting local economy
1. What are your favourite holiday pastimes?

I like to get away from it all. I look for exotic destinations with (1) …………………………….
(khung cảnh ngoạn mục) that are (2) ……………………………. (chưa ai khám phá ra). I think
that would be really excited if I go sightseeing on my own instead of taking (3)
……………………………. (chuyến đi trọn gói).
2. What are the disadvantages of tourism?

Although many places in the world rely heavily on tourism as a key source of (4)
……………………………. (thúc đẩy kinh tế địa phương), tourism can also be a source of
problems, especially if it is not managed well. A huge influx of visitors (5)
……………………………. (vào mùa cao điểm) can gradually deplete the beauty, uniqueness, and
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social coherence of a tourist destination over time. This not only causes serious damge on local sites
but also (6) ……………………………. (gây áp lực lên tài nguyên địa phương) greatly.

1. The ______ beauty of the Marin countryside attracted many tourists come here to discover nature
and relax for a few days.
A. jam-packed B. rustic
C. globetrotting D. far-off
2. Experiencing _______ can give people a sense of accomplishment and bragging rights that come
with completing an extreme activity.
A. adventure travel B. green tourism
C. package holiday D. outbound travel
3. Vietnamese cuisine varies by region. Each city, even each village, ha s its own list of unique
_________.
A. cross-cultural exchange B. local people
C. local specialties D. opportunities
4. Having realised the harmful effects of tourism activities on local environment, the mayor decided
to ____________
A. cultural assimilation B. boost local economy
C. promote ecotourism D. spoil the landscape
5. It can be observed that a large number of visitors litter the street with water bottles or plastic bags,
which can ________
A. endowed with natural beauty B. spoil the landscape
C. boost local economy D. generate job opportunities for local people
6. Despite his _______, he has not abandoned his Indian heritage.

A. green tourism B. globetrotting
C. adventure travel D. package holiday
7. He took time out from his job as a production assistant to go _______ around the world.
A. ecotourism B. package holiday
C. coastal D. backpacking
8. The farmhouse we stayed in was completely ________ from the city, therefore, it is really
peaceful here.
A. crowded B. breathtaking
C. isolated D. unspoiled
9. People should prepare a visa card to pay when they take _____.
A. inbound travel B. foreign travel
C. adventure travel D. green tourism
10. European travelers are increasingly avoiding trips to Greece during the peak season due to
________.
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A. overtourism B. unexplored wilderness

C. the loss of traditional values D. globetrotting

1. Nhiều khách du lịch phá hoại cảnh quan khi ghé thăm các di tích lịch sử, điều này đã gây áp lực
lên tài nguyên địa phương
->........................................................................................................................................................
2. Chính quyền địa phương nên thực hiện các chiến dịch để nâng cao nhận thức của mọi người về
việc bảo tồn, lưu giữ các công trình lịch sử.
*thực hiện chiến dịch: to launch a campaign
->........................................................................................................................................................
3. Sự phát triển nhanh chóng của ngành du lịch đã tạo việc làm cho người dân địa phương, điều này
rất có lợi cho những người nghèo.
*sự phát triển nhanh chóng: rapid development
->........................................................................................................................................................
4. Khách du lịch chia sẻ kinh nghiệm và kỷ niệm của họ về những nơi họ đã đến và những người họ
đã gặp, điều này giúp thúc đẩy trao đổi văn hóa.
->........................................................................................................................................................
5. Đi du lịch xuyên quốc gia sẽ là một cơ hội tốt để hiểu sâu hơn về các nền văn hóa khác.
->.......................................................................................................................................................
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7.2
WRITING, SPEAKING
Question: People living in large cities today face many problems in their everyday life. What are
these problems? Should governments encourage people to move to smaller regional towns?
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WEEK 8
MASS MEDIA
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8.1
READING: MATCHING SENTENCE ENDINGS
LISTENING: FLOW-CHART COMPLETION
VOCABULARY: MASS MEIDA
A. READING
PASSAGE 1
Pottery production in ancient Akrotiri
A Excavations at the site of prehistoric Akrotiri, on the coast of the Aegean Sea, have revealed much
about the technical aspects of pottery manufacture, indisputably one of the basic industries of this
Greek city. However, considerably less is known about the socio-economic context and the way
production was organised.
B The bulk of pottery found at Akrotiri is locally made and dates from the late fifteenth century BC.
It clearly fulfilled a vast range of the settlement’s requirements: more than fifty different types of
pots can be distinguished. The pottery found includes a wide variety of functional types like
storage jars, smaller containers, pouring vessels, cooking pots, drinking vessels and so on, which
all relate to specific activities and which would have been made and distributed with those
activities in mind. Given a large number of shapes produced and the relatively high degree of
standardisation, it has generally been assumed that most, if not all, of Akrotiri pottery, was
produced by specialised craftsmen in a non-domestic context. Unfortunately, neither the potters’
workshops nor kilns have been found within the excavated area. The reason may be that the
ceramic workshops were located on the periphery of the site, which has not yet been excavated. In
any event, the ubiquity of the pottery, and the consistent repetition of the same types in different
sizes suggest production on an industrial scale.
C The Akrotirian potters seem to have responded to pressures beyond their households, namely to the
increasing complexity of regional distribution and exchange systems. We can imagine them as full-
time craftsmen working permanently in a high production-rate craft such as pottery manufacture,
and supporting themselves entirely from the proceeds of their craft. In view of the above, one can
begin to speak in term of mass-produced pottery and the existence of organised workshops of
craftsmen during the period 1550-1500 BC. Yet, how pottery production was organised at Akrotiri
remains an open question, as there is no real documentary evidence. Our entire knowledge comes
from the ceramic material itself, and the tentative conclusions which can be drawn from it.
D The invention of units of quantity and of a numerical system to count them was of capital
importance of an exchange-geared society such as that of Akrotiri. In spite of the absence of any
written records, the archaeological evidence reveals that concepts of measurements, both weight
and number, had been formulated. Standard measures may already have been in operation, such as
those evidenced by a graduated series of lead weights – made in disc form – found at the site. The
existence of units of capacity in Late Bronze Age times is also evidenced, by the notation of units
of a liquid measure for wine on excavated containers.
E It must be recognised that the function of pottery vessels plays a very important role in determining
their characteristics. The intended function affects the choice of clay, the production technique,
and the shape and the size of the pots. For example, large storage jars would be needed to store
commodities, whereas smaller containers would be used for transport. In fact, the length of a
man’s arm limits the size of a smaller pot to a capacity of about twenty litres; that is also the
maximum a man can comfortably carry.
94
F The various sizes of container would thus represent standard quantities of a commodity, which is a
fundamental element in the function of exchange. Akrotirian merchants handling a commodity
such as wine would have been able to determine easily the amount of wine they were transporting
from the number of containers they carried in their ships since the capacity of each container was
known to be 14-18 litres. (We could draw a parallel here with the current practice in Greece of
selling oil in 17-kilogram tins.)
G We may, therefore, assume that the shape, capacity, and, sometimes decoration of vessels are
indicative of the commodity contained by them. Since individual transactions would normally
involve different quantities of a given commodity, a range of ‘standardised’ types of the vessel
would be needed to meet traders’ requirements.
H In trying to reconstruct systems of capacity by measuring the volume of excavated pottery, a rather
generous range of tolerances must be allowed. It seems possible that the potters of that time had
specific sizes of the vessel in mind, and tried to reproduce them using a specific type and amount
of clay. However, it would be quite difficult for them to achieve the exact size required every
time, without any mechanical means of regulating symmetry and wall thickness, and some potters
would be more skilled than others. In addition, variations in the repetition of types and size may
also occur because of unforeseen circumstances during the throwing process. For instance, instead
of destroying the entire pot if the clay in the rim contained a piece of grit, a potter might produce a
smaller pot by simply cutting off the rim. Even where there is no noticeable external difference
between pots meant to contain the same quantity of a commodity, differences in their capacity can
actually reach one or two litres. In one case the deviation from the required size appears to be as
much as 10-20 per cent.
I The establishment of regular trade routes within the Aegean led to increased movement of goods;
consequently, a regular exchange of local, luxury and surplus goods, including metals, would have
become feasible as a result of the advances in transport technology. The increased demand for
standardised exchanges, inextricably linked to commercial transactions, might have been one of
the main factors which led to the standardisation of pottery production. Thus, the whole network
of ceramic production and exchange would have depended on specific regional economic
conditions and would reflect the socio-economic structure of prehistoric Akrotiri.
Question 1-4
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.
Write the correct letter, A-F in boxes 1-4
A The discovery of a collection of metal discs.
B The size and type of sailing ships in use.
C Variations in the exact shape and thickness of similar containers.
D The physical characteristics of workmen.
E Marks found on wine containers.
F The variety of commodities for which they would have been used.
1 The assumption that standard units of weight were in use could be based on
2 Evidence of the use of standard units of the volume is provided by
3 The size of certain types of containers would have been restricted by
4 Attempts to identify the intended capacity of containers are complicated by
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PASSAGE 2
Learning lessons from the past
A Many past societies collapsed or vanished, leaving behind monumental ruins such as those that the
poet Shelley imagined in his sonnet, Ozymandias. By collapse, I mean a drastic decrease in human
population size and/or political/economic/social complexity, over a considerable, for an extended
time. By those standards, most people would consider the following past societies to have been
famous victims of full-fledged collapses rather than of just minor declines: the Anasazi and
Cahokia within the boundaries of the modem US, the Maya cities in Central American, Moche and
Tiwanaku societies in South America, Norse Greenland, Mycenean Greece and Minoan Crete in
Europe, Great Zimbabwe in Africa, Angkor Wat and the Harappan Indus Valley cities in Asia, and
Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean.
B The monumental ruins left behind by those past societies hold a fascination for all of us. We marvel
at them when as children we first learn of them through pictures. When we grow up, many of us
plan vacations in order to experience them at first hand. We feel drawn to their often spectacular
and haunting beauty, and also to the mysteries that they pose. The scales of the ruins testify to the
former wealth and power of their builders. Yet these builders vanished, abandoning the great
structures that they had created at such effort. How could a society that was once so mighty end up
collapsing?
C It has long been suspected that many of those mysterious abandonments were at least partly
triggered by ecological problems: people inadvertently destroying the environmental resources on
which their societies depended. This suspicion of unintended ecological suicide (ecocide) has been
confirmed by discoveries made in recent decades by archaeologists, climatologists, historians,
palaeontologists, and palynologists (pollen scientists). The processes through which past societies
have undermined themselves by damaging their environments fall into eight categories, whose
relative importance differs from case to case: deforestation and habitat destruction, soil problems,
water management problems, overhunting, overfishing, effects of introduced species on native
species, human population growth, and increased impact of people.
D Those past collapses tended to follow somewhat similar courses constituting variations on a theme.
Writers find in tempting to draw analogies between the course of human societies and the course of
individual human lives – to talk of a society’s birth, growth, peak, old age and eventual death. But
that metaphor proves erroneous for many past societies: they declined rapidly after reaching peak
numbers and power, and those rapid declines must have come as a surprise and shock to their
citizens. Obviously, too, this trajectory is not one that all past societies followed unvaryingly to
completion: different societies collapsed to different degrees and in somewhat different ways,
while many societies did not collapse at all.
E Today many people feel that environmental problems overshadow all the other threats to global
civilisation. These environmental problems include the same eight that undermined past societies,
plus four new ones: human-caused climate change, the build-up of toxic chemicals in the
environment, energy shortages, and full human utilisation of the Earth’s photosynthetic capacity.
But the seriousness of these current environmental problems is vigorously debated. Are the risks
greatly exaggerated, or conversely are they underestimated? Will modem technology solve our
problems, or is it creating new problems faster than it solves old ones? When we deplete one
resource (eg wood, oil, or ocean fish), can we count on being able to substitute some new resource
(eg plastics, wind and solar energy, or farmed fish)? Isn’t the rate of human population growth
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declining, such that we’re already on course for the world’s population to level off at home
manageable number of people?
F Questions like this illustrate why those famous collapses of past civilisations have taken on more
meaning than just that of a romantic mystery. Perhaps there are some practical lessons that we
could learn from all those past collapses. But there are also differences between the modem world
and its problems, and those past societies and their problems. We shouldn’t be so naive as to think
that the study of the past will yield simple solutions, directly transferable to our societies today. We
differ from past societies in some respects that put us at lower risk than them; some of those
respects often mentioned include our powerful technology (ie its beneficial effects), globalisation,
modem medicine, and greater knowledge of past societies and of distant modem societies. We also
differ from past societies in some respects that put us at greater risk than them: again, our potent
technology (ie its unintended destructive effects), globalisation (such that now a problem in one
part of the world affects all the rest), the dependence of millions of us on modern medicine for our
survival, and our much larger human population. Perhaps we can still learn from the past, but only
if we think carefully about its lessons.
Question 5-9
Write the correct letter, A-F in boxes 5-9
A is not necessarily valid.
B provides grounds for an optimistic outlook.
C exists in the form of physical structures.
D is potentially both positive and negative.
E will not provide direct solutions for present problems.
F is greater now than in the past.
5 Evidence of the greatness of some former civilisations

6 The parallel between an individual’s life and the life of a society
7 The number of environmental problems that societies face
8 The power of technology
9 A consideration of historical events and trends
PASSAGE 3
Honey bees in trouble
Can native pollinators fill the gap?
A Recently, ominous headlines have described a mysterious ailment, colony collapse disorder
(CCD), that is wiping out the honeybees that pollinate many crops. Without honeybees, the story
goes, fields will be sterile, economies will collapse, and food will be scarce.
B But what few accounts acknowledge is that what’s at risk is not itself a natural state of affairs. For
one thing, in the United States, where CCD was first reported and has had its greatest impacts,
honeybees are not a native species. Pollination in modern agriculture isn’t alchemy, it’s industry.
The total number of hives involved in the U.S. pollination industry has been somewhere between
2.5 million and 3 million in recent years. Meanwhile, American farmers began using large
quantities of organophosphate insecticides, planted large-scale crop monocultures, and adopted
“clean farming” practices that scrubbed native vegetation from field margins and roadsides. These
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practices killed many native bees outright – they’re as vulnerable to insecticides as an agricultural
pest – and made the agricultural landscape inhospitable to those that remained. Concern about
these practices and their effects on pollinators isn’t new – in her 1962 ecological alarm cry Silent
Spring, Rachel Carson warned of a ‘Fruitless Fall’ that could result from the disappearance of
insect pollinators.
C If that ‘Fruitless Fall’ has not-yet-occurred, it may be largely thanks to the honeybee, which farmers
turned to as the ability of wild pollinators to service crops declined. The honeybee has been semi-
domesticated since the time of the ancient Egyptians, but it wasn’t just familiarity that determined
this choice: the bees’ biology is in many ways suited to the kind of agricultural system that was
emerging. For example, honeybee hives can be closed up and moved out of the way when
pesticides are applied to a field. The bees are generalist pollinators, so they can be used to pollinate
many different crops. And although they are not the most efficient pollinator of every crop,
honeybees have strength in numbers, with 20,000 to 100,000 bees living in a single hive. “Without
a doubt, if there was one bee you wanted for agriculture, it would be the honeybee,” says Jim Cane,
of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The honeybee, in other words, has become a crucial cog in
the modern system of industrial agriculture. That system delivers more food, and more kinds of it,
to more places, more cheaply than ever before. But that system is also vulnerable, because making
a farm field into the photosynthetic equivalent of a factory floor, and pollination into a series of
continent-long assembly lines, also leaches out some of the resilience characteristics of natural
ecosystems.
D Breno Freitas, an agronomist, pointed out that in nature such a high degree of specialization usually
is a very dangerous game: it works well while all the rest is in equilibrium, but runs quickly to
extinction at the least disbalance. In effect, by developing an agricultural system that is heavily
reliant on a single pollinator species, we humans have become riskily overspecialized. And when
the human-honeybee relationship is disrupted, as it has been by colony collapse disorder, the
vulnerability of that agricultural system begins to become clear.
E In fact, a few wild bees are already being successfully managed for crop pollination. “The problem
is trying to provide native bees inadequate numbers on a reliable basis in a fairly short number of
years in order to service the crop,” Jim Cane says. “You’re talking millions of flowers per acre in a
two-to three-week time frame, or less, for a lot of crops.” On the other hand, native bees can be
much more efficient pollinators of certain crops than honeybees, so you don’t need as many to do
the job. For example, about 750 blue orchard bees (Osmia lignaria) can pollinate a hectare of
apples or almonds, a task that would require roughly 50,000 to 150,000 honeybees. There are bee
tinkerers engaged in similar work in many corners of the world. In Brazil, Breno Freitas has found
that Centris tarsata, the native pollinator of wild cashew, can survive in commercial cashew
orchards if growers provide a source of floral oils, such as by interplanting their cashew trees with
a Caribbean cherry.
F In certain places, native bees may already be doing more than they’re getting credit for. Ecologist
Rachael Winfree recently led a team that looked at pollination of four summer crops (tomato,
watermelon, peppers, and muskmelon) at 29 farms in the region of New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
Winfree’s team identified 54 species of wild bees that visited these crops, and found that wild bees
were the most important pollinators in the system: even though managed honeybees were present
on many of the farms, wild bees were responsible for 62 percent of flower visits in the study. In
another study focusing specifically on watermelon, Winfree and her colleagues calculated that
native bees alone could provide sufficient pollination at 90 percent of the 23 farms studied. By
contrast, honeybees alone could provide sufficient pollination at only 78 percent of farms.
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G “The region I work in is not typical of the way most food is produced,” Winfree admits. In the
Delaware Valley, most farms and farm fields are relatively small, each farmer typically grows a
variety of crops, and farms are interspersed with suburbs and other types of land use which means
there are opportunities for homeowners to get involved in bee conservation, too. The landscape is a
bee-friendly patchwork that provides a variety of nesting habitat and floral resources distributed
among different kinds of crops, weedy field margins, fallow fields, suburban neighborhoods, and
semi-natural habitat like old woodlots, all at a relatively small scale. In other words, “pollinator-
friendly” farming practices would not only aid pollination of agricultural crops, but also serve as a
key element in the overall conservation strategy for wild pollinators, and often aid other wild
species as well.
H Of course, not all farmers will be able to implement all of these practices. And researchers are
suggesting a shift to a kind of polyglot agricultural system. For some small-scale farms, native bees
may indeed be all that’s needed. For larger operations, a suite of managed bee – with honeybees
filling the generalist role and other, native bees pollinating specific crops – could be augmented by
free pollination services from resurgent wild pollinators. In other words, they’re saying, we still
have an opportunity to replace a risky monoculture with something diverse, resilient, and robust.
Question 10-14
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 10-14
A native pollinators can survive when a specific plant is supplied.
B it would cause severe consequences both to commerce and agriculture.
C honey bees can not be bred.
D some agricultural landscapes are favorable in supporting wild bees.
E a large scale of honey bees are needed to pollinate.
F an agricultural system is fragile when relying on a single pollinator
10 The headline of colony collapse disorder states that

11 Viewpoints of Freitas manifest that
12 Examples of blue orchard bees have shown that
13 Centris tarsata is mentioned to exemplify that
14 One finding of the research in Delaware Valley is that
PASSAGE 4
Magnetic Therapy
A Magnetic therapy, which is a $5-billion market worldwide, is a form of alternative medicine which
claims that magnetic fields have healing powers. Magnetic devices that are claimed to be
therapeutic include magnetic bracelets, insoles, wrist and knee bands, back and neck braces, and
even pillows and mattresses. Their annual sales are estimated at $300 million in the United States
and more than a billion dollars globally. They have been advertised to cure a vast array of ills,
particularly pain.
B The therapy works on the principle of balancing electrical energy in the body by pulsating magnetic
waves through different parts of the body. The electrical currents generated by magnets increase
the blood flow and oxygen which helps to heal many of the ailments. The natural effects of the
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Earth’s magnetic field are considered to play an essential role in the health of humans and animals.
It is generally accepted that our body draws some benefit from the Earth’s magnetic field. To
restore the balance within our body allows us to function at our optimum level. For example, when
the first astronauts returned to earth sick, NASA concluded that their illness resulted from the lack
of a planetary magnetic field in outer space. To resolve the problem, NASA placed magnets in the
astronauts’ space suits and space travel vehicles, and astronauts have returned to Earth healthy ever
since.
C Historically it is reported that magnets have been around for an extremely long time. The
therapeutic power of magnets was known to physicians in ancient Greece, Egypt and China over
4000 years ago, who used naturally magnetic rock – lodestone – to treat a variety of physical and
psychological ailments. Cleopatra the beautiful Egyptian queen was probably the first celebrity to
use magnets. It is documented that in order to prevent from aging, she slept on a Lodestone to keep
her skin youthful. Ancient Romans also used magnet therapy to treat eye disease.
D The popularity of magnet therapy in the United States began to rise during the 1800s and soared in
the post – Civil War era. Sears-Roebuck advertised magnetic jewelry in its catalog for the healing
of virtually any ailment. An Austrian psychoanalyst by the name of Wilhelm Reich immigrated to
the United States in 1939 and researched the effects of electromagnetism on humans. Today,
Germany, Japan, Israel, Russia and at least 45 other countries consider magnetic therapy to be an
official medical procedure for the treatment of numerous ailments, including various inflammatory
and neurological problems.
E For those who practice magnetic therapy, strongly believe that certain ailments can be treated if the
patient is exposed to magnetic fields while at the same time there is a strong resentment from the
medical establishment and critics claim that most magnets don’t have the strength to affect the
various organs and tissues within the body and it is a product of Pseudoscience and is not based on
proper research and analysis. There are few reported complications of magnetic therapy and the
World Health Organization says a low level of magnetic energy is not harmful. Documented side
effects are not life-threatening and include pain, nausea and dizziness that disappeared when the
magnets were removed. If considering magnet therapy, as with any medical treatment, it is always
advisable to consult one’s regular physician first. Magnet therapy is gaining popularity; however,
scientific evidence to support the success of this therapy is lacking. More scientifically sound
studies are needed in order to fully understand the effects that magnets can have on the body and
the possible benefits or dangers that could result from their use.
Question 15-17
Write the correct letters, A-F, in boxes 15-17 on your answer sheet.
A has no negative side effect.
B resulted from physical ailment.
C should have more sophisticated studies
D is exposed to the placebo device.
E must select the subjects randomly.
F came from the absence of a magnetic field.
15 The first NASA astronauts’ sickness

16 According to the WHO, under the physician’s instruction, a small amount of magnetic energy
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17 The author holds that in order to fully understand the magnetic effects, we
KEYWORD TABLE
ns
standard units of weight
1
were in use
2 standard units of the volume
Marks
restricted
3
physical characteristics of workmen
identify the intended capacity
are complicated by
4
variations in the exact shape and
thickness
greatness
5
former civilisations
parallel
6 individual’s life
the life of a society
historical events
9 provide direct solutions for present
problems.
11 fragile
is supplied
13
specific plant
15 astronauts’ sickness
a small amount
16
has no negative side effect
17 more sophisticated studies
OPTIONAL TEST
PASSAGE 1
The Beginning of Football!
A Football as we now know it developed in Britain in the 19th century, but the game is far older than
this. In fact, the term has historically been applied to games played on foot, as opposed to those
played on horseback, so ‘football’ hasn’t always involved kicking a ball. It has generally been
played by men, though at the end of the 17th century, games were played between married and
single women in a town in Scotland. The married women regularly won.
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B The very earliest form of football for which we have evidence is the ‘tsu’chu’, which was played in
China and may date back 3,000 years. It was performed in front of the Emperor during festivities to
mark his birthday. It involved kicking a leather ball through a 30-40 cm opening into a small net
fixed onto long bamboo canes – a feat that demanded great skill and excellent technique.
C Another form of the game, also originating from the Far East, was the Japanese ‘kemari’ which
dates from about the fifth century and is still played today. This is a type of circular football game,
a more dignified and ceremonious experience requiring certain skills, but not competitive in the
way the Chinese game was, nor is there the slightest sign of struggle for possession of the ball. The
players had to pass the ball to each other, in a relatively small space, trying not to let it touch the
ground.
D The Romans had a much livelier game, ‘harpastum’. Each team member had his own specific
tactical assignment took a noisy interest in the proceedings and the score. The role of the feet was
so small as scarcely to be of consequence. The game remained popular for 700 or 800 years, but,
although it was taken to England, it is doubtful whether it can be considered as a forerunner of
contemporary football.
E The game that flourished in Britain from the 8th to the 19th centuries was substantially different
from all the previously known forms – more disorganised, more violent, more spontaneous and
usually played by an indefinite number of players. Frequently, the games took the forms of a
heated contest between whole villages. Kicking opponents were allowed, as in fact was almost
everything else.
F There was tremendous enthusiasm for football, even though the authorities repeatedly intervened to
restrict it, as a public nuisance. In the 14th and 15th centuries, England, Scotland and France all
made football punishable by law, because of the disorder that commonly accompanied it, or
because the well-loved recreation prevented subjects from practicing more useful military
disciplines. None of these efforts had much effect.
G The English passion for football was particularly strong in the 16th century, influenced by the
popularity of the rather better organised Italian game of ‘calcio’. English football was as rough as
ever, but it found a prominent supporter in the school headmaster Richard Mulcaster. He pointed
out that it had positive educational value and promoted health and strength. Mulcaster claimed that
all that was needed was to refine it a little, limit the number of participants in each team and, more
importantly, have a referee to oversee the game.
H The game persisted in a disorganised form until the early 19th century, when a number of
influential English schools developed their own adaptations. In some, including Rugby School, the
ball could be touched with the hands or carried; opponents could be tripped up and even kicked. It
was recognised in educational circles that, as a team game, football helped to develop such fine
qualities as loyalty, selflessness, cooperation, subordination and deference to the team spirit. A
‘games cult’ developed in schools and some form of football became an obligatory part of the
curriculum.
I In 1863, developments reached a climax. At Cambridge University, an initiative began to establish
some uniform standards and rules that would be accepted by everyone, but there were essentially
two camps: the minority – Rugby School and some others – wished to continue with their own
form of the game, in particular allowing players to carry the ball. In October of the same year,
eleven London clubs and schools sent representatives to establish a set of fundamental rules to
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govern the matches played amongst them. This meeting marked the birth of the Football
Association.
J The dispute concerning kicking and tripping opponents and carrying the ball was discussed
thoroughly at this and subsequent meetings, until eventually, on 8 December, the die-hard
exponents of the Rugby style withdrew, marking a final split between rugby and football. Within
eight years, the Football Association already had 50 member clubs, and the first football
competition in the world was started – the FA Cup.
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-L from the box below.
Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
A was seen as something to be encouraged in the young.
B involved individual players having different responsibilities.
C was influenced by a game from another country.
D was a cooperative effort by all the players.
E distracted people from more important activities.
F was played by teams of a fixed size.
G was less popular than it later became.
H was often played by one community against another.
I formed part of a celebration.
1 Tsu’chu
2 Kemari
3 Harpastum
4 From the 8th centuries, football in the British Isles
5 In the past, the authorities legitimately despised the football and acted on the belief that football
6 When it was accepted in academic settings, football
PASSAGE 2
THE DEVELOPING WORLD
A THE DEVELOPING WORLD – the economically underdeveloped countries of Asia, Africa,
Oceania and Latin America –is considered as an entity with common characteristics, such as
poverty, high birth rates, and economic dependence on the advanced countries. Until recently, the
developing world was known as ‘the third world’. The French demographer Alfred Sauvy coined
the expression (in French) in 1952 by analogy with the ‘third estate’ – the commoners of France
before and during the French Revolution – as opposed to priests and nobles, comprising the first
and second estates respectively. ‘Like the third estate’, wrote Sauvy, ‘the third world is nothing,
and it wants to be something’. The term, therefore, implies that the third world is exploited, much
as the third estate was exploited and that, like the third estate, its destiny is a revolutionary one. It
conveys as well a second idea, also discussed by Sauvy – that of non-alignment, for the developing
world belongs neither to the industrialised capitalist world nor to the industrialised former
communist bloc. The expression ‘third world’ was used at the 1955 conference of Afro-Asian
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countries held in Bandung, Indonesia. In 1956 a group of social scientists associated with Sauvy’s
National Institute of Demographic Studies, in Paris, published a book called ‘Le Tiers-Monde’.
Three years later, the French economist Francois Perroux launched a new journal, on problems of
underdevelopment, with the same title. By the end of the 1950s, the term was frequently employed
in the French media to refer to the underdeveloped countries of Asia, Africa, Oceania and Latin
America. Present-day politicians and social commentators, however, now use the term ‘developing
world’ in a politically correct effort to dispel the negative connotations of ‘third world’.
B Countries in the developing world have a number of common traits: distorted and highly dependent
economies devoted to producing primary products for the developed world; traditional, rural social
structures; high population growth and widespread poverty. Nevertheless, the developing world is
sharply differentiated, for it includes countries on various levels of economic development. And
despite the poverty of the countryside and the urban shantytowns, the ruling elites of most third
world countries are wealthy.
C This combination of conditions in Asia, Africa, Oceania and Latin America is linked to the
absorption of the developing world into the international capitalist economy, by way of conquest or
indirect domination. The main economic consequence of Western domination was the creation, for
the first time in history, of a world market. By setting up sub-economies linked to the West
throughout the developing world, and by introducing other modern institutions, industrial
capitalism disrupted traditional economies and, indeed, societies. This disruption led to
underdevelopment.
D Because the economies of underdeveloped countries have been geared to the needs of industrialised
countries, they often comprise only a few modern economic activities, such as mining or the
cultivation of plantation crops. Control over these activities has often remained in the hands of
large foreign firms. The prices of developing world products are usually determined by large
buyers in the economically dominant countries of the West, and trade with the West provides
almost all the developing world’s income. Throughout the colonial period, outright exploitation
severely limited the accumulation of capital within the foreign-dominated countries. Even after
decolonization (in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s), the economies of the developing world grew
slowly, or not at all, owing largely to the deterioration of the ‘terms of trade’ – the relationship
between the cost of the goods a nation must import from abroad and its income from the exports it
sends to foreign countries. Terms of trade are said to deteriorate when the cost of imports rises
faster than income from exports. Since buyers in the industrialised countries determined the prices
of most products involved in international trade, the worsening position of the developing world
was scarcely surprising. Only the oil-producing countries – after 1973 – succeeded in escaping the
effects of Western domination of the world economy.
E No study of the developing world could hope to assess its future prospects without taking into
account population growth. While the mortality rate from poverty-related diseases continues to
cause international concern, the birth rate continues to rise at unprecedented levels. This population
explosion in the developing world will surely prevent any substantial improvements in living
standards, as well as threaten people in stagnant economies with worsening poverty and starvation
levels.
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-F below.
Write the correct letter A-F in space 7-10 below.
A economic dependence on developed countries.
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B that decolonization took a long time to achieve.
C dictate the needs of industrialised countries.
D share common characteristics.
E that many economies stagnated.
F a society that wants something it does not have.
7 Countries in the developing world

8 The term ‘the third world’ implies
9 One factor that is prevalent in the developing world is
10 One consequence of the terms of trade was
PASSAGE 3
CONTROLLING DEATHWATCH BEETLES
All of the organisms that damage timber in buildings are part of the natural process that takes
deadwood to the forest floor, decomposes it into humus and recycles the nutrients released back into
trees. Each stage in this process requires the correct environment and if we replicate this in our
buildings then the organisms belonging to that part of the cycle will invade. A poorly maintained
roof is, after all, just an extension of the forest floor to a fungus.
The first fact to remember about deathwatch beetles in your building is that they have probably been
there for centuries and will continue long after you have gone. Beetle damage in oak timbers is a
slow process and if we make it slower by good maintenance then the beetle population may
eventually decline to extinction. The second fact is that natural predation will help you. Spiders are a
significant predator and will help to keep the beetle population under control. They will speed up the
decline of a beetle population in a well-maintained building.
The beetles fly to light and some form of the light trap may help to deplete a population. The place in
which it is used must be dark so that there is no competing light source, and the air temperature must
rise above about 17oC during the emergence season (April to June) so that the beetles will fly. Beetle
holes do not disappear when the beetles have gone so it is sometimes necessary to confirm active
infestation if remedial works are planned. This is generally easy with beetle damage in sapwood
because the holes will look clean and have sharp edges, usually with bore dust trickling from them.
Infestation deep within modified heartwood is more difficult to detect, particularly because the
beetles will not necessarily bite their own emergence holes if plenty of other holes are available. This
problem may be overcome by clogging the suspected holes with furniture polish or by covering a
group of holes tightly with paper or card. Any emerging beetles will make a hole that should be
visible so that the extent and magnitude of the problem can be assessed. Unnecessary pesticide
treatments must be avoided.
Sometimes a building cannot be dried enough to eradicate the beetles or a localised population will
have built up unnoticed. A few scattered beetles in a building need not cause much concern, but
dozens of beetles below a beam-end might indicate the need for some form of treatment if the
infested timber is accessible. Insecticides formulated as a paste can be effective – either applied to
the surface or caulked into pre-drilled holes – but the formulations may only be obtainable by a
remedial company.
105
Surface spray treatments are generally ineffective because they barely penetrate the surface of the
timber and the beetles’ natural behaviour does not bring it into much contact with the insecticide.
Contact insecticides might also kill natural predators.
Heat treatments for entire buildings are available and the continental experience is that they are
effective. They are also likely to be expensive but they may be the only way to eradicate a heavy and
widespread infestation without causing considerable structural degradation of the building.
Two other beetles are worth a mention.
The first is the House Longhorn Beetle (Hylotrupes bajulus). This is a large insect that produces oval
emergence holes that are packed with litter cylindrical pellets. The beetles restrict their activities to
the sapwood of 20th-century softwood, although there is now some evidence that they will attack
older softwood. The beetle larvae can cause considerable damage but infestation has generally been
restricted to the southwest of London, possibly because they need a high temperature before the
beetles will fly. Old damage is, however, frequently found elsewhere, thus indicating a wider
distribution in the past, and infested timber is sometimes imported. This is an insect that might
become more widespread because of climate change.
The second is the Lyctus or powderpost beetle. There are several species that are rather difficult to
tell apart. These beetles live in the sapwood of oak. The beetles breed rapidly so that many
cylindrical beetles may be present and the round emergence holes resemble those of the furniture
beetle. This is and has always been, a pest of newly-installed oak. Timbers with an exploded
sapwood surface are frequently found in old buildings and the damage will have occurred during the
first few decades after the timbers were installed. Our main interest with these beetles is that they
seem to have become more common of late. Beetle infestation within a few months of a new oak
construction will be Lyctus beetles in the sapwood and not furniture beetles. The problem can be
avoided by using oak with minimal sapwood content. The beetle infestation will cease after a few
years but spray treatment may be necessary if an infestation is heavy.
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-H below.

Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
A if the building is kept in good condition.
B if you clog the suspected holes with furniture polish, paper or card.
C if the temperature rises to above about 17oC during the emergence season.
D if you use a contact insecticide.
E if it was installed a few decades earlier.
F if changes in weather patterns continue.
G if the use of surface treatments is avoided.
H if the wood has a low sapwood concentration.
11 One species of the beetle population may spread

12 You can detect the presence of beetles
13 Beetles will disappear at a faster rate
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KEYWORD TABLE
ns
1 part of a celebration
3 individual players having different
responsibilities
4 one community
5 distracted people from
more important activities
6 academic settings
9 economic dependence
10 stagnated
11 changes in weather patterns
13 the building is kept in good condition
B. LISTENING
Ex.1: Listen to three students talking about how they prepare for an exam and complete the
flowchart letters below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. (Track 01)
Step 1:
look at all your (1) ……………………. for the course
Step 2:
discuss possible (2) ……………………. with tutors
Step 3:
remember key facts and (3) …………………….
Step 4:
look at past (5) …………………….
Step 5:
Write some (5) …………………….
Ex. 2: Complete the flow chart below. Write ONE WORD for each answer (Track 02)
Research methodology
Stage Discussion with supermarket department manager to decide on the store’s
107
1._________________ for the website
1
Decision to investigate website use as a 2._______________ way for customers to
communicate problems
Design of questionnaire to identify customers’ experiences and 3._____________ to

problems
Stage
Data collected from 4._______________ with customers in four branches of the
2
supermarket
Analysis of responses
OPTIONAL TEST
Ex1:
Complete the flowchart below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. (Track 03)
Five stages in the process of designing a building

Schematic Design Stage
Architect uses various tools to assess the 1 ……………………
Design Development Stage:

Design starts to take shape and 2……………………are choosen
Construction Documents Stage:

A complete set of 3…………………… is produced including diagrammatic and written
information
Bidding and Negotiations Stage:

Owner looks for 4……………………from various contractors
Construction Administration Stage:

Architect is responsible for 5…………………… the diagrammatic information and dealing
with unforeseen problems
Ex2: cam8.4
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Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. (Track 04)
Advice on exam preparation
Make sure you know the exam requirements
Find some past papers
Work out your 6 …………………… for revision and write them on a card
Make a 7…………………… and keep it in view
Divide revision into 8…………………… for each day
Write one 9…………………… about each topic
Practise writing some exam answers
C. VOCABULARY
Ex.1: Choose the correct answer
1. Wise readers tend to avoid __________ which mainly focuses on shocking stories than serious
matters to gain viewership.
A. local newspaper B. gutter press C. weekly publication D. magazine
2. Some newspapers are often guilty of __________ just to impress readers with sensational news
stories.
A. carrying credibility B. falling victim to fake news
C. exposing to violent contents D. distorting the truths
3. The marketing campaign aimed to __________ young audience, but they failed to.
A. hit B. pull in C. impose D. misrepresent
4. The article contained private information about some celebrities which would be __________ if
published.
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A. cultural transmission B. an invasion of privacy
C. educational contents D. current affairs
5. Rebels and extremist groups may take advantage of the influence of news to ____________ in
order to create chaos.
A. allow freedom of speech B. fall victim to fake news
C. raise political awareness D. instill fear into people’s minds
6. The recent increase in the amount of news available in society have led to __________, which
confuses news readers.
A. information overload B. yellow journalism C. alternative media D. freedom of press
7. Subscribing to news sources using your mobile phones and listening to podcasts are some of the
effective ways to help you __________.
A. feed people with information B. keep up-to-date with current affairs
C. entertain the audience D. provide educational contents
8. Children who have an excessive use of the Internet are more likely to __________.
A. spark social debate B. be exposed to inappropriate contents
C. make the headlines D. disseminate misinformation
9. People who are most confident about their ability to discern between fact and misinformation are
also the most likely to ________; that’s why we must always take cautions.
A. fall victim to fake news B. instill fear into people’s minds
C. distort the fact D. inspire moral values
10. Media can be used as a tool to enhance learning both in class and out-of-class assignments as it
___________.
A. inspire moral values B. allow the freedom of speech
C. provide educational contents D. influence the public’s view
Ex. 2: Complete the following IELTS Writing Task 2 sample, using the given phrases (change the
word form if necessary.
impose censorship spark social debate disseminate misinformation
distort the truth about raise people’s awareness
Fake news is becoming increasingly common in the era of social media. What problems does
it cause to the society? What can governments do to solve this issue?
Misleading news has gained great popularity in the modern world, which results in various
consequences to the community. There are a number of problems caused by fake news and some
recommended solutions that will be discussed in this essay.
Firstly, (11) ______________________________ on social platforms can cause a number of
serious problems to the government and the whole society. For example, news that (12) __________
_________________ a company can cause a boycott toward that company as soon as it spread to
people. Not only does it severely do harm to the company’s business but it also results in the
110
unemployment of hundreds or thousands of workers. Spreading fake news about the government also
(13) ______________________________ and triggers civil unrest, protests, and even riots against
the government. Therefore, social and national security will be under threat.
The first solution to alleviate this problem is to (14) ______________________________ of
misleading news. Facebook, for example, launched a campaign to help users spot false news online
on this platform in 2019. Funding efforts to enhance news literacy should be a high priority for
governments as helping people become better consumers of online information is crucial in a world
moving towards digital immersion. Moreover, the government should also (15) ________________
_______________ on both online and printed press to stop misleading news from reaching the
audience.
In conclusion, the problems resulting from misinformation are serious and need to be tackled
by not only the efforts of the government, but also by the actions taken by individuals.
111
8.2
WRITING, SPEAKING
Write the introduction and overview for the following Writing Task 1 questions:
1. The table below shows the use of water by four different countries (in million litres).
Country Domestic use Industry Agriculture

Egypt 8 10 82
Saudi Arabia 6 30 64
New Zealand 10 46 44
Canada 20 70 10
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. The chart below shows the annual number of rentals and sales (in various formats) of films from a
particular store between 2002 and 2011.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. The pie charts below show the comparison of different kinds of energy production in France in
two years.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. The graph below shows the consumption of 3 spreads from 1982 to 2007.
113
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. The line graph shows visits to and from the UK from 1979 to 1999. The bar chart shows the most
popular countries visited by UK residents in 1999.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
114
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. The line graph below shows radio and television audiences through the day in 1992.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
7. The chart below shows the total number of minutes (in billions) of telephone calls in the UK,
divided into three categories, from 1995-2002.
115
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
8. The table below gives information on consumer spending on different items in five different
countries in 2002.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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WEEK 9
ENTERTAINMENT
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9.1
READING: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
LISTENING: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
VOCABULARY: ENVIRONMENT
A. READING
READING PASSAGE 1
Activities for Children
A Twenty-five years ago, children in London walked to school and played in parks and playing
fields after school and at the weekend. Today they are usually driven to school by parents
anxious about safety and spend hours glued to television screens or computer games. Meanwhile,
community playing fields are being sold off to property developers at an alarming rate. ‘This
change in lifestyle has, sadly, meant greater restrictions on children,’ says Neil Armstrong,
Professor of Health and Exercise Sciences at the University of Exeter. ‘If children continue to be
this inactive, they’ll be storing up big problems for the future.’
B In 1985, Professor Armstrong headed a five-year research project into children’s fitness. The
results, published in 1990, were alarming. The survey, which monitored 700 11-16-year-olds,
found that 48 per cent of girls and 41 per cent of boys already exceeded safe cholesterol levels set
for children by the American Heart Foundation. Armstrong adds, “heart is a muscle and need
exercise, or it loses its strength.” It also found that 13 per cent of boys and 10 per cent of girls
were overweight. More disturbingly, the survey found that over a four-day period, half the girls
and one-third of the boys did less exercise than the equivalent of a brisk 10-minute walk. High
levels of cholesterol, excess body fat and inactivity are believed to increase the risk of coronary
heart disease.
C Physical education is under pressure in the UK – most schools devote little more than 100
minutes a week to it in curriculum time, which is less than many other European countries. Three
European countries are giving children a head start in PE, France, Austria and Switzerland –
offer at least two hours in primary and secondary schools. These findings, from the European
Union of Physical Education Associations, prompted specialists in children’s physiology to call
on European governments to give youngsters a daily PE programme. The survey shows that the
UK ranks 13th out of the 25 countries, with Ireland’s bottom, averaging under an hour a week for
PE. From age six to 18, British children received, on average, 106 minutes of PE a week.
Professor Armstrong, who presented the findings at the meeting, noted that since the introduction
of the national curriculum there had been a marked fall in the time devoted to PE in UK schools,
with only a minority of pupils getting two hours a week.
D As a former junior football international, Professor Armstrong is a passionate advocate for the
sport. Although the Government has poured millions into beefing up the sport in the community,
there is less commitment to it as part of the crammed school curriculum. This means that many
children never acquire the necessary skills to thrive in team games. If they are no good at them,
they lose interest and establish an inactive pattern of behaviour. When this is coupled with a poor
diet, it will lead inevitably to weight gain. Seventy per cent of British children gives up all sport
when they leave school, compared with only 20 per cent of French teenagers. Professor
Armstrong believes that there is far too great an emphasis on team games at school. “We need to
look at the time devoted to PE and balance it between individual and pair activities, such as
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aerobics and badminton, as well as team sports. “He added that children need to have the
opportunity to take part in a wide variety of individual, partner and team sports.
E The good news, however, is that a few small companies and children’s activity groups have
reacted positively and creatively to the problem. ‘Take That, shouts Gloria Thomas, striking a
disco pose astride her mini-space hopper. ‘Take That, echo a flock of toddlers, adopting
outrageous postures astride their space hoppers. ‘Michael Jackson, she shouts, and they all do a
spoof fan-crazed shriek. During the wild and chaotic hopper race across the studio floor,
commands like this are issued and responded to with untrammeled glee. The sight of 15 bouncing
seven-year-olds who seem about to launch into orbit at every bounce brings tears to the eyes.
Uncoordinated, loud, excited and emotional, children provide raw comedy.
F Any cardiovascular exercise is a good option, and it doesn’t necessarily have to be high intensity.
It can be anything that gets your heart rate up: such as walking the dog, swimming, running,
skipping, hiking. “Even walking through the grocery store can be exercise,” Samis-Smith said.
What they don’t know is that they’re at a Fit Kids class and that the fun is a disguise for the
serious exercise plan they’re covertly being taken through. Fit Kids trains parents to run fitness
classes for children. ‘Ninety per cent of children don’t like team sports,’ says company director,
Gillian Gale.
G A Prevention survey found that children whose parents keep in shape are much more likely to
have healthy body weights themselves. “There’s nothing worse than telling a child what he needs
to do and not doing it yourself,” says Elizabeth Ward, R.D., a Boston nutritional consultant and
author of Healthy Foods, Healthy Kids. “Set a good example and get your nutritional house in
order first.” In the 1930s and ‘40s, kids expended 800 calories a day just walking, carrying water,
and doing other chores, notes Fima Lifshitz, M.D., a pediatric endocrinologist in Santa Barbara.
“Now, kids in obese families are expending only 200 calories a day in physical activity,” says
Lifshitz, “incorporate more movement in your family’s life – park farther away from the stores at
the mall, take stairs instead of the elevator, and walk to nearby friends’ houses instead of
driving.”
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxer 1-5 on your answer sheet
1 According to paragraph A, what does Professor Neil Armstrong concern about?
A. Spending more time on TV affect the academic level
B. Parents have less time to stay with their children
C. Future health of British children
D. Increasing speed of property’s development
2 What does Armstrong indicate in Paragraph B?

A. We need to take a 10-minute walk every day
B. We should do more activity to exercise heart
C. Girls’ situation is better than boys
D. Exercise can cure many diseases
3 What is the aim of Fit Kids’ training?
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A. Make profit by running several sessions
B. Only concentrate on one activity for each child
C. To guide parents on how to organize activities for children
D. Spread the idea that team sport is better
4 What did Lifshitz suggest at the end of this passage?

A. Create opportunities to exercise your body
B. Taking elevator saves your time
C. Kids should spend more than 200 calories each day
D. We should never drive but walk
5 What is the main idea of this passage?

A. health of the children who are overweight is at risk in the future
B. Children in the UK need proper exercises
C. Government mistaken approach for children
D. Parents play the most important role in children’s activity
PASSAGE 2
Grey Workers
A Given the speed at which their workers are growing greyer, employers know surprisingly little
about how productive they are. The general assumption is that the old are paid more in spite of,
rather than because of, their extra productivity. That might partly explain why, when employers
are under pressure to cut costs, they persuade the 55-year-olds to take early retirement. Earlier
this year, Sun Life of Canada, an insurance company, announced that it was offering redundancy
to all its British employees aged 50 or over “to bring in new blood”.
B In Japan, says Mariko Fujiwara, an industrial anthropologist who runs a think-tank for Hakuhodo,
Japan’s second-largest advertising agency, most companies are bringing down the retirement age
from the traditional 57 to 50 or thereabouts – and in some cases, such as Nissan, to 45. More than
perhaps anywhere else, pay in Japan is linked to seniority. Given that the percentage of workers
who have spent more than 32 years with the same employer rose from 11% in 1980 to 42% by
1994, it is hardly surprising that seniority-based wage costs have become the most intractable
item on corporate profit-and-loss accounts.
C In Germany, Patrick Pohl, spokesman for Hoechst, expresses a widely held view: “The company
is trying to lower the average age of the workforce. Perhaps the main reason for replacing older
workers is that it makes it easier to ‘defrost’ the corporate culture. Older workers are less willing
to try a new way of thinking. Younger workers are cheaper and more flexible.” Some German
firms are hampered from getting rid of older workers as quickly as they would like. At SGL
Carbon, a graphite producer, the average age of workers has been going up not down. The
reason, says the company’s Ivo Lingnau, is not that SGL values older workers more. It is
collective bargaining: the union agreement puts strict limits on the proportion of workers that
may retire early.
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D Clearly, when older people do heavy physical work, their age may affect their productivity. But
other skills may increase with age, including many that are crucial for good management, such as
an ability to handle people diplomatically, to run a meeting or to spot a problem before it blows
up. Peter Hicks, who co-ordinates OECD work on the policy implications of ageing, says that
plenty of research suggests older people are paid more because they are worth more.
E And the virtues of the young may be exaggerated. “The few companies that have kept on older
workers find they have good judgment and their productivity is good,” says Mr Peterson.
“Besides, their education standards are much better than those of today’s young high-school
graduates.” Companies may say that older workers are not worth training, because they are
reaching the end of their working lives: in fact, young people tend to switch jobs so frequently
that offer the worst returns on training. “The median age for employer-driven training is the late
40s and early 50s,” says Mr Hicks. “It goes mainly to managers.”
F Take away those seniority-based pay scales, and older workers may become a much more
attractive employment proposition. But most companies (and many workers) are uncomfortable
with the idea of reducing someone’s pay in later life – although workers on piece-fates often earn
less over time. So retaining the services of older workers may mean employing them in new
ways.
G One innovation, described in Mr Walker’s report on combating age barriers, was devised by IBM
Belgium. Faced with the need to cut staff costs, and have decided to concentrate cuts on 55-60-
year-olds, IBM set up a separate company called SkillTeam, which re-employed any of the early
retired who wanted to go on working up to the age of 60. An employee who joined SkillTeam at
the age of 55 on a five-year contract would work for 58% of his time, over the full period, for
88% of his last IBM salary. The company offered services to IBM, thus allowing it to retain
access to some of the intellectual capital it would otherwise have lost.
H The best way to tempt the old to go on working may be to build on such “bridge” jobs: part-time
or temporary employment that creates a more gradual transition from full-time work to
retirement. Mr Quinn, who has studied the phenomenon, finds that, in the United States, nearly
half of all men and women who had been in full-time jobs in middle age moved into such
“bridge” jobs at the end of their working lives. In general, it is the best-paid and worst-paid who
carry on working: “There are”, he says, “two very different types of bridge jog-holders – those
who continue working because they have to and those who continue working because they want
to, even though they could afford to retire.”
I If the job market grows more flexible, the old may find more jobs that suit them. Often, they will
be self-employed. Sometimes, they may start their own businesses: a study by David Storey of
Warwick University found that, in Britain, 70% of businesses started by people over 55 survived,
compared with an average of only 19%. To coax the old back into the job market, work will not
only have to pay. It will need to be more fun than touring the country in an Airstream trailer, or
seeing the grandchildren, or playing golf. Only then will there be many more Joe Clarks.
6 According to paragraph F, the firms and workers still hold the opinion that:
A. Older workers are more likely to attract other staff
B. people are not happy if pay gets lower in retiring age.
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C. Older people have more retaining motivation than young people
D. young people often earn less for their piece-rates salary.
7 SkillTeam that has been founded by IBM conducted which of the following movement:
A. Ask all the old worker to continue their job on former working hours basis
B. Carry on the action of cutting off the elder’s proportion of employment
C. Ask employees to work more hours in order to get extra pay
D. Re-hire old employees and kept the salary a bit lower
8 Which of the followings is correct according to the research of Mr Quinn:

A. About 50% of all employees in America switched into ‘bridge’ jobs.
B. Only the worst-paid continue to work.
C. More men than women fell into the category of ‘bridge’ work.
D. Some old people keep working for their motive rather than an economic incentive.
9 Which of the followings is correct according to David Storey:

A. 70% business is successful if hire more older people.
B. Average success of a self-employed business is getting lower.
C. Self-employed elder people are more likely to survive.
D. Older people’s working hours are more flexible.
10 What is the main purpose of the author in writing this passage?

A. there must be a successful retiring program for the old
B. order people should be correctly valued in employment
C. old people should offer more helping young employees grow.
D. There are more jobs in the world that only employ older people
READING PASSAGE 3
Stadiums: past, present and future
A Stadiums are among the oldest forms of urban architecture: vast stadiums where the public could
watch sporting events were at the centre of western city life as far back as the ancient Greek and
Roman Empires, well before the construction of the great medieval cathedrals and the grand
19th- and 20th-century railway stations which dominated urban skylines in later eras. Today,
however, stadiums are regarded with growing scepticism. Construction costs can soar above £1
billion, and stadiums finished for major events such as the Olympic Games or the FIFA World
Cup have notably fallen into disuse and disrepair.
But this need not be the case. History shows that stadiums can drive urban development and
adapt to the culture of every age. Even today, architects and planners are finding new ways to
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adapt the mono-functional sports arenas which became emblematic of modernisation during the
20th century.
B The amphitheatre* of Arles in southwest France, with a capacity of 25,000 spectators, is perhaps
the best example of just how versatile stadiums can be. Built by the Romans in 90 AD, it became
a fortress with four towers after the fifth century, and was then transformed into a village
containing more than 200 houses. With the growing interest in conservation during the 19th
century, it was converted back into an arena for the staging of bullfights, thereby returning the
structure to its original use as a venue for public spectacles. Another example is the imposing
arena of Verona in northern Italy, with space for 30,000 spectators, which was built 60 years
before the Arles amphitheatre and 40 years before Rome's famous Colosseum. It has endured the
centuries and is currently considered one of the world's prime sites for opera, thanks to its
outstanding acoustics.
C The area in the centre of the Italian town of Lucca, known as the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, is yet
another impressive example of an amphitheatre becoming absorbed into the fabric of the city.
The site evolved in a similar way to Arles and was progressively filled with buildings from the
Middle Ages until the 19th century, variously used as houses, a salt depot and a prison. But rather
than reverting to an arena, it became a market square, designed by Romanticist architect Lorenzo
Nottolini. Today, the ruins of the amphitheatre remain embedded in the various shops and
residences surrounding the public square.
D There are many similarities between modern stadiums and the ancient amphitheatres intended for
games. But some of the flexibility was lost at the beginning of the 20th century, as stadiums were
developed using new products such as steel and reinforced concrete, and made use of bright
lights for night-time matches.
Many such stadiums are situated in suburban areas, designed for sporting use only and
surrounded by parking lots. These factors mean that they may not be as accessible to the general
public, require more energy to run and contribute to urban heat.
E But many of today's most innovative architects see scope for the stadium to help improve the
city. Among the current strategies, two seem to be having particular success: the stadium as an
urban hub, and as a power plant.
There's a growing trend for stadiums to be equipped with public spaces and services that serve a
function beyond sport, such as hotels, retail outlets, conference centres, restaurants and bars,
children's playgrounds and green space. Creating mixed-use developments such as this reinforces
compactness and multi-functionality, making more efficient use of land and helping to regenerate
urban spaces.
This opens the space up to families and a wider cross-section of society, instead of catering only
to sportspeople and supporters. There have been many examples of this in the UK: the mixed-use
facilities at Wembley and Old Trafford have become a blueprint for many other stadiums in the
world.
F The phenomenon of stadiums as power stations has arisen from the idea that energy problems
can be overcome by integrating interconnected buildings by means of a smart grid, which is an
electricity supply network that uses digital communications technology to detect and react to
local changes in usage, without significant energy losses. Stadiums are ideal for these purposes,
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because their canopies have a large surface area for fitting photovoltaic panels and rise high
enough (more than 40 metres) to make use of micro wind turbines.
Freiburg Mage Solar Stadium in Germany is the first of a new wave of stadiums as power plants,
which also includes the Amsterdam Arena and the Kaohsiung Stadium. The latter, inaugurated in
2009, has 8,844 photovoltaic panels producing up to 1.14 GWh of electricity annually. This
reduces the annual output of carbon dioxide by 660 tons and supplies up to 80 percent of the
surrounding area when the stadium is not in use. This is proof that a stadium can serve its city,
and have a decidedly positive impact in terms of reduction of CO2 emissions.
G Sporting arenas have always been central to the life and culture of cities. In every era, the stadium
has acquired new value and uses: from military fortress to residential village, public space to
theatre and most recently a field for experimentation in advanced engineering. The stadium of
today now brings together multiple functions, thus helping cities to create a sustainable future.
Questions 11 and 12
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 11 and 12 on your answer sheet.
When comparing twentieth-century stadiums to ancient amphitheatres in Section D, which TWO
negative features does the writer mention?
A They are less imaginatively designed.
B They are less spacious.
C They are in less convenient locations.
D They are less versatile.
E They are made of less durable materials.
Questions 13 and 14
Which TWO advantages of modern stadium design does the writer mention?
A offering improved amenities for the enjoyment of sports events
B bringing community life back into the city environment
C facilitating research into solar and wind energy solutions
D enabling local residents to reduce their consumption of electricity
E providing a suitable site for the installation of renewable power generators
KEYWORD TABLE
ns
3 guide trains
organize run
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6 not happy are uncomfortable
pay gets lower reducing someone’s pay
in retiring age in later life
8 keep working for their motive they want to
11 in less convenient locations may not be as accessible to the general
public
12 less versatile are designed for sporting use only
13 bringing community life back into helping to regenerate urban spaces
the city environment
14 suitable ideal
power generator power station = power plant
the installation of renewable the installation of renewable power
power generators generators
OPTIONAL TEST
READING PASSAGE 1
Communication in science
A Science plays an increasingly significant role in people’s lives, making the faithful
communication of scientific developments more important than ever. Yet such communication is
fraught with challenges that can easily distort discussions, leading to unnecessary confusion and
misunderstandings.
B Some problems stem from the esoteric nature of current research and the associated difficulty of
finding sufficiently faithful terminology. Abstraction and complexity are not signs that a given
scientific direction is wrong, as some commentators have suggested, but are instead a tribute to
the success of human ingenuity in meeting the increasingly complex challenges that nature
presents. They can, however, make communication more difficult. But many of the biggest
challenges for science reporting arise because in areas of evolving research, scientists themselves
often only partly understand the full implications of any particular advance or development.
Since that dynamic applies to most of the scientific developments that directly affect people’s
lives, global warming, cancer research, diet studies – learning how to overcome it is critical to
spurring a more informed scientific debate among the broader public.
C Ambiguous word choices are the source of some misunderstandings. Scientists often employ
colloquial terminology, which they then assign a specific meaning that is impossible to fathom
without proper training. The term “relativity,” for example, is intrinsically misleading. Many
interpret the theory to mean that everything is relative and there are no absolutes. Yet although
the measurements any observer makes depend on his coordinates and reference frame, the
physical phenomena he measures have an invariant description that transcends that observer’s
particular coordinates. Einstein’s theory of relativity is really about finding an invariant
description of physical phenomena. True, Einstein agreed with the idea that his theory would
have been better named “Invarianten theorie.” But the term “relativity” was already entrenched at
the time for him to change.
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D “The uncertainty principle” is another frequently abused term. It is sometimes interpreted as a
limitation on observers and their ability to make measurements.
E But it is not about intrinsic limitations on any one particular measurement; it is about the inability
to precisely measure particular pairs of quantities simultaneously? The first interpretation is
perhaps more engaging from a philosophical or political perspective. It’s just not what the
science is about.
F Even the word “theory” can be a problem. Unlike most people, who use the word to describe a
passing conjecture that they often regard as suspect, physicists have very specific ideas in mind
when they talk about theories. For physicists, theories entail a definite physical framework
embodied in a set of fundamental assumptions about the world that lead to a specific set of
equations and predictions – ones that are borne out by successful predictions. Theories aren’t
necessarily shown to be correct or complete immediately. Even Einstein took the better part of a
decade to develop the correct version of his theory of general relativity. But eventually both the
ideas and the measurements settle down and theories are either proven correct, abandoned or
absorbed into other, more encompassing theories.
G “Global warming” is another example of problematic terminology. Climatologists predict more
drastic fluctuations in temperature and rainfall – not necessarily that every place will be warmer.
The name sometimes subverts the debate, since it lets people argue that their winter was worse,
so how could there be global warming? Clearly “global climate change” would have been a
better name. But not all problems stem solely from poor word choices. Some stem from the
intrinsically complex nature of much of modern science. Science sometimes transcends this
limitation: remarkably, chemists were able to detail the precise chemical processes involved in
the destruction of the ozone layer, making the evidence that chlorofluorocarbon gases (Freon, for
example) were destroying the ozone layer indisputable.
H A better understanding of the mathematical significance of results and less insistence on a simple
story would help to clarify many scientific discussions. For several months, Harvard was tortured
months, Harvard was tortured by empty debates over the relative intrinsic scientific abilities of
men and women. One of the more amusing aspects of the discussion was that those who believed
in the differences and those who didn’t use the same evidence about gender-specific special
ability. How could that be? The answer is that the data shows no substantial effects. Social
factors might account for these tiny differences, which in any case have an unclear connection to
scientific ability. Not much of a headline when phrased that way, is it? Each type of science has
its own source of complexity and potential for miscommunication. Yet there are steps we can
take to improve public understanding in all cases. The first would be to inculcate greater
understanding and acceptance of indirect scientific evidence. The information from an unmanned
space mission is no less legitimate than the information from one in which people are on board.
I This doesn’t mean questioning an interpretation, but it also doesn’t mean equating indirect
evidence with blind belief, as people sometimes suggest. Second, we might need different
standards for evaluating science with urgent policy implications than research with the purely
theoretical value. When scientists say they are not certain about their predictions, it doesn’t
necessarily mean they’ve found nothing substantial. It would be better if scientists were more
open about the mathematical significance of their results and if the public didn’t treat math as
quite so scary; statistics and errors, which tell us the uncertainty in a measurement, give us the
tools to evaluate new developments fairly.
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J But most important, people have to recognize that science can be complex. If we accept only
simple stories, the description will necessarily be distorted. When advances are subtle or
complicated, scientists should be willing to go the extra distance to give proper explanations and
the public should be more patient about the truth. Even so, some difficulties are unavoidable.
Most developments reflect work in progress, so the story is complex because no one yet knows
the big picture.

1 Why is faithful science communication important?
A. Science plays an increasingly significant role in people’s lives.
B. Science is fraught with challenges public are interested in.
C. The nature of complexity in science communication leads to confusion.
D. Scientific inventions are more important than ever before.
2 What is the reason that the author believes for the biggest challenges for science reporting
A. phenomenon such as global warming, cancer research, diet studies is too complex.
B. Scientists themselves often only partly understand the Theory of Evolution
C. Scientists do not totally comprehend the meaning of certain scientific evolution
D. Scientists themselves often partly understand the esoteric communication nature
3 According to the 3rd paragraph, the reference to the term and example of “theory of relativity” is
to demonstrate
A. theory of relativity is about an invariant physical phenomenon
B. common people may be misled by the inaccurate choice of scientific phrase
C. the term “relativity,” is designed to be misleading public
D. everything is relative and there is no absolutes existence
4 Which one is a good example of appropriate word choice:

A. Scientific theory for the uncertainty principle
B. phenomenon of Global warming
C. the importance of ozone layer
D. Freon’s destructive process on environmental
5 What is a surprising finding of the Harvard debates in the passage?

A. There are equal intrinsic scientific abilities of men and women.
B. The proof applied by both sides seemed to be of no big difference.
C. The scientific date usually shows no substantial figures to support a debated idea.
D. Social factors might have a clear connection to scientific ability.
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READING PASSAGE 2
Smell and Memory
SMELLS LIKE YESTERDAY
A You probably pay more attention to a newspaper with your eyes than with your nose. But lift the
paper to your nostrils and inhale. The smell of newsprint might carry you back to your childhood
when your parents perused the paper on Sunday mornings. Or maybe some other smell takes you
back – the scent of your mother’s perfume, the pungency of a driftwood campfire. Specific
odours can spark a flood of reminiscences. Psychologists call it the “Proustian phenomenon”,
after French novelist Marcel Proust. Near the beginning of the masterpiece In Search of Lost
Time, Proust’s narrator drunks a madeleine cookie into a cup of tea – and the scent and taste
unleash a torrent of childhood memories for 3000 pages.
B Now, this phenomenon is getting scientific treatment. Neuroscientists Rachel Herz, a cognitive
neuroscientist at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, have discovered, for instance,
how sensory memories are shared across the brain, with different brain regions remembering the
sights, smells, tastes and sounds of a particular experience. Meanwhile, psychologists have
demonstrated that memories triggered by smells can be more emotional, as well as more detailed,
than memories not related to smells. When you inhale, odour molecules set brain cells dancing
within a region known as the amygdala, a part of the brain that helps control emotion. In contrast,
the other senses, such as taste or touch, get routed through other parts of the brain before
reaching the amygdala. The direct link between odours and the amygdala may help explain the
emotional potency of smells. “There is this unique connection between the sense of smell and the
part of the brain that processes emotion,” says Rachel Herz.
C But the links don’t stop there. Like an octopus reaching its tentacles outward, the memory of
smells affects other brain regions as well. In recent experiments, neuroscientists at University
College London (UCL) asked 15 volunteers to look at pictures while smelling unrelated odours.
For instance, the subjects might see a photo of a duck paired with the scent of a rose, and then be
asked to create a story linking the two. Brain scans taken at the time revealed that the volunteers’
brains were particularly active in a region known as the olfactory cortex, which is known to be
involved in processing smells. Five minutes later, the volunteers were shown the duck photo
again, but without the rose smell. And in their brains, the olfactory cortex lit up again, the
scientists reported recently. The fact that the olfactory cortex became active in the absence of the
odour suggests that people’s sensory memory of events is spread across different brain regions.
Imagine going on a seaside holiday, says ULC team leader, Jay Gottfried. The sight of the waves
becomes stored in one area, whereas the crash of the surf goes elsewhere, and the smell of
seaweed in yet another place. There could be advantages to having memories spread around the
brain. “You can reawaken that memory from any one of the sensory triggers,” says Gottfried.
“Maybe the smell of the sun lotion, or a particular sound from that day, or the sight of a rock
formation.” Or – in the case of an early hunter and gatherer (out on a plain – the sight of a lion
might be enough to trigger the urge to flee, rather than having to wait for the sound of its roar and
the stench of its hide to kick in as well.
D Remembered smells may also carry extra emotional baggage, says Herz. Her research suggests
that memories triggered by odours are more emotional than memories triggered by other cues. In
one recent study, Herz recruited five volunteers who had vivid memories associated with a
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particular perfume, such as opium for Women and Juniper Breeze from Bath and Body Works.
She took images of the volunteers’ brains as they sniffed that perfume and an unrelated perfume
bottle.) Smelling the specified perfume activated the volunteers brains the most, particularly in
the amygdala, and in a region called the hippocampus, which helps in memory formation. Herz
published the work earlier this year in the journal Neuropsychologia.
E But she couldn’t be sure that the other senses wouldn’t also elicit a strong response. Do in
another study Herz compared smells with sounds and pictures. She had 70 people describe an
emotional memory involving three items – popcorn, fresh-cut grass and a campfire. Then they
compared the items through sights, sounds and smells. For instance, the person might see a
picture of a lawnmower, then sniff the scent of grass and finally listen to the lawnmower’s sound.
(7) Memories triggered by smell were more evocative than memories triggered by either sights or
sounds.
F Odour-evoked memories may be not only more emotional but more detailed as well. Working
with colleague John Downes, psychologist Simon Chu of the University of Liverpool started
researching odour and memory partly because of his grandmother’s stories about Chinese
culture. As generations gathered to share oral histories, they would pass a small pot of spice or
incense around; later, when they wanted to remember the story in as much detail as possible, they
would pass the same smell around again. “It’s kind of fits with a lot of anecdotal evidence on
how smells can be really good reminders of past experiences,” Chu says. And scientific research
seems to bear out the anecdotes. In one experiment, Chu and Downes asked 42 volunteers to tell
a life story, the tested to see whether odours such as coffee and cinnamon could help them
remember more detail in the story. They could.
G Despite such studies, not everyone is convinced that Proust can be scientifically analysed. In the
June issue of Chemical Senses, Chu and Downes exchanged critiques with renowned perfumer
and chemist J. Stephan Jellinek. Jellinek chided the Liverpool researches for, among other things,
presenting the smells and asking the volunteers to think of memories, rather than seeing what
memories were spontaneously evoked by the odours. But there’s only so much science can do to
test a phenomenon that’s inherently different for each person, Chu says. Meanwhile, Jellinek has
also been collecting anecdotal accounts of Proustian experiences, hoping to find some common
links between the experiences. “I think there is a case to be made that surprise maybe major
aspect memories.” No one knows whether Proust ever experienced such a transcendental
moment. But his notions of memory, written as fiction nearly a century ago, continue to inspire
scientists of today.
6 In paragraph B, what do the experiments conducted by Herz and other scientists show?
A. Women are more easily addicted to opium medicine
B. Smell is superior to other senses in connection to the brain
C. Smell is more important than other senses
D. certain part of the brain relates the emotion to the sense of smell
7 What does the second experiment conducted by Herz suggest?

A. Result directly conflicts with the first one
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B. Result of her first experiment is correct
C. Sights and sounds trigger memories at an equal level
D. Lawnmower is a perfect example in the experiment
8 What is the outcome of an experiment conducted by Chu and Downes?

A. smell is the only functional under Chinese tradition
B. half of the volunteers told detailed stories
C. smells of certain odours assist storytellers
D. odours of cinnamon are stronger than that of coffee
9 What is the comment of Jellinek to Chu and Downes in the issue of Chemical Senses:
A. Jellinek accused their experiment of being unscientific
B. Jellinek thought Liverpool is not a suitable place for experiment
C. Jellinke suggested that there was no further clue of what specific memories aroused
D. Jellinek stated that the experiment could be remedied
READING PASSAGE 3
Palm oil
A Palm oil is an edible oil derived from the fruit of the African oil palm tree, and is currently the
most consumed vegetable oil in the world. It's almost certainly in the soap we wash with in the
morning, the sandwich we have for lunch, and the biscuits we snack on during the day. Why is
palm oil so attractive for manufacturers? Primarily because its unique properties - such as
remaining solid at room temperature - make it an ideal ingredient for long-term preservation,
allowing many packaged foods on supermarket shelves to have 'best before' dates of months,
even years, into the future.
B Many farmers have seized the opportunity to maximise the planting of oil palm trees. Between
1990 and 2012, the global land area devoted to growing oil palm trees grew from 6 to 17 million
hectares, now accounting for around ten percent of total cropland in the entire world. From a
mere two million tonnes of palm oil being produced annually globally 50 years ago, there are
now around 60 million tonnes produced every single year, a figure looking likely to double or
even triple by the middle of the century.
C However, there are multiple reasons why conservationists cite the rapid spread of oil palm
plantations as a major concern. There are countless news stories of deforestation, habitat
destruction and dwindling species populations, all as a direct result of land clearing to establish
oil palm tree monoculture on an industrial scale, particularly in Malaysia and Indonesia.
Endangered species - most famously the Sumatran orangutan, but also rhinos, elephants, tigers,
and numerous other fauna - have suffered from the unstoppable spread of oil palm plantations.
D ‘Palm oil is surely one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity,' declares Dr Farnon Ellwood
of the University of the West of England, Bristol. 'Palm oil is replacing rainforest, and rainforest
is where all the species are. That's a problem.' This has led to some radical questions among
environmentalists, such as whether consumers should try to boycott palm oil entirely.
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Meanwhile Bhavani Shankar, Professor at London's School of Oriental and African Studies,
argues, 'It's easy to say that palm oil is the enemy and we should be against it. It makes for a
more dramatic story, and it's very intuitive. But given the complexity of the argument, I think a
much more nuanced story is closer to the truth.'
E One response to the boycott movement has been the argument for the vital role palm oil plays in
lifting many millions of people in the developing world out of poverty. Is it desirable to have
palm oil boycotted, replaced, eliminated from the global supply chain, given how many low-
income people in developing countries depend on it for their livelihoods? How best to strike a
utilitarian balance between these competing factors has become a serious bone of contention.
F Even the deforestation argument isn't as straightforward as it seems. Oil palm plantations produce
at least four and potentially up to ten times more oil per hectare than soybean, rapeseed,
sunflower or other competing oils. That immensely high yield - which is predominantly what
makes it so profitable - is potentially also an ecological benefit. If ten times more palm oil can be
produced from a patch of land than any competing oil, then ten times more land would need to be
cleared in order to produce the same volume of oil from that competitor.
As for the question of carbon emissions, the issue really depends on what oil palm trees are
replacing. Crops vary in the degree to which they sequester carbon - in other words, the amount
of carbon they capture from the atmosphere and store within the plant. The more carbon a plant
sequesters, the more it reduces the effect of climate change. As Shankar explains: [Palm oil
production] actually sequesters more carbon in some ways than other alternatives. [...] Of course,
if you're cutting down virgin forest it's terrible - that's what's happening in Indonesia and
Malaysia, it's been allowed to get out of hand. But if it's replacing rice, for example, it might
actually sequester more carbon.'
G The industry is now regulated by a group called the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO),
consisting of palm growers, retailers, product manufacturers, and other interested parties. Over
the past decade or so, an agreement has gradually been reached regarding standards that
producers of palm oil have to meet in order for their product to be regarded as officially
'sustainable'. The RSPO insists upon no virgin forest clearing, transparency and regular
assessment of carbon stocks, among other criteria. Only once these requirements are fully
satisfied is the oil allowed to be sold as certified sustainable palm oil (CSPO). Recent figures
show that the RSPO now certifies around 12 million tonnes of palm oil annually, equivalent to
roughly 21 percent of the world's total palm oil production.
H There is even hope that oil palm plantations might not need to be such sterile monocultures, or
'green deserts', as Ellwood describes them. New research at Ellwood's lab hints at one plant
which might make all the difference. The bird's nest fern (Asplenium nidus) grows on trees in an
epiphytic fashion (meaning it's dependent on the tree only for support, not for nutrients), and is
native to many tropical regions, where as a keystone species it performs a vital ecological role.
Ellwood believes that reintroducing the bird's nest fern into oil palm plantations could potentially
allow these areas to recover their biodiversity, providing a home for all manner of species, from
fungi and bacteria, to invertebrates such as insects, amphibians, reptiles and even mammals.
Questions 10 and 11
Which TWO statements are made about the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO)?
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A Its membership has grown steadily over the course of the last decade.
B It demands that certified producers be open and honest about their practices.
C It took several years to establish its set of criteria for sustainable palm oil certification.
D Its regulations regarding sustainability are stricter than those governing other industries.
E It was formed at the request of environmentalists concerned about the loss of virgin forests.
KEYWORD TABLE
ns
6 relates the emotion
8 assist
storyteller
10 open and honest about their practices
demands
11 It took several years
set of criteria
sustainable palm oil certification
B. LISTENING
Ex1: Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. (Track 01)
1 What is the project that Mark and Gina want to start?
A. business school requirements
B. directions to the business school
C. explaining the business school experience
2 Who is the target audience?

A. business students
B. business school applicants
C. summer school attendees
3 How will they convey the information?

A. summer course lecture
B. informational video
C. pamphlet in the mail
4 They want to do this project because

A. students worry about their studies.
B. they want to obtain a good grade.
C. they want to attract future business school applicants.
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Ex2: Choose THREE letters, A-G. (Track 02)

Which THREE factors should the student consider while selecting courses?
A class time
B course topic
C amount of homework
D ease of course
E relevant to future career
F course structure
G professor reputation
OPTIONAL TEST
Ex1: Choose the correct letter, A, B or C (Track 03)
5 The subjects in questionnaire are
A. tourists in the hotel in this area.
B. local residents.
C. people who are living in this area.
6 The results of the questionnaire should be

A. directly entered into the computer.
B. scored by hand.
C. submitted directly to Professor Curran.
7 Why should John give a copy of plans to the professor?

A. to receive a good grade
B. to get advice
C. to earn high praise
8 How will the instructions be presented?

A. given by a group representative
B. given by all members of the group
C. given by the professor
9 What does Dani suggest to John when those subjects receive the questionnaire?
A. divide into 2 parts to argue
B. focus on the opinion of the interviewees
C. take consideration of both sides
10 Why is this project particularly important to John?

A. to earn respect from professors in the department
B. to raise his grade
C. to impress his professor
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Ex2: Choose TWO letters, A-E. (Track 04)

Which TWO types of interviewees do Greg and Syria choose to do the survey?
A staff on campus
B professors
C local residents
D companies
E university students
C. VOCABULARY
Ex. 1: Choose the correct answer.
1. _________ poses many health risks to human as polluted water stimulates the growth of many
types of bacteria and spreads many diseases such as diarrhea and cholera.
A. Soil erosion B. Natural resource depletion
C. Untreated sewage discharge D. Raising global population
2. The government is in an attempt to ___________ to prevent needless journeys by road, which
reduces congestion, air pollution and greenhouse gases emissions.
A. reduce carbon footprint B. provide public transport
C. impose strict law D. use biodegradable materials
3. One of the most important ways to __________ is to protect their habitats permanently in
national parks, nature reserves or wilderness areas.
A. eradicate wildlife habitat B. promote sustainable development
C. prevent animals from dying out D. curb greenhouse gases emission
4. Many people believe that _________ animal hunting will help to conserve wildlife as it
discourages people from killing endangered species such as rhinos or tigers.
A. putting a ban on B. cutting down on
C. overexploitation of D. investing in
5. The consequences of deforestation are uncountable. Without the cover of plants, ___________
can occur and sweep the land into rivers.
A. ozone layer depletion B. soil erosion
C. global warming D. water shortage
6. Many campaigns have been launched to encourage people to commit to a more eco-friendly
lifestyle by _________.
A. raising global population B. reducing carbon footprint
C. curbing greenhouse gases emission D. using biodegradable materials
7. Extra land is needed for agricultural activities, which results in ___________ and pushes a large
number of animals to the verge of extinction.
A. habitat destruction B. wildlife habitat
C. extreme weather D. natural disaster
8. Agricultural activities can indirectly damage the environment, especially soil and water, due to
the __________ which are often used to boost the growth of crops.
A. combustion of fossil fuels B. utility of chemical fertilizers
C. overexploitation of natural resources D. melting of glaciers
9. _________ causes increased UV radiation levels at the Earth's surface, which damages to human
health and potentially lead to skin cancer.
A. Biodiversity loss B. Extreme weather
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C. Ozone layer depletion D. Urban expansion
10. __________, along with the increase in their consumption, tends to increase emissions of
climate-changing greenhouse gases.
A. Raising global population B. Untreated sewage discharge
C. Overexploitation of natural resources D. Illegal poaching
Ex. 2: Translate the following sentences into English.

11. Chính phủ nên đầu tư vào năng lượng có thể tái tạo để ngăn chặn việc cạn kiệt tài nguyên thiên
nhiên.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
12. Sự nóng lên toàn cầu gây ra tình trạng băng tan và mực nước biển dâng cao.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
13. Nếu sự đô thị hóa tiếp tục diễn ra, loài người sẽ phải chịu đựng thời tiết khắc nghiệt và các
thảm họa thiên nhiên.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
14. Việc phản đối sử dụng phương tiện giao thông cá nhân là cần thiết để giảm dấu chân carbon.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
15. Việc sử dụng quá mức tài nguyên thiên nhiên là nguyên nhân chính của sự phá hủy môi
trường sống hoang dã.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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9.2
WRITING, SPEAKING
The bar graph shows the global sales (in billions of dollars) of different types of digital games
between 2000 and 2006.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
138
WEEK 10
CULTURE & HERITAGE
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10.1
READING: SUMMARY COMPLETION
LISTENING: SUMMARY COMPLETION
VOCABULARY: CULTURE & HERITAGE
A. READING
READING PASSAGE 1
Arctic Survivors
The Arctic is an area located at the northern-most part of the Earth and includes the Arctic Ocean,
Canada, Russia, Greenland, the United States, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland. It consists of
an ice-covered ocean, surrounded by treeless permafrost. The area can be defined as north of the
Arctic Circle, the approximate limit of the midnight sun and the polar night. The average temperature
in July, which is the warmest month, is below 10oC. Colder summer temperatures cause the size,
abundance, productivity and variety of plants to decrease. Trees cannot grow in the Arctic, but in its
warmest parts, shrubs are common and can reach 2 metres in height.
A thick blanket of snow lies several feet deep all over the ground. The sun appears for only a few
brief hours each day before sinking below the horizon as blackness cloaks the land. As it vanished, a
bitter chill tightens its grip. The Arctic is not a place to be in the throes of winter; it is hostile to
almost all animal life. Amphibians would freeze solid here. Nor can reptiles withstand the extreme
cold. And yet there are animals here, animals that exhibit a remarkable tolerance of the most
inhospitable conditions on the planet. Less than half a metre beneath the surface of the snow, a furry
white creature, no bigger than a hamster, scurries along a tunnel. It is a collared lemming. It and
other members of its family have excavated a complex home within the snowfield, but it costs the
lemmings a great deal to survive here. They pay by using some of their precious and scarce food
supply to generate heat within their bodies so that their biochemical processes can continue to
function efficiently. But in order to keep fuel costs to a minimum, they must conserve as much
energy as they can. A thick insulating coat of fine fur covering all but the lemmings’ eyes achieves
this. Fur is the life preserver of the Arctic.
Only one class of animals have fur – mammals. Fur is comprised of dense layers of hair follicles.
Hair is composed of a substance called keratin. It grows constantly, its roots embedded in the skin
and surrounded by nerve fibres so that its owner can sense any movement of the hair. It is this
precious fur that gives land mammals the edge necessary to survive the harsh Arctic winter. Without
it, wolves, lemmings and arctic foxes alike would surely perish.
The insulation provided by fur comes not from the fur itself, but largely from the layer of air trapped
within the fur. Air is an extremely effective insulator, which is the same as saying it is a poor
conductor, i.e. it has a very limited ability to conduct heat away from a warm surface. Studies reveal
that if a layer of air of about five centimetres could be held in place close to the skin, it would
provide the same insulation as does the impressively dense winter coat of the arctic fox. If an arctic
fox or wolf is exposed to an air temperature of about minus ten degrees, the temperature near the tips
of the fur will match the air temperature, but at the surface of the skin, it will be closer to thirty
degrees. This represents a temperature difference of around forty degrees. Such effective insulation
is only made possible by the layer of trapped air contained within the long, fine and densely packed
fur.
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But Arctic mammals have more in their arsenal than just fur to protect them from the elements.
Unlike amphibians, reptiles and other classes of animals, they are endotherms, meaning they can
generate their own body heat. This is another of the defining characteristics of mammals. It is the
mammalian ability to generate heat internally that enables the arctic fox or the lemming to remain
warm and active in very cold conditions. Generating heat internally, Arctic mammals can regulate
their body temperature independent of external conditions; this is known as thermoregulation. When
Arctic mammals are cold, they raise their metabolic rate and produce more heat. When they are
warm, the reverse happens. Together, thermoregulation and fur make Arctic mammals perfectly
equipped to face the toughest conditions the Arctic can throw at them.
Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write the correct answer in boxes 1-
6 on your answer sheet.
The Arctic winter is something few animals can survive, but there are a select few that show an
amazing 1 ……………… of the severe winter conditions. These animals have to use their food
resources to keep their body temperature high so that the biochemical 2 ……………….. inside them
continue to run. One thing that helps them keep their bodies warm is their 3 ………………which
consists of thick layers of hair that provide insulation for their bodies; it is their life 4 ………………
The layer of trapped air that they also have provides very effective insulation from cold because it is
not a good 5 ………………of heat. In the case of an Arctic mammal getting cold, it deals with it by
increasing its 6 ………………rate to generate more heat.
READING PASSAGE 2
Vehicle Safety Systems
Although drivers and their passengers are encased in the event of a crash, people hit by a car have no
protection. Now that could change thanks to a new system built into a vehicle that will enhance a
pedestrian’s safety. Every month about 3,400 pedestrians are killed in traffic accidents of the roads in
the US, and a similar number die in Europe. Some 30% of the injuries included in this group are
caused by an impact with a windscreen or its frame.
A European-wide collaboration led by Roger Hardy of the Cranfield Impact Centre at Cranfield
University close to Bedford in the UK has devised an experimental system for cars that aims to cut
this death toll and decrease the risk of injuries. When the system registers that the car is about to hit a
pedestrian, it automatically raises the rear of the bonnet (hood), releasing a giant airbag in front of
the windscreen.
“The raised bonnet absorbs some of the energy of the impact, decreasing the risk of severe injury to
the pedestrian,” says Hardy, whose project forms part of the European Union-funded Integrated
Project on Advanced Protection Systems (APROSYS). “If it’s a large pedestrian or on a small town
car, the airbag also offers a cushioning effect around the stiff peripheral regions of the windscreen,”
he says. The airbag system used by Hardy was enhanced by the German company Takata Petri. To
test its efficacy when combined with the raised bonnet, they cooperated into developing a prototype
Fiat Stilo by engineers at the Fiat Research Centre in Turin, Italy. Then the team estimated the
danger of head injuries in test collisions with a dummy pedestrian.
A standard Stilo test hitting a pedestrian at 40 kilometres per hour would have a score of around
1,000 on the Head Impact Criterion (HIC) scale. That is the equivalent of an 18% chance of a life-
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threatening injury. For pedestrians hitting Hardy’s bonnet, the scores were reduced to between 234
and 682, whilst the normal windscreen airbag scores ranged between 692 and 945. Hardy’s team has
also introduced a design in which a windscreen mounting system cushions the impact with the edge
of the windscreen. This consists of a flexible Z-shaped section of metal, that is a maximum of 15
millimetres wide, separating the windscreen from its frame so that it is able to flex inwards to absorb
energy in a collision. The team says it could decrease HIC scores by over 50%.
Another APROSYS collaboration led by Jurgen Gugler at the Graz University of Technology in
Austria researched how changing the shaping of the front of a truck could reduce the risk to
pedestrians. Computer simulations of 20 accident scenarios indicated that a smooth sloping surface
with a central bulge decreases the likelihood of a pedestrian involved in a front-end accident being
run over by 80 to 90%. Gugler says, “The pedestrian is knocked to the side, rotated and pushed
towards the ground. You are out of the path of the oncoming truck.”
Fiat researchers managed by Roberto Puppini have also had some success in early tests of an
adaptive bumper system. Four gas springs kick in at high speeds to move the bumper forward so that
it will absorb the energy of an impact. So will manufacturers actually incorporate any of these safety
innovations into their cars? Over the next two years, the European New Car Assessment Programme
(Euro NCAP) will be phasing the results of pedestrian safety tests into its essential rating system.
Poor Euro NCAP test results could result in less safe car models being withdrawn from the market.
This suggests that buyers and manufacturers can be persuaded to take the safety of drivers and their
passengers seriously, buy it remains to be seen whether the welfare of pedestrians is as persuasive a
selling point.
For now, at least, there is little else to convince car manufacturers to install these safety devices.
Hardy says, “Recently, from the legislative point of view, there is not a colossal incentive for
manufacturers to utilise these technologies.” Perhaps ultimately the law will have to step in so that
external airbags and energy-absorbing bodywork enhance pedestrian safety as dramatically as seat
belts and internal airbags have enhanced driver and passenger safety.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write the correct
answer in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.
Every month there are about 3,400 people hit by a car in the US and a similar number of casualties in
7…………………Actually, around 30% of them are a result of 8………………or its frame. To
decrease road traffic accidents, a European-wide collaboration devised automatic lifting rear of 9…
………………and a 10………………… ahead of the windscreen working at the same time.
Hardy’s team has researched a system to cushion impacts with the outline of 11………………… It
includes an easily bent and 12………………metal frame with the windscreen and frame separated.
But he said: According to law, although having safety devices for protection against a crash, now any
manufacture companies to harness these devises could not have 13…………………
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READING PASSAGE 3
What Makes Us Happy?
Do you seriously want to be happy? Of course, you do! But what does it take to be happy? Many
psychologists are now using scientific methods to try to understand the nature and origins of
happiness. Their results may surprise you.
Surprisingly, happiness has been shown to be a constitutional trait. The study of di ﬀerent types of
twins; identical and non-identical, has enabled scientists to calculate that 50-60% of self-identified
happiness – and what other sort is there? – is down to genes. Of course, there is no one specific gene
that determines happiness, but a great many and they tend to overlap with the genes that determine
personality. People who are emotionally stable, sociable and conscientious, tend to be happier
according to the research.
Now, many people believe that money makes us happy. However, there is no clear relationship
between wealth and happiness. Once out of poverty, increases in wealth do not automatically turn
into relative increases in happiness. For example, winning the lottery may give a rush of joy and
excitement but does not ensure long-term contentment. In fact, studies have shown that lottery
winners take less pleasure in everyday events following their win. It seems that they soon get
habituated to their money, while at the same time they have distanced themselves from their former
lives and identities by leaving jobs, friends and lifestyle.
Nor does a steady increase in income make for greater happiness. The more we have, the more we
seem to want, so we are always stuck at the same level of satisfaction/dissatisfaction. The perception
of wealth is a relative thing: we are discontented when those who we compare ourselves with are
better off than ourselves. This goes some way to explain why, in most Western countries, average
incomes have increased considerably but without any increase in the average levels of happiness. If
wealth does not bring happiness, what about spending it? There is no doubt that shopping gives us a
short-lived burst of pleasure – but very little more than that. The only type of shopping that might
provide longer-term happiness is when we buy things for other people.
Nor does happiness does not come in liquid or tablet form. A couple of drinks at a party may lighten
our mood and be good for us medically and mentally, but alcohol abuse destroys our body, mind and
relationships. Similarly, drugs like cocaine and ecstasy give brief bursts of joy but there is a massive
price to be paid when the high is over. So, what can we do to improve our sense of well-being? First,
we need to realise that we are not passive victims of external events. We can and should take control
of our life to make it rewarding and satisfying. We should adopt a positive attitude, and overcome
feelings of worthlessness and build our own self-confidence and self-esteem. We should try to
reduce the burden of unnecessary worry. If there is something that can be done about a problem we
are worrying about then we should do it, and stop worrying. And of course, there is no point in
worrying about things we can’t change. A sense of humour is good protection against adversity and a
strong antidote to depression. One of the key symptoms of depression is the loss of the ability to
laugh.
A key feature of happy and contented people is that they have a sense of meaning and purpose in life.
Rather than just drifting through life, they have a clear set of values and goals that they are trying to
achieve. This could be associated with faith, humanitarianism and family values, artistic or scientific
aspirations and career ambitions. All these things provide a sense of identity as well as something to
work towards or look forward to. Happiness is a positive by-product of keeping active. But not just
being busy, we need to be doing things that raise self-esteem and bring us satisfaction; controlling
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our own schedule and prioritising activities that satisfy our own needs. And saying ‘no’ to other
people if necessary. Of course, this doesn’t mean we have to be selfish. Being active members of the
community or volunteering for a charity or helping your family can all create happiness –
particularly for older people.
So, should we actively pursue happiness? Curiously, the happiest people seem to be those who do
not actively see it – indeed the ‘pursuit of happiness’ may be counterproductive. To a large extent,
happiness emerges as a by-product of who we are and what we do. Conversely, people who focus on
making others happy usually make themselves happy in the process.
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.

Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet
In this article, the author gives us a discussion of ‘happiness’ from a 14 …… perspective. The
investigation into the influence of money on happiness suggests that the two are not 15…… We
should be able to say ‘no’ to other people, but this doesn’t require us to be 16……The author
concludes that happiness is the 17 …… of activity focused on making others happy.
A lifestyle B important C by-product
D related E independent F relevant
G scientific H selfish I exclusive
READING PASSAGE 4
Tele-working
A Teleworking – working remotely from an office- is said to have many benefits for organisations,
the environment and society. It provokes mixed reactions from its acolytes and those that
experience it first-hand. Whether you like it or not, it is true to say that work is no longer
dependent on geography and this opens up a range of opportunities for working in new ways and
environments.
B The surveys show “that the productivity increase is not primarily because of longer working
hours (as is sometimes suggested). Although prevalent, working more is just one of a number of
influencing factors, and not the most important.” An unusual comparison of the performance of
teleworkers with a closely matched control group of non-teleworkers found that not only was
productivity higher but also that absenteeism and error rates were lower.
C Two other areas where SUSTEL has added to the economic impact knowledge base is its effect
on absenteeism and space utilisation. In the case of absenteeism, over 60 per cent of those
surveyed stated that telework had enabled them to work when they were prevented from reaching
a work location (usually through illness or transport problems). Around half the cases also
identified substantial reductions in space requirements – to the point where one organisation had
completely done away with a central office. Changes in non-commuting travel on weekends:
home-bases workers, which includes a substantial population of people who are not
telecommuters, spend more time shopping out of the home than traditional workers.
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D Half-time telecommuting could reduce carbon emissions by over 51 million metric tons a year—
the equivalent of taking all of New York’s commuters off the road. Additional carbon footprint
savings will come from reduced: office energy, roadway repairs, urban heating, office
construction, business travel, paper usage (as electronic documents replace paper). Although
energy utilization will continue to grow as we expand our industry and improve our standard of
living, efficient use of energy will always be of prime importance. By telecommuting to work
instead of using more conventional methods, there is a great potential to save energy. The three
major areas where energy can be conserved are Vehicle-related materials and resources;
Highway-related materials and resources; and work-related materials and resources.
E A tremendous amount of energy is required to produce transportation equipment such as
automobiles, buses, trains and jet aircraft. If telecommuting is promoted, there will be less use of
this equipment and less energy will be required for production, maintenance and repair of this
equipment. Fuel resources and gases needed to operate this equipment will be reduced, as well
the building and repair of highways and maintenance requires a large consumption of energy, not
only in the operation of the highway construction and repair equipment but also in the
manufacture and transportation of the required materials An increase in the percentage of people
telecommuting to work will decrease the need for expanded highways and associated road
maintenance. The first two areas related to getting to work.
F Socially, the SUSTEL research found that most survey respondents felt that teleworking gave
them a better quality of life and work-life balance. Many also reported health benefits. A
significant number also stated that they were using local services more and becoming more
involved in their local communities. The loss of teamwork and team spirit within teleworking
populations was tackled through ideas such as Oracle’s ‘FUNctional’ offices. Designed to
increase communication and interaction when people are at the office, they are bright and
focused around a central cafe to stimulate ideas and face-to-face contact.
G The finding that many teleworkers report both longer working hours and a better quality of life is
paradoxical. More time working is usually associated with increased stress, domestic tension and
other factors that reduce the quality of life. One possible explanation is that, for many
individuals, their increased working hours will be less than the time they have saved in
commuting. Hence, they still have more time available for family and other activities. For some,
the stress associated with commuting (especially for long distances) may be less than that arising
from additional working time. Perhaps most significantly, teleworking can in effect create time
through opportunities for multi-tasking or greater control of activities. As one survey respondent
noted. “Although the amount of time has not changed it has made the weekends freer, as
domestic activities can be fitted in during lunchtimes or early morning.”
H When you work in an office or a cubicle and something goes wrong with any hardware or
software you have the option of calling in the IT man. In fact, all of the equipment that you use at
the office is supported by technical staff. That means regular updates and maintenance for
various and sundry office tools like land-line phones, computers, internet connections, laptops,
cell phones, printers, and other office equipment is all up to you when you work from home,
you’ll surely encounter technical problems and when you do, where do you get the support and
help you need? If your computer hard drive crashed today, would you have the funds to replace
it?
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Complete the summary using the list of words, A-N below.
Write the correct letter, A-N, in boxes 18-25 on your answer sheet.
Teleworking has been said to have many benefits for both society and companies. Survey identified
that telecommuters spend more time on 18………… than those traditional workers on changes in
non-commuting travel on weekends. It also is beneficial to the environment as it reduces the
19……… in the atmosphere from decreased street repairs, city heating, or even 20………… as staff
in office could send documents 21………… Apart from that, other materials such as Vehicle-related,
Highway-related and 22………… materials will also be saved. Traditionally, a large amount of
energy is needed to make 23…………, e.g. Public transportation and private cars. With the rise of
telecommuting, resources and 24…………… will be saved. And conservation goes to the energy and
materials consumed in all 25…………
A pollution B internet energy C paper usage

D construction and maintenance E materials
F shopping G productivity H fuels and gases
I electronically J IT K equipment
M work-related N geography
KEYWORD TABLE
Passage words in the summary Similar words in the passage
1 amazing tolerance
the severe winter conditions
keep their body temperature high
continue to run
generate more heat
hit by a car
2 people
lifting rear of
to cushion impacts
the outline of
includes
easily bent
harness these devises
3 scientific perspective
the two are not related
4 send documents electronically
a large amount
make equipment
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Public transportation
telecommuting is promoted
will be saved
OPTIONAL TEST
READING PASSAGE 1
Assessing the risk
A As a title for a supposedly unprejudiced debate on scientific progress, “Panic attack: interrogating
our obsession with risk” did not bode well. Held last week at the Royal Institution in London, the
event brought together scientists from across the world to ask why society is so obsessed with
risk and to call for a “more rational” approach. “We seem to be organising society around the
grandmotherly maxim of ‘better safe than sorry’,” exclaimed Spiked, the online publication that
organised the event. “What are the consequences of this overbearing concern with risks?”
B The debate was preceded by a survey of 40 scientists who were invited to describe how awful our
lives would be if the “precautionary principle” had been allowed to prevail in the past. Their
response was: no heart surgery or antibiotics, and hardly any drugs at all; no aeroplanes, bicycles
or high-voltage power grids; no pasteurisation, pesticides or biotechnology; no quantum
mechanics; no wheel; no “discovery” of America. In short, their message was: no risk, no gain.
C They have absolutely missed the point. The precautionary principle is a subtle idea. It has various
forms, but all of them generally include some notion of cost-effectiveness. Thus the point is not
simply to ban things that are not known to be absolutely safe. Rather, it says: “Of course you can
make no progress without risk. But if there is no obvious gain from taking the risk, then don’t
take it.”
D Clearly, all the technologies listed by the 40 well-chosen savants were innately risky at their
inception, as all technologies are. But all of them would have received the green light under the
precautionary principle because they all had the potential to offer tremendous benefits – the
solutions to very big problems – if only the snags could be overcome.
E If the precautionary principle had been in place, the scientists tell us, we would not have
antibiotics. But of course, we would – if the version of the principle that sensible people now
understand had been applied. When penicillin was discovered in the 1920s, infective bacteria
were laying waste to the world. Children died from diphtheria and whooping cough, every open-
drain brought the threat of typhoid, and any wound could lead to septicaemia and even gangrene.
F Penicillin was turned into a practical drug during the Second World War when the many
pestilences that result from were threatened to kill more people than the bombs. Of course
antibiotics were a priority. Of course, the risks, such as they could be perceived, were worth
taking.
G And so with the other items on the scientists’ list: electric light bulbs, blood transfusions. CAT
scans, knives, the measles vaccine – the precautionary principle would have prevented all of
them, they tell us. But this is just plain wrong. If the precautionary principle had been applied
properly, all these creations would have passed muster, because all offered incomparable
advantages compared to the risks perceived at the time.
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H Another issue is at stake here. Statistics are not the only concept people use when weighing up
risk. Human beings, subtle and evolved creatures that we are, do not survive to three-score years
and ten simply by thinking like pocket calculators. A crucial issue is the consumer’s choice. In
deciding whether to pursue the development of new technology, the consumer’s right to choose
should be considered alongside considerations of risk and benefit. Clearly, skiing is more
dangerous than genetically modified tomatoes. But people who ski choose to do so; they do not
have skiing thrust upon them by portentous experts of the kind who now feel they have the right
to reconstruct our crops. Even with skiing, there is the matter of cost-effectiveness to consider:
skiing, I am told, is exhilarating. Where is the exhilaration in GM soya?
I Indeed, in contrast to all the other items on Spiked’s list, GM crops stand out as an example of a
technology whose benefits are far from clear. Some of the risks can at least be defined. But in the
present economic climate, the benefits that might accrue from them seem dubious. Promoters of
GM crops believe that the future population of the world cannot be fed without them. That is
untrue. The crops that really matter are wheat and rice, and there is no GM research in the pipeline
that will seriously affect the yield of either. GM is used to make production cheaper and hence
more profitable, which is an extremely questionable ambition.
J The precautionary principle provides the world with a very important safeguard. If it had been in
place in the past it might, for example, have prevented insouciant miners from polluting major
rivers with mercury. We have come to a sorry pass when scientists, who should above all be
dispassionate scholars, feel they should misrepresent such a principle for the purposes of
commercial and political propaganda. People at large continue to mistrust science and the high
technologies it produces partly because they doubt the wisdom of scientists. On such evidence as
this, these doubts are fully justified.
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage
Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
When applying the precautionary principle to decide whether to invent a new technology, people
should also take 1…………………… into consideration, along with the usual consideration of
2………………………For example, though risky and dangerous enough, people still enjoy
3…………………… for the excitement it provides. On the other hand, experts believe that future
population desperately needs 4…………………… in spite of their undefined risks. However, the
researchers conducted so far have not been directed towards increasing the yield of
5……………………, but to reduce the cost of 6…………………… and to bring more profit out of
it. In the end, such selfish use of the precautionary principle for business and political gain has often
led people to 7…………………… science for they believe scientists are not to be trusted.
PASSAGE 2
Global Warming in New Zealand
A For many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting warmer. As the nearest country of
the South Polar Region, New Zealand has maintained an upward trend in its average
temperature in the past few years. However, the temperature in New Zealand will go up 4oC in
the next century while the polar region will go up more than 6oC. The different pictures of
temperature stem from its surrounding ocean which acts as the air conditioner. Thus New
Zealand is comparatively fortunate.
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B Scientifically speaking, this temperature phenomenon in New Zealand originated from what
researchers call “SAM (Southern Annular Mode), which refers to the wind belt that circles the
Southern Oceans including New Zealand and Antarctica. Yet recent work has revealed that
changes in SAM in New Zealand have resulted in a weakening of moisture during the summer,
and more rainfall in other seasons. A bigger problem may turn out to be heavier droughts for
agricultural activities because of more water loss from soil, resulting in the poorer harvest
before winter when the rainfall arrives too late to rescue.
C Among all the calamities posed by drought, moisture deficit ranks the first. Moisture deficit is
that gap between the water plants need during the growing season and the water the earth can
offer. Measures of moisture deficit were at their highest since the 1970s in New Zealand.
Meanwhile, ecological analyses clearly show moisture deficit is imposed at the different growth
stage of crops. If moisture deficit occurs around a crucial growth stage, it will cause about 22%
reduction in grain yield as opposed to moisture deficit at the vegetative phase.
D Global warming is not only affecting agriculture production. When scientists say the country’s
snowpack and glaciers are melting at an alarming rate due to global warming, the climate is
putting another strain on the local places. For example, when the development of global
warming is accompanied by the falling snow line, the local skiing industry comes into a crisis.
The snow line may move up as the temperature goes up, and then the snow at the bottom will
melt earlier. Fortunately, it is going to be favourable for the local industry to tide over tough
periods since the quantities of snowfall in some areas are more likely to increase.
E What is the reaction of the glacier region? The climate change can be reflected in the glacier
region in southern New Zealand or land covered by ice and snow. The reaction of a glacier to a
climatic change involves a complex chain of processes. Overtime periods of years to several
decades, cumulative changes in mass balance cause volume and thickness changes, which will
affect the flow of ice via altered internal deformation and basal sliding. This dynamic reaction
finally leads to glacier length changes, the advance or retreat of glacier tongues. Undoubtedly,
glacier mass balance is a more direct signal of annual atmospheric conditions.
F The latest research result of National Institute of Water and Atmospheric (NIWA) Research
shows that glaciers line keeps moving up because of the impacts of global warming. Further
losses of ice can be reflected in Mt. Cook Region. By 1996, a 14 km long sector of the glacier
had melted down forming a melt lake (Hooker Lake) with a volume. Melting of the glacier front
at a rate of 40 m/yr will cause the glacier to retreat at a rather uniform rate. Therefore, the lake
will continue to grow until it reaches the glacier bed.
G A direct result of the melting glaciers is the change of high tides that serves the main factor for
sea-level rise. The trend of sea-level rise will bring a threat to the groundwater system for its
hypersaline groundwater and they pose a possibility to decrease agricultural production. Many
experts believe that the best way to counter this trend is to give a longer-term view of sea-level
change in New Zealand. Indeed, the coastal boundaries need to be upgraded and redefined.
H There is no doubt that global warming has affected New Zealand in many aspects. The emphasis
on global warming should be based on the joints efforts of local people and experts who conquer
the tough period. For instance, farmers are taking a long term, multi-generational approach to
adjust the breeds and species according to the temperature. Agriculturists also find ways to
tackle the problems that may bring to the soil. In broad terms, going forward, the systemic
resilience that’s been going on a long time in the ecosystem will continue.
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I How about animals’ reaction? Experts have surprisingly realised that animals have an
unconventional adaptation to global warming. A study has looked at sea turtles on a few northern
beaches in New Zealand and it is very interesting to find that sea turtles can become male or
female according to the temperature. Further researches will try to find out how rising
temperatures would affect the ratio of sex reversal in their growth. Clearly, the temperature of the
nest plays a vital role in the sexes of the baby turtles.
J Tackling the problems of global warming is never easy in New Zealand because records show
the slow process of global warming may have a different impact on various regions. For New
Zealand, the emission of carbon dioxide only accounts for 0.5% of the world’s total, which has
met the governmental standard. However, New Zealand’s effort counts only the tip of the
iceberg. So far, global warming has been a world issue that still hangs in an ambiguous future.
Research data shows that sea level has a close relationship with the change of climate. The major
reason for the increase in sea level is connected with 8 …………………… The increase in sea level
is also said to have a threat to the underground water system, the destruction of which caused by the
rise of sea level will lead to a high probability of a reduction in 9……………………… In the long
run, New Zealanders may have to improve the 10…………………… if they want to diminish the
effect change in sea levels.
PASSAGE 3
Decision, Decision!
Research explores when we can make a vital decision quickly and we need to proceed more
deliberately
A A widely recognised legend tells us that in Gordium (in what is now Turkey) in the fourth
century BC an oxcart was roped to a pole with a complex knot. It was said that the first person
to untie it would become the king of Asia. Unfortunately, the knot proved impossible to untie.
The story continues that when confronted with this problem, rather than deliberating on how to
untie the Gordian knot. Alexander, the famous ruler of the Greeks in the ancient world, simply
took out his sword and cut it in two – then went on to conquer Asia. Ever since the notion of a
‘Gordian solution’ has referred to the attractiveness of a simple answer to an otherwise
intractable problem.
B Among researchers in the psychology of decision making, however, such solutions have
traditionally held little appeal. In particular, the ‘conflict model’ of decision making proposed
by psychologists Irving Janis and Leon Mann in their 1977 book, Decision Making, argued that
a complex decision-making process is essential for guarding individuals and groups from the
peril of ‘group-think’. Decisions made without thorough canvassing, surveying, weighing,
examining and reexamining relevant information and options would be suboptimal and often
disastrous. One foreign affair decision made by a well-known US political leader in the 1960s is
typically held us as an example of the perils of inadequate thought, whereas his successful
handling of a water crisis is cited as an example of the advantages of careful deliberation.
However, examination of these historical events by Peter Suedfield, a psychologist at the
University of British Columbia, and Roderick Kramer, a psychologist at the Stanford Graduate
150
School of Business, found little difference in the two decision-making processes; both crises
required and received complex consideration by the political administration, but later only the
second one was deemed to be the effective.
C In general, however, organizational and political science offers little evidence that complex
decisions fare better than simpler ones. In fact, a growing body of work suggests that in many
situations simply ‘snap’ decisions with being routinely superior to more complex ones – an idea
that gained widespread public appeal with Malcolm Gladwell’s best-selling book Blink (2005).
D An article by Ap Dijksterhuis of the University of Amsterdam and his colleagues, Making the
Right Choice: the Deliberation-without-attention Effect’, runs very much in the spirit of
Gladwell’s influential text. Its core argument is that to be effective, conscious (deliberative)
decision making requires cognitive resources. Because increasingly complex decisions place
increasing strain on those resources, the quality of our decisions declines as their complexity
increases. In short, complex decisions overrun our cognitive powers. On the other hand,
unconscious decision making (what the author refer to as ‘deliberation without attention’)
requires no cognitive resources, so task complexity does not Effectiveness. The seemingly
counterintuitive conclusion is that although conscious thought enhances simple decisions, the
opposite holds true for more complex decisions.
E Dijksterhuis reports four Simple but elegant studies supporting this argument. In one,
participants assessed the quality of four hypothetical cars by considering either four attributes (a
simple task) or 12 attributes (a complex task). Among participants who considered four
attributes, those who were allowed to engage in undistracted deliberative thought did better at
discriminating between the best and worst cars. Those who were distracted and thus unable to
deliberate had to rely on their unconscious thinking and did less well. The opposite pattern
emerged when people considered 12 criteria. In this case, conscious deliberation led to inferior
discrimination and poor decisions.
F In other studies, Dijksterhuis surveyed people shopping for clothes (‘simple’ products) and
furniture (‘complex’ products). Compared with those who said they had deliberated long and
hard, shoppers who bought with little conscious deliberation felt less happy with their simple
clothing purchase but happier with the complex furniture purchases. Deliberation without
attention actually produced better results as the decisions became more complex.
G From there, however, the researchers take a big leap. They write: There is no reason to assume
that the deliberation-without-attention effect does not generalize to other types of choices –
political, managerial or otherwise. In such cases, it should benefit the individual to think
consciously about simple matters and to delegate thinking about more complicated matters to
the unconscious.
H This radical inference contradicts standard political and managerial theory but doubtless
comforts those in politics and management who always find the simple solution to the complex
problem an attractive proposition. Indeed, one suspects many of our political leaders already
embrace this wisdom.
I Still, it is there, in the realms of society and its governance, that the more problematic
implications of deliberation without attention begin to surface. Variables that can be neatly
circumscribed in decisions about shopping lose clarity in a world of group dynamics, social
interaction, history and politics. Two pertinent questions arise. First, what counts as a complex
decision? And second, what counts as a good outcome?
151
J As social psychologist Kurt Lewin (1890 – 1947) noted, a ‘good’ decision that nobody respects
is actually bad, his classic studies of decision making showed that participating in deliberative
processes makes people more likely to abide by the results. The issue here is that when political
decision-makers make mistakes, it is their politics, or the relationship between their politics and
our own, rather than psychology which is at fault.
K Gladwell’s book and Dijksterhuis’s paper are invaluable in pointing out the limitations of the
conventional wisdom that decision quality rises with decision-making complexity. But this work
still tempts us to believe that decision making is simply a matter of psychology, rather than also a
question of politics, ideology and group membership. Avoiding social considerations in a search
for general appeal rather than toward it.
Complete the summary using the list of words A-I below.
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.
Dijksterhuis’s shopping study and its conclusions
Using clothing and furniture as examples of different types of purchases, Dijksterhuis questioned
shoppers on their satisfaction with what they had bought. People who spent 11…… time buying
simple clothing items were more satisfied than those who had not. However, when buying furniture,
shoppers made 12…… purchasing decisions if they didn’t think too hard. From this, the researchers
concluded that in other choices, perhaps more important than shopping. 13…… decisions are best
made by the unconscious.
A more B counterintuitive C simple
D better E conscious F obvious
G complex H less I worse
KEYWORD TABLE
Passage words in the summary Similar words in the passage
1 take consumer's right into
consideration
the excitement it provides
desperately needs GM Crops
undefined risks
the researchers conducted so far
have not been directed towards
increasing the yield
reduce the cost of
bring more profit
business and political gain
152
They believe scientists are not to be
trusted.
2 The major reason
have a threat
lead to a high probability
a reduction in agricultural
production
In the long run
need to be upgraded and redefined
3 they didn’t think too hard
complex decisions are best made
by the unconscious
B. LISTENING
Ex1: Complete the summary below. (Track 01)
Major Problems of a Company

Since the company opened, there have been many problems with employment, but there is no
1…………………… He needs to find a venue for financial training. It is very hard to run an
organisation and the 2… ……………………is of great importance to staying organised. To enhance
the organisation skills, there is a section on 3… …………………… in the library where some
valuable books can be found. In addition, the library contains some useful resources, such as a
collection of documentaries on personal organisation, the literature on 4… …………………, and the
articles on the 5… ……………………

THE LONDON EYE

The London Eye, or 6… …………………… Wheel is an extremely large passenger carrying Ferris
wheel situated on the banks of the 7… …………………… in Central London in the United
Kingdom. It attracts 8… …………………… people annually. Back in 2000, 9…
……………………was the main sponsor. Today, the London Eye is operated by the London Eye
Company Limited, a Merlin Entertainments Group Company. Standing at a height of 10…
…………………… Is the largest Ferris wheel in Europe, and has become the most popular paid
tourist attraction in the United Kingdom, visited by over three million people in one year.
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OPTIONAL TEST
George'a experience of university
George is studying Mechanical Engineering which involves several disciplines. He is finding 1 …
…………………the most difficult. At the moment, his course is mainly 2 … ………………… . He
will soon have an assignment which involves a study of 3 … ………………… . He thinks there are
too many 4… ………………… and would like less of them.

The ‘weak-tie’ theory: how friends-of-friends influence us
In 1973, Mark Granovetter claimed that the influence of ‘weak-ties’ can affect the behaviour of
populations in the fields of information science, politics and 5…………………… Although friends-
of-friends may be unlike us, they have similar enough 6…………………… to have a beneficial
effect on our lives. An example of this influence is when we hear about 7… …………………
Because information about them is provided by weak-ties. Since Granovetter proposed his theory,
other studies have shown that weak-tie networks also benefit our 8… …………………
C. VOCABULARY
the loss of cultural identity preserve local traditions and cultures commercially exploited
damage heritage sites increase cross-cultural interaction cultural assimilation
Positive and negative impacts of tourism on culture

Tourism is a powerful industry that can have both positive and negative impacts on culture. On the
one hand, tourism brings enormous benefits to many cultures around the world. It can help
(1)________________________________________ by providing financial support. Additionally,
when people travel to new places, they often immerse themselves in local cultures, trying new foods,
experiencing festivals and activities, learning about the traditions and customs of the area. This can
help (2)________________________________________ and appreciation.
However, tourism can also have negative impacts on culture. One significant negative impact is
(3)________________________________________. When local cultures are exposed to larger,
more dominant tourism markets, there is a risk that they may lose their unique cultural
characteristics. Also, the culture can be (4)________________________________________ when
tourism becomes the primary driver of a region's economy, and local culture is transformed into a
commodity that can be bought and sold for financial gain. This can be especially problematic if it
involves the misrepresentation or exploitation of local culture. Finally, tourism can also
(5)________________________________________, which are a crucial part of many cultures.
When tourists visit heritage sites, they may inadvertently damage the site or contribute to
overcrowding that could lead to long-term damage to these important cultural assets.
154

1. In the city of New Orleans, one can experience________, including African, French, and Spanish
influences.
A. adhere to moral values B. moral value
C. a rich blend of cultures D. intangible heritage
2. Encouraging people to celebrate diverse cultural practices and traditions can _______ minority
populations and promote a more inclusive society.
A. preserve local traditions B. break down prejudice against
C. damage heritage sites D. facilitate the sharing of cultural
experiences
3. The loss of_______ can have negative impacts on the social and psychological well-being of
individuals.
A. cultural inheritance B. predecessor
C. dying out D. cultural assimilation
4. Efforts to _______are crucial for preserving cultural diversity and ensuring that future generations
have access to the rich linguistic heritage of their ancestors.
A. abandon outdated traditions B. save minor languages from dying out
C. rebuild historical relics D. spread misinformation
5. Cultural organizations can also________ by providing platforms for dialogue and collaboration
A. commercially exploited B. cultural assimilation
C. provide access to cultural resources D. connect people from different cultures
6. Political conflict and war has the potential to______ severely, destroying centuries-old cultural
artifacts and structures.
A. adhere to moral values B. integrate into indigenous culture
C. alter traditional cultural practice D. damage heritage sites
7. Students can________ by visiting historical sites and some of the country’s cultural heritage.
A. adhere to traditional values B. alter cultural practice
C. act in accordance with cultural D. damage heritage sites
norms
8. ________ cultural practices may no longer be relevant or meaningful in modern society.

A. conventional B. outdated
C. modern D. foreign
9. The cultural traditions of a community may be shaped by ______ beliefs and values passed down
from previous generations
A. contemporary B. traditional cuisine
C. conventional D. intangible
10. Preserving _________ cultural practices can help to foster a sense of continuity and connection
between past and present generations.
155
A. time-honoured B. festive
C. outdated D. foreign

1. Các lễ hội và sự kiện văn hóa có thể giúp bảo tồn các truyền thống và văn hóa địa phương bằng
cách thể hiện các tập quán và phong tục độc đáo của một cộng đồng
->........................................................................................................................................................
2. Mặc trang phục truyền thống có thể là một cách tôn vinh di sản văn hóa và thể hiện niềm tự hào về
bản sắc của mỗi người.
->........................................................................................................................................................
3. Các giá trị tinh thần đóng một vai trò quan trọng trong việc định hình bản sắc và tập quán văn hóa
của một cộng đồng.
->........................................................................................................................................................
4. Chính phủ nên nâng cao nhận thức của người dân về việc bảo tồn các di tích lịch sử
->........................................................................................................................................................
5. Khi đi du lịch đến các quốc gia khác nhau, điều quan trọng là phải hành động phù hợp với các
chuẩn mực văn hóa để thể hiện sự tôn trọng đối với văn hóa địa phương.
->.......................................................................................................................................................
156
10.2
WRITING, SPEAKING
The maps below show the development of a particular area from 1965 to the present day. Write at
least 150 words.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
157
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
WEEK 11
CRIME & PUNISHMENT
158
11.1
READING & LISTENING REVISION
PRACTICE TEST 1
A. LISTENING
Section 1
Question 1-10
Complete the form below.
Phone interview
Name: John Murphy
Position applying for: lifeguard
Street Address: 45 1………….. Court
Contact phone number: 2…………..
Current part-time job: 3…………..
Previous job at Ridgemont High School: 4…………..
Additional relevant work experience: 5…………..
Relevant skills/qualifications: CPR certification & 6…………..
CPR certification expiration date: 7…………..
Preferred weekly shift: 8…………..
Time available to start work: 9…………..
Advertisement source: 10………
159
Section 2
Question 11-12
Which TWO things will employees need to do during their first week in their new office space?
A. find out about safety procedures
B. collect a new form of identification
C. move boxes containing documentation
D. make a note of any problem that occurs
E. learn about new company technology
Question 13-14
Which TWO steps have the company taken to improve the physical environment of employees’
offices?
A. provided comfortable seating
B. installed a new heating system
C. used attractive materials
D. enlarged people’s working space
E. replaced the old type of lights
Question 15-20
Label the plan below.
Write the correct letter, A-I, next to questions 15-20.
160
Plan of the renovated factory complex
15 Conference centre ………………….
16 New office space ………………….
17 Stores ………………….
18 Finance ………………….
19 Café ………………….
20 IT department ………………….
Section 3
Question 21-25
Choose the correct letter – A, B or C.
PRESENTATION ON RESTORING & REPRODUCING PAINTINGS
21 The students agree that the introduction to their presentation should include …
A. reasons why paintings need to be restored.
B. examples of poor restoration work.
C. a general description of what restoration involves.
22 When the students visited the museum, they were surprised by …
A. the time it took to restore a single painting.
B. the academic backgrounds of the restorers.
C. the materials used in restoration work.
23 What does Oliver say would put him off a career in art restoration?
A. the reaction of the owners of a painting.
B. the possibility of working in dangerous conditions.
C. the requirement to be able to draw very well.
24 What do the students agree about the restored Dutch landscape painting?
A. It shows how taste in art varies amongst different people.
B. It is an example of a work that was once undervalued.
C. It demonstrates how cleaning techniques have greatly improved.
25 What is Oliver’s attitude to the digital reproduction of famous paintings?
A. It requires a great deal of skill.
B. There is something dishonest about it.
C. It makes art accessible to more people.
161
Question 26-30
What challenge did the Factum Arte team face with reproducing the following paintings?
Choose FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next to questions 26-30.
CHALLENGES THE FACTUM ARTE TEAM FACED
A. they only had a photo of badly restored version of the painting

B. they needed to see under the damaged surface of the painting
C. they had to get permission to analyse a very similar painting
D. they had to rely on similar drawings of the same subject
E. they had to negotiate with relations of the original artist
F. they were unable to view other examples of the artist’s work
G. they had only limited time to reproduce the painting
Paintings the team wanted to reproduce

26 Six Sunflowers ………
27 The Concert ………
28 Portrait of Sir Winston Churchill ………
29 The Water Lilies ………
30 Myrto ………
Section 4
Question 31-40
CLIMATE AND ARCHITECTURE
• Cases and examples are from practice conducted in 31………….. as well as rural areas.
Acid rain
• The chemicals have devastating effects on the architecture.
• The government try to reduce the negative effects.
• Funds have been received from a 32…………..
• 33………….. experience lower levels of acid in damaging pollutants.
• In recent years, Alter Project focuses on the buildings made of 34…………..
Pollution
• One of the main sources of pollution is from the construction industry.
• 35………….. is used to reduce pollution in Sky Tower.
• Construction is affected by the increased 36………….. in winter.
• Humidity affects the 37………….. buildings whose grain can be condensed by moisture from the
air.
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Building & Technology
• Ground conditions can be a problem when the density of the 38………….. is wrong.
• Architects can now monitor the 39………….. of buildings.
• The government should make 40………….. for the architects.
B. READING
PASSAGE 1
THE HISTORY OF WOOL
The first recorded uses of wool originate from Anatolia, which is roughly residing on the
Mesopotamian Plain used sheep to fulfill their basic where modern-day Turkey lies, during the Stone
Age. Neanderthals needs of food, shelter, and clothing. Many years later, humans learned how to
spin and weave the fleece of sheep into woolen garments. The warmth provided by wool clothing
and the mobility of sheep allowed these early humans to venture outside the warm climate of
Mesopotamia and expand their civilization. From around 3000 BC onwards, the Persians, Greeks and
Romans developed and improved various breeds of sheep, shipping the animals and wool to various
countries throughout Europe. In particular, the Romans viewed sheep as a vital commodity,
transporting large numbers of them as the Roman Empire expanded into the British Isles, Spain, and
North Africa. In approximately 50 AD, the Romans had established a wool plant in the region of
England that the town of Winchester now occupies. Later, around the beginning of the 8th century,
the Saracens, nomads who lived throughout the Arabian deserts, established a wool export trade
agreement with North Africa and Greece after their military victory over Spain.
In the 12th century, the Norman conquest of Greece indirectly led to a weaving boom in the Italian
cities of Florence and Venice. Hundreds of Greek weavers were sent to Italy as slaves, and Italian
weavers were immediately impressed with the weaving skill exhibited by their Greek counterparts.
In medieval times, the annual fairs of the Champagne Brie regions of France largely focused on the
production and sale of wool cloth from small local towns such as Provins. The trade network created
by the annual fairs allowed merchants from Spain and Constantinople to purchase the wool cloth of
Provins and distribute it locally. The wool trade quickly evolved into a lucrative business, generating
significant revenue throughout much of Europe. The two factors that determined the quality and
value of wool were the dyeing and finishing of the woven material.
In the 13th century, the wool trade powered the economies of the Netherlands, Belgium and central
Italy. By the end of the 14th century, Italy had come to the forefront as the dominant wool producer
in Europe, but Italian manufacturers would gradually turn their attention to silk production over the
next century. The wool industry largely relied on exported raw wool from England, and was a crucial
source of revenue for the English monarchy, which had been receiving sizable sums of money in
export taxes on wool since 1275. In Spain, finances accumulated through the trading of wool were
utilized to fund expeditions undertaken by Christopher Columbus and the Conquistadores. Spain
imposed strict regulations on its wool trade and sheep, and anyone caught exporting sheep was
sentenced to execution without trial.
The English textile trade blossomed during the 14th century, but the government gave serious
consideration to blocking the export of wool. The smuggling of wool out of the country, often
referred to as owling, had become increasingly common, despite harsh punishments such as hand
removal. After the Restoration, high-quality woolens manufactured in England became as equally
desirable as silk in the international market, partly due to the fact the English crown had banned its
American colonies from trading wool with any country other than England. In 1377, England's King
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Edward III, who citizens sometimes referred to as "the royal wool merchant," cancelled the import of
woven-goods and forbade the domestic weaving of foreign wools. He invited Dutch and Belgian
weavers, who had fled their home countries during the Spanish invasion, to resettle in England and
work to improve the wool industry. During the 1509-47 reign of King Henry VIII, England's "wool
empire" reached its highest levels of productivity and profitability, and by the mid-1600s, wool
textile exports contributed to almost 70 per cent of England's foreign trade revenue. The king ordered
that flocks of sheep belonging to Trappist monks be taken and redistributed among nobles favoured
by the monarchy. This resulted in unemployed shepherds being imprisoned when they were unable
to repay their debts, and was one of several unfair actions taken by the king that encouraged citizens
to immigrate to America.
Even though England had long tried to obstruct the establishment of a wool industry in North
America, a relatively small number of successfully smuggled sheep had turned into a flock of
approximately 100,000 by 1665. The burgeoning American wool industry gave rise to many
traditions and cultural characteristics. For example, since spinning was a task assigned to the eldest
unmarried daughter in the family, the term 'spinster' came into usage, and is still used even to this
day. In the mid-1700s, King George III of England made wool trading in England's colonies a
punishable offense. Decisions like this, as well as controversial taxation issues, contributed to the
beginning of the Revolutionary War. Despite the war and the king's best efforts to highly regulate
wool commerce, the wool industry in America went from strength to strength. American presidents
George Washington and Thomas Jefferson maintained flocks of sheep and wore high-quality wool
suits during their inaugurations.
Technological developments such as water-powered looms, combing machines, and the spinning
jenny led to a rapid expansion of the wool industry on a global scale. At the turn of the 18th century,
pioneers brought small flocks of sheep to Australia and New Zealand, which are two of the largest
producers of wool in the present day. However, the rise in popularity of synthetic fibers led to a
decrease in demand for wool, so production has seen a sharp decrease over the past 100 years. In
1966, the price of wool fell by a massive 40% and has continued to fall gradually ever since. This
has led to further decreases in production, with many sheep growers turning their attention toward
meat rather than wool in order to make a living.
Questions 1-9
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-9 on
your answer sheet.
THE HISTORY OF WOOL
Early uses of wool
● Sheep and wool were distributed throughout 1………..
● The Saracens defeated 2…………to establish a wool trade.
● Many 3……….. were sent to work in Italy as slaves.
● The annual 4…………. in Champagne and Brie created a wool trade network.
● Wool cloth was valued according to the quality of its 5…………and finishing.
● Italian wool manufacturers eventually put more emphasis on 6………… production.
Wool in England and America
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● The English monarchy ordered that a 7………… be removed from anyone smuggling wool.
● American colonies were only permitted to trade wool with 8……………
● Sheep were taken from monks and given to highly-regarded 9……………
Question 10-13
Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 1?
10 England's wool industry peaked during the reign of King Edward III.
11 England worked hard to support the American wool industry.
12 Disputes related to wool led to military conflict in America.
13 Wool production slowed down throughout the 20th century.
PASSAGE 2
Questions 14-19
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Opposition to Freud's theories on child psychology
ii The necessity of full completion of stages
iii Shared views of two different theorists
iv The expansion of a leading psychologist's ideas
v A revolutionary understanding of child development
vi The evolution of developmental psychology
vii The influence of child psychology on academic performance
viii Contrasting opinions on adolescent thinking
19 Paragraph F ………
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Theories of Developmental Psychology
A Since its emergence at the beginning of the 20th century, the field of developmental psychology
has undergone many changes. Most of the earliest theorists influenced the field of psychology
significantly. Two notable theorists who greatly influenced understanding of child psychology
and early childhood education are Jean our Piaget and Erik Erikson.
B Jean Piaget created a revolutionary theory of cognitive development that sought to analyze and
describe the development of thought processes and mental states. Piaget's cognitive development
theory predominantly deals with the various stages of childhood, where progression from one
stage to the next one follows a specific sequence. He devised the four stages of his theory
through the observation of children and by evaluating how thought processes influence the way
in which children interact with their environments. Piaget posited an idea that revolutionized the
field of child psychology at the time. That is, that children and adults think markedly differently.
C Psychoanalytic theory was also tremendously influential during the first half of the twentieth
century. Theorists who were inspired by the renowned psychologist Sigmund Freud went on to
build upon Freud's ideas and develop their own enhanced theories. Perhaps the most well-known
of such theorists is Erik Erikson. Erikson's eight-stage theory of psychosocial development
focuses on social interaction and conflicts that occur during different stages of development. Erik
Erikson's psychosocial theory is unlike many other developmental theories, including Piaget's, in
that it focuses on development across the entire lifespan. According to his theory, children and
adults both face developmental crises that they must understand and overcome in order to
become psychologically virtuous.
D Both of these theories approach the matter of developmental psychology using definitive stages
to explain the process. Both Piaget and Erikson believed that the successive stages in their
respective theories build upon each other, and that failure in one stage would likely lead to
subsequent failure in the next stage. The theories are also similar in their emphasis on the
importance of controlled experiments and laboratory investigations.
E However, their views show significant differences when considering the development process in
teenagers. Piaget viewed teenagers as rational individuals who had generally rational thoughts.
Erikson disagreed with this, believing that adolescents focus more on independence, relationships
and self-discovery than on rational thinking. Also, since Erikson's theory is rooted in
psychoanalysis, he noted that the ego changes constantly throughout the stages of development,
further altering an individual's personality. In his theory, Piaget does not mention the ego, solely
focusing on changes in thought processes during the stages of cognitive development.
F Finally, the theories also contrast in the way in which the theorists view the stages. According to
Piaget, a person may not necessarily go through all phases of his theory, as each person is an
individual and may be influenced by external factors in his or her environment. On the other
hand, Erikson believed that it was crucial for all individuals to go through each and every stage
of his theory in Let order to complete the development process.
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Questions 20-26
Classify the following ideas as related to
A Piaget's theory of cognitive development
B Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
C Both Piaget's theory and Erikson's theory
Write the correct letter, A, B, or C, in boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet.

20 Childhood development is mainly focused on.
21 Individuals might not experience all phases of development.
22 The theory was influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud.
23 The ego plays a role in influencing an individual's personality.
24 Multiple stages of development are involved.
25 Teenagers tend not to think rationally.
26 Laboratory work is essential to theoretical research.
PASSAGE 3
A Human beings are extraordinarily complex organisms who are capable of performing amazing
physical and mental feats. One such mental skill is the ability to encode, store, and retrieve pieces
of information from memory. Most people understand the basic function of short-term memory,
which allows a person to recall information for a period up to one minute, and long-term
memory, which refers to the storage of large amounts of information for a potentially unlimited
duration. Human beings also utilize a third type of memory, which is called sensory memory.
Sensory memory is the shortest-term element of memory, and it refers to our ability to retain
impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli have ended. It allows us to quickly
receive information through our five senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch, retain the
information briefly, before passing it on to our short-term memory.
B The storage of information in our sensory memory does not require any conscious attention and
is, in fact, considered to be totally outside of conscious control. Unlike short-term or long-term
memory, the length of time that information can be stored in sensory memory cannot be
prolonged through memory rehearsal, or the repetition of information in order to remember it
more clearly and for a longer period. Sensory memory is an ultra-short-term memory, so the
majority of the information it collects rapidly degrades in a few seconds. These memories last for
such a short time that a person may mistakenly consider them simply part of the perception
process, but they actually play a crucial role in the process and transfer of information to our
short-term memory.
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C Sensory memory can currently be broken down into three categories, although there is potential
for more categories with future research. The memory of visual stimuli is called the iconic
memory, the memory of tactile stimuli is the haptic memory, and the memory of aural stimuli is
the echoic memory. While those categories cover sight, touch, and hearing, respectively, it is
reasonable to assume that each of the five physiological senses has a corresponding memory
store. For example, studies have been carried out in which children are shown to have the ability
to remember specific tastes during rapid tasting tests, but additional research on the topic is
required. Smell is actually theorized to have an even closer link to memory than the other senses
do, possibly because of the relatively short physical distance between the olfactory bulb and
olfactory cortex, which is where smell sensations are processed, and the amygdala, which plays a
major role in memory processes.
D A common example of iconic memory is the ability to seemingly write names and draw shapes in
the air at night by moving a lit sparkler. When the sparkler is moved quickly, it seems to leave a
glowing trail which forms a semi-permanent image. This image is actually stored in your iconic
memory, and is not really present in the air in front of you. Iconic memory was the first sensory
store to undergo research when a German physicist and mathematician named Ján Andrej Segner
performed memory experiments in 1740. Segner heated a piece of coal to the point at which it
glowed brightly. He then fixed it to a carriage wheel and spun the wheel faster and faster until an
observer reported seeing an unbroken circle of light. Segner determined that this complete circle
only appeared when the coal made a full rotation on the wheel in less than 100 milliseconds, and
thus that must be the duration of the iconic memory store.
E In 1960, an American cognitive psychologist named George Sperling carried out an experiment
in which test subjects were rapidly shown a set of letters and were then required to recall the
letters they had seen. The test subjects had difficulty recalling many letters when asked about the
entire set, but when asked about certain subgroups of letters in the set, they were able to recall a
higher number of Jove them. Sperling concluded that although iconic memory can hold a large
amount of information, the information degrades very quickly.
F When auditory information travels as sound waves, the information is transferred to and
processed in the temporal lobe. Echoic memory was first investigated shortly after Sperling
published his findings on iconic memory. Using Sperling's study as a model, researchers had test
subjects recall auditory stimuli and determined that the echoic memory store has a much longer
duration, up to 4 seconds. Recent research has shown that two of the key roles of echoic memory
are language acquisition and change detection. With regards to language, many children who
exhibit a reduced duration of echoic memory have been shown to have developmental language
disorders. Change detection is a person's ability to detect a potentially dangerous change in the
environment, even when he or she is not fully attentive.
G The human body contains millions of sensory receptors that detect sensations such as pain,
itching, burning, and pressure. Perception of such sensations, and touching in general, is related
to one's haptic memory. Although haptic memory is a relatively new area of research, many
researchers have determined that the average duration of haptic memory is approximately two
seconds. Studies of haptic memory in children are particularly useful as they allow scientists to
gain insight into the early stages of thinking and reasoning in the human brain. While a newborn
will only exhibit haptic memory in sensations related to its mouth, 2-month-olds will recognize
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the shape and texture of objects after 30 seconds and 4-month-olds will remember the feel of an
object even after 2 minutes.
Questions 27-34
Reading Passage 3 has seven sections, A-G. Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.
27 mention of a technique for improving memory
28 an outline of the three types of sensory memory
29 the use of a fellow researcher's findings
30 a brief description of long-term memory
31 a practical example of iconic memory
32 a description of the earliest iconic memory experiment
33 a reference to the development of infants
34 a connection between sensory memory and language
Questions 35-40
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
35 Sensory memory allows people to briefly store sensory information after………. have finished.
36 Sensory memory information is subsequently passed on to our………… memory.
37 Information gathered through sensory memory………… within a period of a few seconds.
38 Memory of information received visually is referred to as………… memory.
39 Those who have a short echoic memory may have difficulty developing…………… skills.
40 A newborn will show evidence of haptic memory when its………… is touched.
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ANSWER KEY
A. LISTENING
Section 1 Section 2
1 elsinore 11 A/E
2 077896245 12 E/A
3 waiter 13 A/C
4 baseball coach 14 C/A
5 rescue diver 15 I
6 diving experience 16 B
7 october 17 F
8 saturday mornings 18 C
9 6 (o'clock) 19 E
10 (the) radio 20 D
Section 3 Section 4
21 A 31 cities
22 B 32 bank
23 A 33 skyscrapers
24 A 34 stone (construction)
25 C 35 recycled glass
26 C 36 rainfall
27 A 37 wooden
28 D 38 soil
29 B 39 movement
30 F 40 guidelines
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B. READING
1 Europe 21 A
2 Spain 22 B
3 Greeks/weavers 23 B
4 fairs 24 C
5 dyeing 25 B
6 silk 26 C
7 hand 27 B
8 England 28 C
9 nobles 29 F
10 F 30 A
11 F 31 D
12 T 32 D
13 T 33 G
14 vi 34 F
15 v 35 stimuli
16 iv 36 short-term
17 iii 37 degrades
18 viii 38 iconic
19 ii 39 language
20 A 40 mouth
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PRACTICE TEST 2
A. LISTENING
Section 1
Question 1-10
Write ONE WORD ONLY AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
KINGSTOWN TOURS
Name of Price Main activities Other information
tour
Cave $93  go in a small (1) ………… to the  minimum age of (2)
Explorers other side of the lake ………… years old.
 explore the caves
Silver $220  travel by (3) …………… to the  eat a barbecue lunch
Fjord fjord  see marine life such as
 at Easten go for a (4) ………… seals
 cruise on the fjord and (6) ……………….
 see mountains and a
large (5) ……………….
High $105  visit a historic home  this tour has excellent
Country  lunch is in the (7) ………… reviews
 in the afternoon visit a (8) …………
Zipline $75  travel on a zipline above an old  reach speeds of (10) ……
(9) ………… miles per hour
Section 2
Question 11-17
Choose the correct letter, A, B, or C.
11 The main purpose of the service is to
A. educate people.
B. persuade people to fly.
C. provide people with comfort.
12 The number of people working at Sydney Airport is
A. 200
B. 360
C. 440
13 Dogs are chosen according to
A. their ability to stay calm.
B. their friendliness.
C. their skill at locating narcotics.
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14 The number of postal items processed last year amounted to
A. 4,400.
B. 52,000.
C. 72,000.
15 People carrying items that are not allowed
A. will get arrested.
B. will be refused on board.
C. will be given a warning.
16 Which of the following is NOT allowed to be taken on the flight?
A. Carry-on items
B. Plant seeds
C. Parcels
17 What is the proper security protocol for a pocket knife found in a carry-on suitcase?
A. It is returned to the passenger after examination.
B. It is thrown away in a safe receptacle.
C. It is passed on to higher-level authorities.
Question 18-20
The acceptable material for packing goods in Australia is 18…………..
The belongings most of time are refused due to problems with the 19…………..
The customs must be given notice of the goods from 20………….. days before it arrives in
Australia.
Section 3
Question 21-22
According to the students, what are the TWO most important benefits of market research?
A. Selecting the best advertising
B. Reducing the levels of risks
C. Building confidence among employees
D. Saving money in the long run
E. Identifying new opportunities
Question 23-24
Which do the students agree are TWO valid criticisms of market research?
A. It does not reveal any new information.
B. Its benefits are hard to measure.
C. It takes too much time to carry out.
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D. It makes use of too much specialist language.
E. Its findings are sometimes wrong.
Question 25-26
The students are surprised by the success of which TWO sources of information?
A. face-to-face communication
B. official government statistics
C. the media and social media
D. online surveys of public opinion
E. filming customers as they shop
Question 27-30
Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-F, next to questions 27-30.
A. written records
B. online studies
C. specific questions
D. individual responsibility
E. proper planning
F. regular meetings
MARKETING RESEARCH USING A BUSINESS’s OWN RESOURCES
Begin with staff education to maximise the chances of success.
Give staff examples of (27) ……………………. that will be helpful every day.
The BQR Group says that staff should make use of (28) ……………………. each week.
Having (29) ……………………. is motivating for staff, according to Business Guide.
Provide detailed feedback about any changes that you decide to make.
Allow staff to have (30) ……………………. to ensure continued participation.
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Section 4
Question 31-40
An Overview of The Research on Amber
Amber: a fossilised tree resin, which may be produced to protect itself against 31………… and
fungi.
Colors:
• usual yellow, orange, or brown
• uncommon colors e.g. blue (what causes the blue color in amber is related to the occurrence
of 32………)
Formation
• under sustained 33………… and pressure
• during an 34…………… stage between resins and amber, copal is produced.
Places and Conditions
• commonly found on 35………… e.g. in Russia
• avoid exposure to 36…………, rain, and temperate extremes
Inclusions
• Dominican amber: 1 inclusion to every 100 pieces
• Baltic amber: 1 inclusion to every 37…………… pieces
Uses and Applications
• It can be used to make ornamental objects and jewelry in 38………… settings.
• Some people believe that its powder mixed with 39……………cures throat, eye and ear diseases.
• It has even been used as a 40………… material, for instance using it to create Amber Room.
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B. READING
PASSAGE 1
New Zealand's early crafts and traditions
The first groups of people to discover New Zealand came from Polynesia. Exactly when these
explorers arrived has often been a matter of debate, but today the general understanding is that it was
during the 13th century that their canoes eventually landed on New Zealand's shores. In some ways
the new country must have seemed like an ideal place to settle: the land was fertile, and thick forests
provided firewood, shelter and building materials. Still, life would have been challenging for the
different Polynesian tribes, who had to adapt to a new environment. The tribes only began to refer to
themselves as Maori, meaning 'ordinary people', when Europeans in search of new opportunities
began arriving in the 18th century. To the Maori, of course, the European settlers and sailors were
not 'ordinary', but very strange.
It was not only a knowledge of canoe-building and navigation that the Polynesians brought to New
Zealand. They were also skilled craftsmen. There is archaeological evidence that the tools they
produced were of high quality and would have enabled tribes to plant and harvest crops. Craftsmen
were also occupied with making weapons such as knives and axes, which were used for both
construction and fighting. Interestingly, some crafts that had once been popular in Polynesian islands
were no longer done in New Zealand, although researchers are unsure why. Pottery is an example of
this, despite the fact that the clay needed to make pots and bowls could easily be found in the new
country.
The Maori word whakairo can be translated as 'decorative work' — this can refer to bone, wood and
greenstone carving. Although Maori carvers were influenced by their Polynesian heritage, they
developed their own style, including the curved patterns and spirals inspired by New Zealand plants.
The same term can also apply to weaving; the crafting of, for example, woven baskets and mats all
required knowledge and skill. Carving greenstone, or pounamu as it is called in Maori, was a long
process, requiring great patience. Further, because of this mineral's rarity, any greenstone object,
such as a piece of jewellery or cutting blade, was a prized possession. For that reason, it was the few
people of high status rather than low-ranking members of a tribe who would possess such objects.
As New Zealand had no native mammals except for bats, dolphins and whales, Maori largely had to
depend on plants to provide material for their clothing, including their cloaks. Weavers experimented
with the inner bark of the houhere, the lacebark tree, but found it unsuitable. But the dried-out leaves
and fibres of the flax plant provided a solution. Once a cloak had been woven from flax, it could be
decorated. Borders might be dyed black or red, for example. In the case of superior ones made for
chiefs or the more important members of a tribe, feathers from kiwi, pigeons or other native birds
might be attached. All flax cloaks were rectangular in shape, so had no sleeves, and neither was a
hood a feature of this garment. Short cloaks were fastened around a person's neck, and came only to
the waist.
Pins made of bone, wood or greenstone allowed longer cloaks to be secured at the shoulder; these
were a type that were often used for ceremonial occasions. Of course, the construction of the cloaks
was influenced by the plant material available to Maori weavers. This meant that cloaks were loose-
fitting, and while they protected wearers from New Zealand's strong sunshine, they were not useful
during the winter months. A cloak made from fur or wool could provide insulation from the cold, but
not so a cloak made of flax.
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The warriors of a tribe required a different kind of cloak to help protect them. To create these special
cloaks, the tough fibres of the mountain cabbage tree were used instead. It is not clear to researchers
what the entire process involved, but they believe the fibres were left to soak in water over a period
of time in order to soften them and make them easier to weave together. Later, once the whole cloak
had been constructed, it would be dyed black. To do this, Maori weavers covered it in a special kind
of mud they had collected from riverbeds. This was rich in iron due to New Zealand's volcanic
landscape. The particular advantage of these cloaks was that the tough cabbage tree fibres they were
woven from could reduce the impact of spear tips during a fight with enemy tribes. It is fortunate that
some cloaks from the 1800s still survive and can provide us with further insight into the materials
and construction techniques that Maori craftsmen used.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
1 It is now widely thought that humans reached New Zealand in the 13th century.
2 The first Europeans to come to New Zealand were keen to trade with Maori.
3 Members of Maori tribes were responsible for either tool- or weapon-making.
4 A craft that the Maori once practised in New Zealand was making pottery.
5 Weaving baskets and mats was seen as a form of decorative work by the Maori.
6 It used to be common for everyone in a Maori tribe to wear greenstone jewellery.
Questions 7-13
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers
in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.
flax cloaks warrior cloaks
methods of Maori made flax cloaks by Weavers had to use

construction
- weaving leaves and fibres 11 ........................ to
- sometimes adding 7 ........................ to make cabbage tree fibres less

the better cloaks stiff
appearance Flax cloaks were Mud containing
- rectangular in shape 12 ......................... was used to

make the cloaks look black
- designed without a 8 .........................
- tied at either the wearer's neck or
their 9 ...............................
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good/bad points Flax cloaks offered no 13 .................... could not
10 ....................... during winter easily go through the cloak's

tough fibres
PASSAGE 2
The Truth about Lying
A An area of scientific study that caught the public imagination during the 1970s involved a gorilla
called Koko. Animal psychologist Francine Patterson claimed to have taught Koko a simplified
form of American Sign Language, and through signing, Koko could apparently communicate
basic ideas such as 'food' and 'more', as well as concepts such as 'good' and 'sorry'. But Koko also
used signs to blame other people for damage she had caused herself. While today there is some
dispute about whether Koko truly understood the meaning of all the signs she made, Professor
Karen Goodger believes she was certainly capable of dishonesty. 'People use words to lie, but for
animals with higher brain functions, there's also a higher probability that they'll demonstrate
manipulative behaviours. We see this not just in gorillas, but in other creatures with a large
neocortex.'
B Human societies may appear to disapprove of lying, but that doesn't mean we don't all do it. And
it seems that the ability, or at least the desire to deceive, starts from an early age. In one study run
by psychologist Kang Lee, children were individually brought into a laboratory and asked to face
a wall. They were asked to guess what toy one of Lee's fellow researchers had placed on a table
behind them - for example, a fluffy cat or dog. The researcher would then announce they had to
leave the lab to take a phone call, reminding the child not to turn around. The research team were
well aware that many children would be unable to resist peeking at the toy. Secret cameras
showed that 30% of two-year-old children lied about not looking. This went up to 50% for three-
year-olds and almost 80% of eight-year-olds. Interestingly, whereas the younger children simply
named the toy and denied taking a peek, the older ones came up with some interesting reasons to
explain how they had identified the toy correctly. Lee is reassured by this trend, seeing it as
evidence in each case that the cognitive growth of a human child is progressing as it should.
Parents, of course, may not be so pleased.
C Adults, however, can hardly criticize children. According to Professor Richard Wiseman, it
appears that adults typically tell two major lies per day, and that one third of adult conversations
contain an element of dishonesty. Other research indicates that spouses lie in one out of every 10
interactions. This probably comes as no surprise to Tali Sharot at University College London,
who has run a series of experiments proving we become desensitised to lying over time. She has
found that while we might initially experience a sense of shame about small lies, this feeling
eventually wears off. The result, Sharot has found, is that we progress to more serious ones.
D Other researchers, including Tim Levine at the University of Alabama, have analysed our
motives for lying. By far the most common is our desire to cover up our own wrongdoing.
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Second to this are lies we tell to gain economic advantage - we might lie during an interview to
increase the chances of getting a job. Interestingly, 'white lies', the kind we tell to avoid hurting
people's feelings, account only for a small percentage of our untruths. But if we recognise our
own tendency to lie, why don't we recognise it in others? Professor Goodger thinks it has
something to do with our strong desire for certain information we hear to be true, even when we
might suspect it isn't. This is because we might be 'comforted by others' lies or excited by the
promise of a good outcome', Goodger says.
E We might not expect ordinary people to be good at recognising lies, but what about people whose
job it is to investigate the behaviour of others? Paul Ekman is a psychologist from the University
of California. As part of his research into deception, he has invited a range of experts to view
videos of people telling lies and of others telling the truth. Among the experts have been judges,
psychiatrists and people who operate polygraph machines for police investigations. None of these
experts have shown they can detect dishonesty any better than people without their experience.
Part of the problem is that so many myths still prevail about 'give-away signs' indicating that
someone is lying.
F A common claim, for example, is that liars won't look people in the eye during their explanations
or while being questioned. Another is that they are likely to gesture as they tell their story, but so
frequently that it seems unnatural - as if they are trying to convince others of their sincerity.
However, many researchers have come to reject these ideas, suggesting a more effective
approach is to listen to their narration style. A difficulty that liars face is having to remember
exactly what they said, which is why they don't provide as many details as a person giving an
honest account would. It is also typical of liars to mentally rehearse their story, and this is why
one stage follows another in apparently chronological fashion. Honest stories, however, feature
revisions and repetition. Recent research has also disproved the widely believed notion that liars
have a habit of fidgeting in their seats. Rather, it seems that they keep still, especially in the
upper body, possibly hoping to give the impression of self-assurance. Liars also put some
psychological distance between themselves and their lies. For that reason, they avoid the use of 'I'
when narrating their stories. The reverse is true, however, when people write fake reviews of,
say, a hotel or restaurant. In these instances, 'I' features again and again as they attempt to
convince us that their experience was real.
Questions 20-26
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-18
on your answer sheet.
14 details regarding the frequency at which the average person tends to lie
15 a reference to an experiment testing the lie-detecting skills of various professional groups
16 an explanation of why people might frequently refer to themselves when lying
17 examples of the reasons why some people might choose to lie to others
18 a description of an experiment that gave participants the opportunity to lie
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Questions 19-22
Look at the following statements (Questions 19-22) and the list of researchers below.
Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C.
List of researchers
A Karen Goodger
B Kang Lee
C Tali Sharot
19 Guilt often diminishes as people become used to telling lies.

20 People's need to feel reassured and hopeful makes them susceptible to lies.
21 More intelligent species are more likely to be deceptive.
22 The increasing sophistication of lying is part of normal development.
Questions 23-26
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 23-26
on your answer sheet.
Signs that someone is lying
It is commonly claimed that people who are lying will avoid making eye contact with others and
will 23 ..................... a lot. Many researchers now disagree with these claims. Instead they analyse
the way that people tell their stories. For example, liars tend to offer fewer 24 ................ than people
who are telling the truth. However, each 25 .................. of their story seems to be in order, because
they have carefully planned what they want to say. And contrary to what many people believe, liars
often remain 26 .................... as they lie, perhaps in the belief that they will come across as more
confident than they really are.
PASSAGE 3
The Influence of the Crime Writer
Agatha Christie
Crime fiction books, in which detectives hunt for the perpetrators of crimes, have been popular with
readers for many decades — so popular, in fact, that at a recent London Book Fair sales of the genre
overtook general fiction for the first time ever, a development that had been widely anticipated.
Commercial success, of course, does not impress everyone and there are those who believe crime
fiction should not be held in such high regard. Prominent in this group is Sebastian Franklin, who has
argued that most crime fiction books better resemble crossword puzzles than literature. His view is
shared by other literary critics. However, increasingly this is a minority opinion as crime fiction
becomes recognised around the world as a rich and dynamic literary genre in its own right.
Crime writing really came to prominence in the 1920s and 30s with the books of the British author
Agatha Christie, and to a slightly lesser extent the American James M. Cain. Agatha Christie was a
prolific writer, publishing more than 60 detective novels over a 50-year period, beginning in 1920.
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However, the majority of the general public have never picked up one of her books and are more
familiar with Christie from the numerous adaptations of her work for films. The colourful locations
around the world where Christie set many of her stories were not fictional depictions, but were
informed by her extensive travels, on the Orient Express train, to Cairo and the River Nile, and
elsewhere. Her memoir, Come, Tell Me How You Live, published in 1946, is a non-fiction account
of these real-life travels, so is unique among Christie's publications. Success brought Christie
considerable wealth and international fame, though she never lost her appetite for work, continuing
writing and publishing until shortly before her death in 1976.
Without doubt there are certain elements that tend to be repeated in Christie's books. The stories
generally revolve around a well-off if not aristocratic circle of people, whose privileged lives are
thrown into chaos by an unexplained crime. What's more, the location is often a confined space of
some sort: a train, an island, a boat, an isolated house or a village. This is quite different, for
example, to the world of the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes, who often has as his hunting
ground the entire city of London. But the influence of Christie's sheltered, secluded locations has
been immense, for they have been used in countless television series ever since.
The writer Michael Utley argues that Christie's characters lack depth and are not convincing people
we can believe in. This is a not infrequent complaint, but it is quite untrue. Christie was a perceptive
observer of human nature and psychology and she put the traits of people she knew into many of her
fictional characters. Part of the reason her appeal has been so widespread is that she wrote about
human relationships in a way so many of us can relate to. Her very first book, The Mysterious Affair
at Styles, features the amateur detective Hercule Poirot. Poirot and Miss Marple are Christie's two
best known and most frequently imitated characters precisely because they are so well drawn and
believable. Further evidence of Christie's ability at characterisation was provided by a recent survey.
The survey asked readers to identify the villain revealed in the final pages of Christie's sixteenth
book, Murder on the Orient Express. Most readers could not recall, because for them the really
important aspect of the book had been the interplay between the characters, not the outcome. The
truth is that Christie's characters were one of her greatest achievements as a writer.
The books are also action-packed, no less so than today's most popular thrillers. Christie mastered
the art of the page-turner: events unfold so quickly and unpredictably that we keep reading to find
out what happens next. The most significant consequence is that it is so simple to overlook vital
clues. It is worth reading a Christie book a second time just to notice how carefully she hides crucial
information about the criminal's identity. It was there all along, but we just fail to see it because she
has created such tension and so many exciting distractions.
Attempts to retell Christie's stories in contemporary times have largely been unsuccessful; they work
best in their original early twentieth-century settings and cannot accommodate mobile phones,
computers and DNA analysis. But that does not mean her influence has come to an end. Indeed, a
new generation of global crime writers is emerging in nations as diverse as Brazil, Singapore, South
Korea, India and Nigeria, to name but five. And though each new writer adds something of their
own, they all employ conventions first established by Christie. If we take just one of her books, The
Murder of Roger Ackroyd, we find near perfect examples of conventions that are still used today:
tight plotting, clever sub-plots, unexpected twists, perceptive characterisation. Perhaps this is why
Christie herself is believed to have ranked The Murder of Roger Ackroyd above all her other work.
Certainly, the digital revolution has transformed crime fighting. But a survey of contemporary crime
writing shows that Agatha Christie's legacy is more important now than at any time previously, at the
very point when crime writing has become the most popular of all book genres.
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Questions 27-32
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
27 Sales of crime fiction were surprisingly high at a recent London Book Fair.
28 Literary critics such as Sebastian Franklin think that crime fiction is overrated.
29 Agatha Christie and James M. Cain admired each other's writing.
30 Most people know about Christie from films rather than books.
31 Christie's descriptions of international locations were based on her own experience.
32 Christie enjoyed the wealth and fame she achieved through writing.
Questions 33-36
Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D.
33 What is the writer doing in the third paragraph?
A. discussing one weakness of Christie's style
B. identifying a writer who influenced Christie
C. contrasting different techniques Christie used
D. listing some features of a typical Christie story
34 The writer refers to Michael Utley in order to
A. reject a common criticism of Christie's books.
B. compare two of Christie's better-known books.
C. explain the conclusion of one of Christie's books.
D. suggest that each of Christie's books was different.
35 What point does the writer make about Christie's writing style in the fifth paragraph?
A. Occasionally, the stories do not make sense.
B. Little happens compared to modern stories.
C. Important evidence is very easy to miss.
D. Some unnecessary details are included.
36 What does the writer conclude about Christie in the final paragraph?
A. Her influence is slowly beginning to decrease.
B. She is more influential today than ever before.
C. One book was more influential than the others.
D. She has only influenced writers in certain countries.
Questions 37-40
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below. Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes
37-40 on your answer sheet..
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37 Christie's book Come, Tell Me How You Live,
38 Christie's first book, The Mysterious Affair at Styles
39 Christie's sixteenth book, Murder on the Orient Express
40 The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, published in 1926,
A is an example of a book disliked by many critics.
B has sold more copies than her other books.
C has illustrated the fact that readers cannot remember the ending.
D was Christie's own favourite from among her books for good reasons.
E is different from all of her other books.
F introduced one of her most famous and most often copied characters.
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ANSWER KEY
A. LISTENING
Section 1 Section 3
1 train 21 B/D
2 5 (five) 22 B/D
3 coach/bus 23 D/E
4 walk 24 D/E
5 waterfall 25 A/C
6 whales 26 A/C
7 garden 27 C
8 farm 28 A
9 forest 29 F
10 43 30 D Section 4
Section 2 31 insects
11 A 32 volcanic dust
12 C 33 heat
13 A 34 intermediate
14 B 35 seashores
15 C 36 sunlight
16 B 37 1,000/ (one) thousand
17 B 38 silver
18 paper 39 honey
19 package labels 40 building
20 2 to 10/ two to ten
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B. READING
1 TRUE 21 A
2 NOT GIVEN 22 B
3 NOT GIVEN 23 GESTURE
4 FALSE 24 DETAILS
5 TRUE 25 STAGE
6 FALSE 26 STILL
7 feathers 27 NO
8 hood 28 YES
9 shoulder 29 NOT GIVEN
10 insulation 30 YES
11 water 31 YES
12 iron 32 NOT GIVEN
13 spear tips 33 D
14 C 34 A
15 E 35 C
16 F 36 B
17 D 37 E
18 B 38 F
19 C 39 C
20 A 40 D
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11.2
SPEAKING & WRITING REVISION
A. SPEAKING PRACTICE
SPEAKING PART 1
STUDY
1. Why have you chosen this subject/ major?
I decided to follow Economics because I had been very interested in doing my own business. I
believed that in order to be successful, I needed to have deep understanding of how the financial
world works, how to study the potential markets. The theories in school, together with the hands-on
experience from professors would be very much useful for me in the future.
2. What do you like about your study?

For the most part, I would say it’s the environment. We speak in English 100% in the class, and it
helps us develop our English skills substantially. Besides, almost all the classrooms are equipped
with top-notch facilities like air-conditioners or overhead projectors. My teachers and friends are
nice as well. All in all, it’s a great place to study.
3. What is the most difficult part of your subject?

I have to remember lots of legislation and cases and not only remember their names, but also how
they affect each part of the law and how they interact with each other. Physically it can also be
exhausting because we have to read very dense texts for a few hours every day.
4. Is there anything that you dislike about your school?

The only thing that I’m really not keen on about my study is the amount of schoolwork. There are so
many assignments, and it leaves me with very little time to do anything else. I used to like going to
the cinema regularly with my mates, but since starting this course I spend every spare minute with
my head in a book.
WORK
1. What do you like about your job?
What I love about my job the most is that it gives me the freedom to create. Unlike many other office
work, I don’t have to spend an entire day in my office, which is pretty cool. My boss, who is very
intuitive, actually encourages me to go outside to find some inspirations for my work.
2. Why did you choose to work in this field?

The reason why I chose to be working in this field is because this profession is thriving in my country
and being good at it can help me earn a lot of cash to sustain a good life. In fact, if you're among the
top in marketing you can earn up to $6000 a month which is nearly 6 times higher than other
professions.
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3. What do you do after work?

So after I get off, I usually hit the bar with a couple of my friends, or even, my students. We would
like to grab a couple of drinks or maybe a bite to eat if we’re feeling up to it. And it’s always a blast
whenever I hang out with them. It’s a great way to unwind and chill.
4. Will you continue in this job in the future?

I wouldn’t say for sure if I will change my job at all because no one really knows what the future
holds. But for now, I am quite content with the job I am having. It accommodates all my needs and
allows me a lot of opportunities to put my knowledge and skills to good use. So, I guess I will stay
this way for a little while.
HOMETOWN
1. Where is your hometown?
I was born and raised here in Hanoi, so I guess this city is my hometown. I’ve been living here for
nearly 25 years.
2. Please describe your hometown a little.

As you might know already, Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam, and there’s sooo many nice things to talk
about. This is a metropolitan city obviously, so you can meet people from many places around the
world. That being said, it also means that the city is quite packed!
3. What do you like most about your hometown?

The best thing for me personally is that there are countless coffee shops around Hanoi, it’s a paradise
for coffee lovers like me! And if you are a fan of this drink, the signature Egg Coffee can win you
easily! Another thing to love about HN is the people here, the Hanoian are very friendly to
foreigners!
4. Is there anything you dislike about it?

Much as I love my city, the air quality is quite bad! I know polluted air is quite common in major
cities around the world, but still, it’s harmful to everyone’s health.
5. Did you learn about the history of your hometown at school?

I don’t remember exactly… I suppose I did learn about Hanoi and its names throughout various
dynasties (triều đại) in the past at elementary school and secondary school.
6. Do you think you will continue living there for a long time?
Yeah, absolutely! I do love to visit other countries as well, but Hanoi is still the best option when it
comes to settling down. I mean the living cost here is relatively low compared to other cities like New
York or Tokyo.
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FRIENDS
1. Do you have many close friends?
I have only one friend I would confide in. I’m quite picky and more importantly, I have a somewhat
irrational fear that none of my friends really like me and that I’m just a guy they can barely tolerate,
and it is hard for me to live in harmony with them.
2. Do you think friendship is important?

There is no doubt that friendships play a vital role in our life. They make our lives interesting and
wonderful. They help us develop a sense of sharing whether they are tangible things or just
inspirational or motivational words of wisdom.
3. Which do you prefer to spend time with: a friend or spend time alone?
It depends. Normally, I’m more of a loner and generally spend more time in solitude than with
friends. But when I’m in a bad mood, loneliness makes me feel isolated from the whole world. These
days, I will hang out with my friends so that sad and unhappy thoughts cannot come into my mind.
4. What kind of people do you like to have as friend?

I find myself attracted to people who are honest and who know how to behave with others. I always
avoid making friends with people who have a superiority complex.
5. Do you like face-to-face conversations with people?

Actually I like to talk with cyber friends more than having real-world conversations. I think others
observe me a lot, they judge me and hence I become very self conscious and shy away from speaking
face to face.
ARTS
1. Do you like art?
To be honest, I am quite fond of art as I find it really abstract and beautiful. Some people hold the
belief that art is way too sophisticated and tasteless, having to spend hours looking at a picture.
However, personally, I take great interest in those things since staring at a unique piece of art from a
different angle gives me a completely new experience every time.
2. Do you want to visit an art gallery or museum?

Yes, indeed. Art galleries are my go-to destinations whenever I feel down or need to find some
recreational places to unwind after a series of stressful events. I love the feeling of being surrounded
by various masterpieces of prominent artists, observing their works of art, learning some facts about
the paintings and the story behind them. That would be an ideal activity for me to treat myself.
3. What are the differences between old and modern arts?
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Though I’m not an expert, I assume the differences between old and modern arts can vary depending
on the specific art styles and time periods being compared. Generally, traditional or ancient art is
associated with more classical styles of artwork that depict historical or religious themes, while
modern art is often associated with more experimental and non-traditional styles that seek to
challenge traditional forms of art.
4. Do you want to be an artist?

Well, to tell you the truth, although I would love to become one, my artistic ability is really restricted.
Moreover, it is nearly impossible for me to be able to devote my life to art as I am still distracted by
other priorities in life. However, I can’t deny the fact that visiting art galleries gives me a source of
inspiration to explore more about art.
STAY UP LATE
1. How often do you stay up late?
I usually go to bed at around 2 or even 3 AM. It’s not that I work hard or do anything either serious
or important, it is only because of social media. I know that this is so unhealthy, but I can’t help it.
Maybe I need to find ways to stop scrolling Tiktok at night.
2. Did you stay up late when you were a kid?

Hardly ever, because when I was a kid, I had a lot of me-time during the day, so I didn’t have to
sacrifice my sleep time to do something more important. I was totally an early bird.
3. What do you do when you stay up late?

As I said earlier, social media apps are the main culprit. It is a fact that platforms with short videos
are designed to capture our attention immediately and become increasingly addictive. At first, you
think that you might spend around 5 or 10 minutes watching those videos. Afterwards, it turns out
that you have wasted 2 or even 3 hours of your day. Then, you feel guilty and have no motivation to
do anything. The most important thing is that, I believe, not only me but also lots of young people out
there are struggling with this problem.
4. What does it feel like the next morning when you stay up late?
In the past, I used to be quite a “morning person” since I had to attend classes everyday, so staying
up too late at night would be a nightmare for me. However, saying goodbye to the student’s life and
becoming an employee made me gradually become an official “night owl” now. That is the reason
why I feel completely fine in this situation, as long as I get an 8-hour sleep, which means that I have
to wake up late the next morning.
T-SHIRTS
1. Do you like wearing T-shirts?
Yes, I do. Because nothing is more fashionably versatile than a simple Tee, T-shirts can go with
everything. And as someone who has a slightly heavier stature than average, I find the flexible fabric
of most T-shirts to be extremely comfortable.
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2. How often do you wear T-shirts?

I don a T-shirt almost every day since a simple one can pass as being both casual for social
gatherings and semi-formal for work-related events, especially if paired with a blazer or a jacket.
3. Do you like T-shirts with pictures or prints?

Not really, I love my T-shirts simple with one solid color, though I would tolerate a Tee with some
simple patterns or a small typography design on rare occasions. I have seen my fair share of designs
on many T-shirts and unfortunately, they mostly seem too tacky.
4. Do you think older people who wear T-shirts are fashionable?

Yes definitely, like I have previously stated, T-shirts are extremely versatile so anyone can wear one.
But picking the right size can be trickier for senior citizens, especially if he or she is conscious about
their bodies because most elderly people have a higher BMI or Body Mass Index compared to a
teenager or a middle-aged adult, which can make them seem chubbier than they are. I would
recommend choosing a bigger T-shirt for a more comfortable fit.
5. Would you buy T-shirts as souvenirs on vacation?

That’d be a no for me because T-shirts sold at gift shops or stores in a holiday destination usually
have graphics that depict recognizable features of that place, such as a famous landmark or even a
famous dish that has put that place on the map. And wearing a t-shirt that has an oversized picture of
anything is just too extreme for my taste.
CONCENTRATION
1. Is it difficult for you to stay focused on something?
I have a case of self-diagnosed ADHD, so it is impossible for me to fully concentrate on something
for more than 30 minutes. With coffee, however, I would definitely be able to go for an hour or two.
2. What do you do to help you concentrate?

Besides caffeine, something that I have found to be incredibly helpful is music, especially
instrumental or acoustic beats. Meanwhile, songs with lyrics would break my concentration since I’m
too much of a music lover to not sing along.
3. What may distract you when you’re trying to stay focused?

As much as I don’t want to admit this, pretty much everything, from my bed and pillows, the view
outside my window, to my computer and little notifications on my phone. This is why I usually go to
the office or a quiet café to boost my productivity.
4. When do you need to be focused?

I think most of these situations have to do with the more important things in life. For example, when
you have to study for an exam, concentration would ensure better results. Or maybe, when you’re
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spending time with your family and friends, focusing on them instead of looking at your phone would
make them feel appreciated.
SPEAKING PART 2 & 3

1.
Part 2:
Describe an invention that changed people's lives. You should say:
 What it is
 What it does (or, how it is used)
 How popular it is among people of different ages
And explain why (or how) you think it changed people's lives.
Sample
There are so many life-changing inventions in this world that it is hard for me to choose one.
However, considering what springs to my mind at the moment, I think I would describe the Internet.
Needless to say, the Internet helps connect people from all around the globe within a nanosecond.
In the past, it would take ages for us to send and receive messages from someone, as mailing was
the only means of communication back then. However, thanks to the Internet, we can now send
messages and make calls immediately. Moreover, we can even communicate and work with people
from different parts of the world, as shown in how virtual classrooms and meetings have grown
dramatically in popularity in recent years. And of course, it is impossible not to mention the
recreational and educational values that the Internet brings. Should we struggle to find an answer
to a specific question, using search engines such as Google has been proven to be extremely useful
here.
Most importantly, what I love about the Internet is that thanks to it, people nowadays are having
better access than ever to different entertainment programmes. We can literally do everything with
the help of the Internet, from watching movies, listening to music to playing mobile games. This is
even better when no fees are charged when we use such features on the Internet.
Part 3:
1. Can you name any other inventions that have made a big impact on human society?
There are many inventions that have made a big impact on human society. Some examples include
the printing press, which revolutionized the spread of information; the internet, which has
transformed communication and commerce; medical advancements such as vaccines and antibiotics,
which have greatly reduced mortality rates and improved public health; the automobile, which has
changed the way we travel and brought about new industries; and the telephone, which has made
long-distance communication more accessible and efficient. These are just a few examples, and there
are many more inventions that have had a significant impact on human society.
2. What do you think makes an invention “useful”?
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The way I see it, some inventions can be considered useful if they meet a need or solve a problem for
people, making their lives easier, more efficient, or more comfortable. Others may be useful because
they fulfill a desire or appeal to human curiosity. Ultimately, the usefulness of an invention depends
on its ability to improve the lives of individuals or society as a whole.
3. What invention(s) would you like to be available in the future?

Personally, I hope there would be inventions that offer solutions to current environmental or social
problems, such as renewable energy sources or improved public transportation systems. Besides, I
expect to see advancements in fields such as medicine or space exploration that could have
significant benefits for humanity. Ultimately, the future of technological advancements is difficult to
predict, but it's important to consider how new inventions may impact society and the environment
and strive to develop solutions that address our most pressing challenges.
4. What household appliances make us lazy?

While some people may argue that household appliances make us lazy and overdependent, it is a
matter of personal perspective and opinion. I would say some household appliances that many
individuals may believe make us lazy include smart home technology that automates various tasks
such as lighting, heating, cooling, and cleaning, dishwashers that eliminate the need for hand-
washing dishes, washing machines and dryers that reduce the need for manual labor in laundry
tasks.
5. What are some examples of electronic or electrical equipment that are used in schools?
I think the idea of using different inventions at school has become much more common in recent
years. For example, computers are used much more frequently by the school, in order for students to
learn some basic IT skills. Moreover, I can also see projectors being present in every single class
nowadays as it is an indispensable tool that facilitates the learning process of students as well as the
communication of knowledge by teachers.
2.
Part 2
Describe a person you met at a party who you enjoyed talking with. You should say:
 What party it was
 How you met this person
 What you talked about
And explain why you enjoyed talking with him/her
Sample
Sarah was one of the most interesting people I met at a party. It was a birthday celebration for a
mutual friend at a city rooftop bar. We were introduced by a buddy who knew we both worked in
the creative sector, and we hit it off immediately away.
We discussed our employment, interests, and vacation experiences during our conversation.
Hearing about her career as a graphic designer and her passion for photography was fascinating.
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She told us about her travels, including mountaineering in the Himalayas and seeing little
communities in India. Her understanding of art and music really struck me, and we discussed
some of our favorite artists and bands.
What I liked about talking to Sarah was her upbeat attitude and genuine interest in getting to know
me. She was easy to chat to and had a fantastic sense of humor, which allowed for a natural flow
of conversation. It was pleasant to encounter someone who was so enthusiastic about their career
and life that they were ready to share their knowledge with others.
We exchanged contact information and considered getting together for coffee later in the evening.
It was a delight to meet someone who was both motivating and enjoyable to be around, and I'm
happy to make a new friend at the party.
Part 3
1. How do people make friends in Vietnam?
Well, I think that Vietnamese people are quite moderate and approachable so it shouldn’t be difficult
to befriend people here. Personally, there are several common ways. First of all, using social media
apps like Tinder, Instagram, or Facebook. You can easily see photos and information about people’s
interests, ages, and jobs. This is one of the most popular ways of making friends among the young in
Vietnam. Moreover, some people want to have more real and authentic experiences, they will join
clubs to get acquainted with people with similar interests. I think as long as you are sincere, you can
become friends with anyone.
2. On what occasions would people be willing to get to know new people?

Based on my observation, people usually make friends at community events like weddings, parties,
etc. On occasions like these, it’s easy to find ways to strike up a conversation, maybe through a
mutual friend or through a common interest. Not just that, some people like to connect with others
while traveling. You know, the locals can help you see another culture live and breathe through an
authentic lense, you get to see what is behind the facade. They can also bring us to the most
intriguing place we’ve ever been to.
3. Is it important to have the same hobbies and interests when making friends?
I suppose having similar interests plays a significant role in any relationship, especially friendship as
you will have more things to talk about, you seem to be on the same page most of the time, and
sometimes instead of talking, you can enjoy some leisure activities together. However, I hold a belief
that even though most of the time, shared hobbies and interests help form a friendship, you can still
befriend those who have nothing in common. Chemistry and shared values are more important in a
friendship.
4. What qualities make true friends?

There are several essential friendship traits that make a good friend. The first and perhaps most
important one is honesty as all fellowships are built on trust, they support our self-assurance and
motivation. Secondly, friends should be supportive and empathetic. There are many difficult times in
195
life when we need understanding and encouragement from friends. Those who are willing to be with
us through ups and downs are the people we should cherish the most in life.
5. Why are some people unwilling to have conversations with others?

There could be various reasons why some people might be unwilling to have conversations with
others. It could be due to shyness, social anxiety, fear of rejection or criticism, lack of confidence in
their communication skills, or past experiences that have made them apprehensive about interacting
with others. Additionally, some people may feel overwhelmed by the demands of modern technology,
such as the constant availability of messaging apps or the pressure to always be "on" and responsive
to others. Whatever the reason may be, it's important to approach these situations with empathy and
understanding, and to encourage open and respectful communication to help build bridges and foster
connections between people.
6. Is it difficult for adults to talk with children?

I would say that it can sometimes be difficult for adults to talk with children, especially when the
adult is not accustomed to communicating with children or is unsure of how to convey information in
an age-appropriate way. Additionally, some adults may find it challenging to engage children in
conversation if they have different communication styles or interest levels. However, there are many
resources available to help adults improve their communication skills and connect with children in
meaningful ways. Strategies such as active listening, creating a supportive and respectful
environment, and adapting communication.
B. WRITING PRACTICE
WRITING TASK 1
TABLE
The table shows the information of total health expenditure per capita in five countries in 2019.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons
where relevant.
196
The table gives information on how spending in the health sector is allocated per capita across five
countries: Australia, Germany, United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom in 2019.
Overall, the United States has the highest health expenditure while the United Kingdom has the
lowest spending on health in 2019.
To start with, the United States allocated a total of 11,073 US dollars per capita on healthcare
services, which is almost twice the expenditure of the second highest-spending country - Germany -
at 6,646 US dollars. Next in ranking was Australia with an average of 5,187 US dollars used on
health per capita, merely 1,500 US dollars less than Germany and significantly 6,000 dollars less
than the United States.
Meanwhile, Japan and the United Kingdom tied at the bottom with relatively similar amounts of
money spent of 4,823 and 4,652 US dollars, respectively. Moreover, these figures were approximately
a third of that of America and two-thirds of that of Germany.
(160 words)
LINE GRAPH
The graph below shows the quantities of goods transported in the UK between 1974 and 2002 by
four different modes of transport. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main
features and make comparisons where relevant.
197
SAMPLE
The line graph compares the amounts of goods delivered by four means of transport in the UK from
1974 to 2002.
Overall, road was responsible for the transportation of most goods over that period. The quantities of
goods shipped by those modes increased, except water which showed some fluctuations.
In 1974, approximately 70 million tons of goods were moved by road while the amounts of goods
delivered by water and rail were nearly equal, at 40 million tons. In contrast, pipeline took
responsibility for the delivery of only about 5 million tons.
From that year to 2002, the importance of road to transport goods increased, with its figure rising to
a peak of approximately 95 million tons. Despite a stability in the first four years, the figures for
water and rail then showed different trends. While the former climbed to over 60 million tons, the
latter went down marginally before recovering to the initial point. Pipeline, similar to road, became a
more popular way to ship goods, and its figure climbed to about 20 million tons at the end.
(179 words)
PROCESS
The picture shows the process of making wool. Summarize the information by selecting and
reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
198
SAMPLE
The chart illustrates the various steps in the process of making woolen products.
Overall, there are 10 principal stages in this process, beginning with the rearing of sheep and ending
with the finished goods.
Firstly, sheep are reared, until they have enough wool on their bodies for the next step – removing the
wool, known as shearing. At the third and fourth stages, this wool is cleaned and dried. It is then
ready for spinning by machine, after which the wool is almost ready to be made into different
products. At this spinning stage, however, some of the product can be used to make string and may be
recycled.
From the wool produced at the sixth stage, tufts of wool are manufactured and then stored. Next, the
tufted wool is used for spinning into balls of yarn. Finally, these balls of yarn may be used for
knitting or for making into woolen goods, such as jackets or carpets.
(157 words)
WRITING TASK 2
1. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
As transport and accommodation problems are increasing in many cities, some governments are
encouraging businesses to move to rural areas. Do you think the advantages outweigh the
disadvantages?
SAMPLE
199
The relocation of enterprises to the suburbs has been promoted by many governments due to the
rising issues of transportation and housing in central places. From my perspective, the benefits of
this practice surpass its drawbacks.
On the one hand, the alteration of enterprises’ places would exert negative effects on their interests
relating to the unavailability of resources and potential customers. Chief among these is that
infrastructure and human resources are not immediately accessible in the suburbs. For example,
major banks would suffer from inadequacies of well-trained employees because they are out of reach
for high-quality graduates from many universities. Not to mention that enterprises moving to the
outskirts would impede their businesses as profits cannot be generated easily. For example, the
failure in attracting customers of high-end clothes stores results in their lower revenues, which
negatively impacts the businesses’ survival in the market.
On the other hand, the moving of businesses to the countryside plays a pivotal role in reducing the
number of over-crowding related issues in the cities and employment problems in the countryside.
Concerning the former advantage, the change in companies’ operation place requires their workers
to move from the center to the outskirts, which would significantly decrease the amount of
transportation and population in the central areas. Therefore, congestion and rising housing prices
would be less problematic, thereby enhancing city citizens’ living standards. In addition, businesses
moving to rural areas creates more job opportunities for workers who live in those places. By joining
the workforce, those individuals can generate more gains, which is paramount in lessening income
inequality between rural and urban citizens.
In conclusion, the governmental encouragement of altering companies’ places of business may cause
difficulties for businesses due to their inaccessibility of resources and lower chances of stimulating
profits. Nevertheless, such a practice is deemed more advantageous in terms of its potential in
diminishing the adverse effects of rising transportation and accommodation costs.
(323 words)
200
2. CAUSE, PROBLEM & SOLUTION
People are having more and more sugar-based drinks. What are the reasons? What are the solutions
to make people drink less?
SAMPLE
People are consuming more and more sugar-based drinks such as soft or energy drinks. I will discuss
a number of reasons for this as well as several ways to encourage people to reduce their
consumption of such drinks.
There are two main reasons why sugar-based drinks are consumed in large amounts everyday.
Firstly, such drinks provide extra energy, increase mental alertness and help consumers to maintain
high concentration necessary for their work. Most modern jobs are becoming more and more
demanding and require people to spend greater effort to succeed, consequently leading to the
popularity of sugar-based drinks. Secondly, the increased consumption of sugar-based drinks is
linked to consumers’ lack of awareness and knowledge of a healthy diet and lifestyle as well as the
dominance of fast food in the food industry. That is why sedentary lifestyles and convenient but
nutrient-poor meals which include sugar-based drinks like Coca-Cola or Pepsi are being favored by
a large number of people.
Although reducing the consumption of sugar-based drinks is a complex task, there are a few ways
that could be done to discourage people from using those drinks regularly. One instance is to impose
higher taxes on the production and distribution of sugar-based drinks, which inevitably increases
their price. This may have an effect on the amount of such drinks being consumed. Another thing is
that there should be more educational propagation campaigns that encourage people to follow
healthy dietary guidelines and lifestyles and to refrain from using sugar-based drinks.
In conclusion, the problem of people having more and more sugar-based drinks is caused by a
number of factors as discussed in the essay. Increasing taxes on sugar-based drinks and running
propagation campaigns to raise consumers’ awareness of their health are two feasible solutions to
combat such problem.
(296 words)
3. DISCUSSION
Some people believe that success in sports depends on physical ability. Others believe that there
are more important factors. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
SAMPLE
The factors contributing to performance in sport are continually being investigated by sports
scientists and athletes. While some people would argue that a person’s physical attributes determines
their level of performance in sport, I believe that mental conditioning is also a highly important
factor.
On one hand, it is undeniable to say that a person’s physical characteristics play a major role in
their performance in sport. In some sports, being able to run extremely fast, or lift or throw
201
something very heavy is one of the main aspects of the sport. Without a strong physical body, and
high level of coordination, people would not be able to perform to a high level. Take many Olympic
sports for example. In the 100m sprint, athletes need to have powerful legs in order to be able to run
at high speeds. There is of course some mental conditioning needed, but without strong legs, you
cannot compete at a high level. Another good example is Olympic weightlifting. The basis of being
able to lift extremely heavy weights is powerful, conditioned muscles.
However, high levels of strength and fitness are not the only factor that allows athletes to perform
well. To be able to consistently perform at a very high level, athletes also need to be mentally strong.
Professional athletes in particular need to have the determination and focus to be able to continually
train and perform for many years, despite the many setbacks that they may face, such as injuries and
loss in competition. Being able to mentally focus and concentrate whilst under pressure during a
competition is also extremely important. For example, maintaining composure whilst being
surrounded by thousands of screaming fans when trying to kick the winning penalty kick in a football
match would be extremely difficult, and this is where mental strength is highly important.
In conclusion, although physical strength and ability are highly important in sports performance,
mental strength and focus also play an important role, particularly when it comes to elite athletes
and high levels of performance and competition.
(340 words)
4. OPINION
Some people believe that governments should pay full course fees for students who want to study
in universities. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
SAMPLE
It is no doubt that education has positive benefits for the society; therefore, some governments
subsidize college tuitions. In my opinion, free university education brings both advantages and
disadvantages, and the decision of whether tertiary education should be free should be based on the
country’s resources.
On the one hand, college education subsidies promote equality of opportunity, which means less
privileged young citizens would have the same access to higher education as ones from better-
endowed families. This would lead to a more educated and productive workforce since countries with
high rates of education generally have higher levels of innovation and productivity growth. This
would also provide more skilled graduates for the current increasingly high-tech industries whose
positions require employees of specialized knowledge and skill sets. Besides, graduates can also gain
skills and awareness of civic institutions which offer intangible benefits to society.
On the other hand, there has been a rapid rise in the number of graduates, and many of those take
jobs that do not require a degree; therefore, it would be a waste to continue to fund public university
education when there are shortages in resources for core generic skills training, such as literacy
and numeracy, and more basic vocational training so people could become social care givers,
builders or electricians. Moreover, when people have to pay to go to university, they tend to value
their education more and take their studying more serious, and schools should have more resources
to maintain standards and quality of teaching and researching.
202
In conclusion, both charging and subsidizing college tuitions bring benefits, and governments should
consider their resources and labour demands when making decisions on such matter.
(276 words)
5. TWO-PART QUESTIONS
Fewer young people do farm work in rural areas. Why? Should young people be encouraged to do
farming work?
SAMPLE
Nowadays, more and more youngsters avoid working in the agricultural sector. This trend can stem
from several causes that will be discussed in this essay, along with a number of reasons why there
should be more young farmers.
There are two reasons why young adults shy away from farming work. First, the prosperity of new
and more lucrative occupations leads to people favoring these posts. Compared to other sectors,
agriculture around the world does not have a high income and oftentimes, this earning is unstable as
it depends heavily on the yield of the crops. Another possible cause for this trend is universal
education, which leads to more young people thinking that being farmers is not high-class enough for
an educated person. They tend to gravitate towards jobs that are perceived as smart and classy, such
as white-collar professions, since lives on the farm are usually painted as modest and dull.
Despite the aforementioned reasons, young adults should be incentivized to become farmers. First,
farming has been and will always be one of the most important sectors of society, that is why a
shortage in personnel could lead to worldwide crisis. Food being one of the fundamentals of life
means that its supply process should be well-oiled in order to sustain people’s well-being. This can
only be achieved if there is a sufficient supply of manpower to carry out the production. Moreover,
young minds can help drive improvements in this ancient profession. As youngsters are more
adaptive to new technologies, they can apply these to their farms and as a result, produce healthier
food.
To conclude, young people nowadays are likely to avoid working on farms due to the expansion of
alternative professions and universal education. However, these youngsters should be encouraged to
participate in farming activities since they can offer manpower and introduce innovativeness to
agriculture.
(311 words)
203

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MSNGOCLAN LANGUAGE ACADEMY - Chuyên luyện thi THCS, THPT, Thi Đại Học, IELTS

See Further. Reach Higher. Shine Brighter

Our Vanishing Night

2. What resulted in~lead to light pollution? bad lighting design

3. What are the factors impacted by human lights?

1 revolutionize (v) Cách mạng hóa 4. fossilize (v) Hóa thạch

2. prehistoric (adj) Thời tiền sử 5. cyberspace (n) Không gian mạng

Exercise 3: Answer these questions.

Complete the notes below.

Exercise 4: Answer these questions. (optional)

Exercise 5: Answer these questions. (optional)

19. How many species do bluebirds have?

Exercise 6: Answer these questions. (optional)

 1960s Some zoos categorized animals by (26) …………. …..

 1980s onwards The importance of (28) …………………. became greater.

First name: 1 …………………..

Email address: d.blake@internet.com

Telephone number: 3 … ……………

Course attending: 4 …………………

Start date: 5 …………….….

Accommodation type: 6 ……………….

Room type: 7 … ……………

Type of bathroom: 8 ………………

Amount of deposit: 10 £…………….

Ex 3: Questions 15-18 (optional)

The reason for dialing: complain

Full name: 15 __________

Address: International House

Room number: 16 __________

Register number: 17 __________

Length of stay: 18 __________

Ex 4: Questions 19-25 (optional)

Destination: the Warrangamba Dam and 19 __________

Matching course: Environmental Science

Departing time of coach: at 20 __________ next Monday

Length of journey there: 21 __________ roughly and three hours back

First day’s activity: 22 __________

Spending the night: in 23 __________

Meals provided: in the form of 24 __________

Second day’s activity:

Ex 2: Transform these sentences using vocabulary on the table

4 The route of the iceman’s last movement might not be ……………

Exercise 2: Answer these questions.

Type of port Role of government Role of private Comments

Exercise 3: Answer these questions. <optional>

Classical Greece Herodotus Egypt and Anatolia To gather information for

Han Dynasty Zhang Qian Central Asia To seek 15 __________

Roman Empire Ptolemy, Strabo, The Mediterranean To acquire 16_________

5th - 9th Centuries Chinese Buddhists 18__________ To collect Buddhist texts

During 19th century Colonial Asia, Africa To provide information

By mid-century of Sun Yat-sen, Europe and the To study the 20________

Exercise 4: Answer these questions. <optional>

24. Customers would be under surveillance when shopping in the __________

Exercise 2: <Track 02>

Exercise 3: <Track 03> <optional>

Exercise 4: <Track 04> <optional>

reduce the risk of build up resistance to diseases resilient to health risks

How can we encourage young people to stay healthy?

Ex 2: Choose the correct answer:

A. build up B. improve C. stay in shape D. alleviate