Phy Project New

Physics Investigatory
Project
TRANSFORMERS
Name: V. Sonika
Class: XII C
PM SHRI KV ASC
Centre(S)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that V. Sonika, student of

class XII C has successfully completed the
research on the below mentioned project
under the guidance of Mrs. Sai Sudha
(subject teacher) during the year 2024-25
in partial fulfilment of physics practical
examination conducted by AISSCE.
Signature of external examiner Signature of physics teacher

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank our physics

teacher, whose guidance has helped me
complete this project. Her suggestions and
instructions have served as the major
contributor towards the completion of this
project.
I would also like to thank my friends

who have helped me in various phases of
the project.
INDEX
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Aim of project
4. Introduction
5. Theory
6. Apparatus required
7. Procedure
8. Observation
9. Result
10. Conclusion
11. Precautions
12. Sources of error
13. Bibliography
Aim of the project
1. To investigate the relation between the

ratio of:
• Input and output voltage.
• Number of turnings in the secondary
coil and primary coil of a self-made
transformer.
2. To find the efficiency of the self-made
transformer.
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low

alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-
versa.
A Transformer based on the principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, an E.M.F is induced in the
neighbouring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for

changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely
used device in both low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformer size may be so small that its weight
only a few tens of grams whereas in high voltage power
circuits, it may weight hundreds of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one

circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up
transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages
is called a step-down transformer. Transformer is, therefore,
an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current
circuits.
THEORY
When an alternating voltage is supplied to the primary
coil, it results in a changing magnetic flux, which induces
A.C. Voltage in the secondary coil. In an ideal transformer,
whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also
linked with the secondary coil, and then the induced e.m.f.
in each turn of the secondary coil is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary coil. Thus, if Ep and Es are the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f. induced in the primary
and the secondary coils, Np and Ns are the no. of turns of
the primary and secondary coils of the transformer
respectively, and dΦ/ dt = rate of change of flux in each
turn of the coil, then we have
Ep=-Np dΦ/dt___________ (1)
Es=-Ns dΦ/dt____________ (2)
The above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing (2) by (1), we get
Es/Ep = Ns/Np____________ (3)
If the transformer is assumed to be 100% efficient (no
energy losses), the input power is equal to the output
power, and since P = IE,
IpEp = IsEs_____________ (4)
Therefore, from (3) and (4)
Ns/Np = Es/Ep = lp/ls=K
Where, N is called Turn Ratio or Transformation Ratio.
1. Step Up Transformer
In a Step-up transformer, low A.C. Voltage is converted to

high A.C. Voltage. Here, the secondary coil has greater no.
of turns (Ns > Np), but carries less current compared to
primary (Is<Ip)
Ns/Np>1, i.e. Turn Ratio (K) is greater than 1
In order to transmit the voltage from the Power Plant or
Generation Station over long distances, it is stepped up
using a Step-up Transformer. This voltage with increased
levels is then transmitted to a distribution station.
Illustration
2. Step Down Transformer
In a Step-down transformer, high A.C. Voltage is converted to

low A.C. Voltage. Here, the secondary coil has lesser no. of
turns (Ns < Np), but carries more current compared to
primary (Is> Ip)
Ns/Np <1, i.e. Turn Ratio (K) is less than 1
At the distribution station, the high voltage from power
station is reduced using a Step-down Transformer. The
voltage with decreased level is then made ready for
consumer use.
Illustration
3. Efficiency
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output
power to the input power. i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep lp
Thus, in an ideal transformer, where there are no power
losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many power
losses; therefore, the efficiency of transformer is less than
one.
4. Energy Losses
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1. Copper loss: Energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of
conducting wires.
2. Eddy Current: Energy loss in the form of heat in the iron
core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy
currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated
cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs in spite of best
insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked
with each turn of secondary is less than the rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with each turn of primary.
4. Hysteresis loss: Loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when
A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer
5. Uses of Transformers
1. In voltage regulator for Television, Refrigerator,

2. Computer, Air Conditioner etc.
3. A step-down transformer is used for welding purposes.
4. A step-down transformer is used for obtaining large
a. current.
5. A step-up transformer is used for the production of X-
Rays and NEON advertisement.
6. Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones,
loud speakers and electric bells etc.
7. Transformers are used in the transmissions of A.C. over
long distances.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Iron rod Ammeter
Copper iron
Voltmeter
Circuit diagram
-PROCEDURE-
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper

and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on
thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound

relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step-
down transformer.
3.Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage

and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through

s1and s2.
5.Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure

voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of
step-up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers

by changing number of turns in primary and
secondary coil.
OBSERVATION
Result
• The ratio Ns/Np is equal to the ratios Es / Ep and

lp/ls
• Turn Ratio, Ns/Np:
• Efficiency =
Conclusion
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the

secondary coil depends upon the ratio of the no.
of turns (Ns/Np)
2. The ratio Ns/Np is equal to the ratios Es / Ep and

Es/Ep lp/ Is
3. There is a loss of power between input and

output coil of a transformer.
Precautions
1. All connection must be tight and proper.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage

the A.C should remain constant.
Sources of Error
1. Values of current can be changed due to

heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.

Bibliography
1. NCERT Textbook class 12
2. www.scribd.com
3. https://www.electronicshub.org/step-down-
transformer/

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Physics Investigatory

This is to certify that V. Sonika, student of

Signature of external examiner Signature of physics teacher

I would like to thank our physics

I would also like to thank my friends

1. To investigate the relation between the

The transformer is a device used for converting a low

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one

In a Step-up transformer, low A.C. Voltage is converted to

In a Step-down transformer, high A.C. Voltage is converted to

1. In voltage regulator for Television, Refrigerator,

1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper

2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound

3.Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage

4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through

5.Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure

6. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers

• The ratio Ns/Np is equal to the ratios Es / Ep and

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the

2. The ratio Ns/Np is equal to the ratios Es / Ep and

3. There is a loss of power between input and

1. All connection must be tight and proper.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage

1. Values of current can be changed due to

2. Eddy current can change the readings.

1. NCERT Textbook class 12

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