Physics Sample Projet

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project entitled “To Investigate the Relation Between the
Ratio of 1. Output and Input Voltage 2. Number of Turns in the Secondary and the
Primary Coil of a Self-Designed Transformer" is a record Bonafide work carried
out by Mr. SUBRAT KUMAR in PHYSICS prescribed by Mount Litera Zee
School , Bhubaneswar
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVE AND APPARATUS REQUIRED
3. THEORY
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
5. RESULTS AND PRECAUTION
6. SOURCE OF ERROR AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT :
First, I thank the almighty for providing me with everything that I required in
completing this project. I express my gratitude to my principal Mr. Sudhansu Sahu,
and also my physics teacher Mr. Subrat Kumar who guided me through the project
and gave valuable suggestions and guidance for completing the project, also helped
me to understand the intricate involved in making the project. I would like to
extend my sincere thanks to all of them.
I also thank my parents and my friends who helped me to complete the project
successfully.
INTRODUCTION :
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating

voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice versa.
A Transformer based on the principle of mutual induction according
to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the
A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low
and high current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes.
In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size may be so small
that it weighs only a few tens of grams whereas in high voltage power circuits, it
may weight hundreds of tones. In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from
one circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A
transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up transformer. A
transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low
current circuits.
OBJECTIVES :
To investigate the relation between the ratio of:

1.Output and Input Voltage
2.Number of turns in the secondary coil and the primary coil of
a self-designed transformer.
APPAARATUS REQUIRED:
1. IRON ROD
2. COPPER WIRE
3. VOLTMETER
4. AMMETER
THEORY:
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current
start falling in it.
The altering current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which
induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary.
In a good transformer, the whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also
linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary.
Thus, if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the
primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the number of turns of the primary
secondary
coils of the transformer and dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turn off the coil
at this instant,
we have,
Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)
and
Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K , Where K is constant,
called turn or
transformation ratio.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF STEP-UP TRANSFORMER:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER:
IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER:
A step-up transformer is a type of transformer that increases the voltage from
primary to secondary. It does this by having more turns of wire on the secondary
side than on the primary side.
A step-up transformer converts low voltage and high current to high voltage and
low current
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence,whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.
Similarly, it can be shown that in a step-down transformer, whatever we lose in
voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus, a step-up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step down
transformer steps up the current
IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER:
A step-down transformer is a type of transformer that converts the high voltage

(HV) and low current from the primary side of the transformer to the low voltage
(LV) and high current value on the secondary side of the transformer.
A transformer is a type of static electrical equipment that transforms electrical
energy (from primary side windings) to magnetic energy (in transformer magnetic
core) and again to the electrical energy (on the secondary transformer side)
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant
And Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then Input power at the instant
= Ep Ip and Output power at the same instant = Es Is If there are no losses of
power in the transformer, then:
Input power = output power Or

Ep Ip = Es Is Or
11
Es / Ep = Ip / Is
=K
PROCEDURE:
 Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of
turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say60). This constitutes the primary coil of
the transformer.
 Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound a relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary
coil. It is a step-down transformer.
 Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using A.C
voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
 Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2.
 Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and current through
primary and secondary coil of step-up transformer.
 Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by changing the number of turns
in primary and secondary coil.
OBSERVATION:
• No. of turns in primary, NP = 60
• No. of turns in secondary, NS = 20
S.No. Input Voltage Ep Output Voltage Es Es/Ep
[volt] [volt]
1. 12 V 240 V 1/20
2. 240 V 12 V 20
APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFORMER:
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations:

➢ In voltage regulator for Televisions, refrigerator, computer, air conditioner, etc.
➢ A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
➢ A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
➢ A step-up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisements.
➢ Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c over long distances.
➢ Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loudspeakers, and
electric bells, etc.
RESULT:
1. Clearly ES/EP = NS/NP within experimental error.

2. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends on the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect
to input voltage.
3. There is a loss of power between the input and output coil of a transformer.
PRECAUTIONS:
• Keep yourself safe from voltage.
• While taking the readings of the current and voltage of
the a.c. should remain constant.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
• Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

• Eddy current can change the readings.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
❖ www.google.com/
❖ www.wikipedia.com/
❖ NCERT Physics Text Book Class XII

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CERTIFICATE

2. OBJECTIVE AND APPARATUS REQUIRED

5. RESULTS AND PRECAUTION

6. SOURCE OF ERROR AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating

To investigate the relation between the ratio of:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF STEP-UP TRANSFORMER:

A step-down transformer is a type of transformer that converts the high voltage

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

Input power = output power Or

A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations:

1. Clearly ES/EP = NS/NP within experimental error.

• Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

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