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    EMIII HW Set0

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    EMIII HW Set0

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    EMIII HW Set0

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    of 3

    Electromagnetism 3

    Problem Set 0
    Mathematical Preliminaries and Maxwell Equations

    Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology.

    Due Date:1st October 2024

    1 Vector Identities
    Prove,

    (a) ∇ · (f g) = f ∇ · g + g · ∇f

    (b) ∇ × (f g) = f ∇ × g + g × ∇f

    (c) ∇ × (g × r) = 2g + r ∂g
    ∂r
    − r(∇ · g)
    (r·g′ )r
    (d) ∇ × (g · r) = g + r

    (e) (A × B) · (C × D) = (A · C)(B · D) − (A · D)(B · C)

    (f) ∇ · (f × g) = g · (∇ × f ) − f · (∇ × g)

    (g) (A × B) × (C × D) = (A · C × D)B − (B · C × D)A

    (h) ∇ · (A × r) = 0

    (i) Ai Bj = 21 ϵijk (A × B)k + 12 (Ai Bj + Aj Bi )

    (Hint: use the Levi-Civita symbol)

    2 Identities For ∇ × L
    By putting ℏ = 1, The angular momentum operator became L = −ir × ∇. Prove the Identities
    (a) ∇ × L = −i∇2 + i∇(1 + r · ∇)
    ∂
    (b) ∇ × L = (r̂ × L) r1 ∂r r +r̂ ri L2
    

    3 The Time Derivative of Flux Integral


    Prove,
    Z Z  
    d ∂B
    dS · B = dS · v(∇ · B) − ∇ × (v × B) + . (1)
    dt S(t) S(t) ∂t

    4 Curl, Div, Grad, Laplacian, and all that in arbitrary coordinate


    Consider the Euclidean 3-dimentianal space in Cartesian coordinate,

    ds2 = dx2 + dy 2 + dz 2 (2)


    Curl, Div, Grad, and Laplacian take the following forms

    ∇f = ∂x f x̂ + ∂y f ŷ + ∂z f ẑ (3)
    ∇ · α = ∇ · (Ax̂ + B ŷ + Cẑ) = ∂x A + ∂y B + ∂z C (4)
    ∇ × ω = ∇ × (P x̂ + Qŷ + Rẑ) = (∂y R − ∂z Q)x̂ + (∂z P − ∂x R)ŷ + (∂x Q − ∂y P )ẑ (5)
    2
    ∇ f = ∇ · ∇f = ∂x2 f + ∂y2 f + ∂z2 f (6)

    2
    Euclidean metric in arbitrarily orthonormal coordinates takes the following form

    ds2 = λ2 du2 + µ2 dv 2 + ν 2 dw2 . (7)


    (a) Obtain the form of Curl, Div, Grad, and Laplacian in this coordinate. (Hint: use differential forms.)

    (b) Obtain the explicit form of Curl, Div, Grad, and Laplacian in spherical and cylindrical coordinates and
    compare them with the formula on the Last page of Jackson 1999.

    5 Helmholtz Theorem
    (a) Show that an arbitrary vector field C(r) can always be decomposed into the sum of two vector fields; one
    with zero divergence and one with zero curl. Specifically

    C = C⊥ + C∥ , where, ∇ · C⊥ = 0 and ∇ × C∥ = 0 (8)

    We are especially interested in representation, in which

    C(r) = ∇ × F(r) − ∇Ω(r) (9)

    where F(r) and Ω are given uniquely by convergent integrals over all space by

    ∇′ × C(r′ ) ∇′ · C(r′ )
    Z Z
    1 1
    F(r) = d3 r′ , Ω(r) = d3 r′ . (10)
    4π |r − r′ | 4π |r − r′ |

    (b) Prove that for arbitrary scalar function ϕ(r),

    ∇′ ϕ(r′ ) ϕ(r′ )
    Z Z
    1 1
    ϕ(r) = −∇ · d3 r′ +∇· dS′ . (11)
    4π V |r − r′ | 4π S |r − r′ |

    6 SO(2) Symmetry of Maxwell Equations and Magnetic Charge


    Maxwell Equations can be generalized to contain magnetic charge and magnetic charge current,

    ρe
    ∇·E= ∇ · B = µ0 ρ m (12)
    ϵ0
    ∂B 1 ∂E
    ∇ × E = −µ0 jm − ∇ × B = −µ0 je + ,. (13)
    ∂t c2 ∂t
    Similarly, the Coulomb-Lorentz force can be symmetrized as

    f = (ρe E + je × B) + (ρm B − jm × E/c2 ) (14)


    (a) Show that this system of equations are symmetric under SO(2) transformation parametrized by θ, as

    E′ = E cos θ + cB sin θ cB′ = −E sin θ + cB cos θ (15)


    cρ′e = cρe cos θ + ρm sin θ ρ′m = −cρe sin θ + ρm cos θ (16)
    cj′e = cje cos θ + jm sin θ j′m = −cje sin θ + jm cos θ (17)

    and this symmetry imposes c2 ρ2e + ρ2m = c2 ρ′2 ′2


    e + ρm condition on charge densities.

    (b) Show in the cases ratio of electric to the magnetic charge (e/cg) of all the particles is the same for all the
    elementary particles it is possible to choose θ such that ρ′m = 0 and the Maxwell equations take their ordinary
    forms, find that θ.

    (c) By considering the influence of SO(2) symmetry on source free Maxwell equation (Electromagnetic waves),
    discuss the implication of this symmetry.

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