Raihan Project

METHODS OF
PURIFICATION OF WATER
INDEX
 Introduction
 Importance of Purification of water
 Reverse osmosis
 Water Softening
 Distillation
 Filtration
 Chlorination
 Conclusion
INTRODUCTION :-
Water purification, process by which

undesired chemical compounds, organic and inorganic
materials, and biological contaminants are removed
from water . One major purpose of water purification is
to provide clean drinking water. Water purification also
meets the needs of medical, pharmacological, chemical,
and industrial applications for clean and potable water.
The purification procedure reduces the concentration of
contaminants such as suspended particles,
parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi. Water
purification takes place on scales0 from the large (e.g.,
for an entire city) to the small (e.g., for individual
household
Importance of purification of
water:-
Public Health: One of the most critical aspects of
water purification is its role in protecting public health.
Contaminated water can carry harmful microorganisms,
such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can
cause waterborne diseases like cholera, dysentery, and
typhoid. Purifying water removes these pathogens,
reducing the risk of illness and death.
Environmental Protection: Water purification helps
in safeguarding the environment. When contaminants
enter water bodies, they can harm aquatic ecosystems,
disrupt the food chain, and even affect the quality of
groundwater.
Industrial and Agricultural Use: Industries and
agriculture rely on large quantities of water. Purified
water is necessary for various processes, from
manufacturing to irrigation. Using contaminated water
can lead to equipment damage and reduced crop
yields, impacting economies and food production.
Economic Benefits: Ensuring a clean water supply can
lead to economic benefits. By reducing the burden of
waterborne diseases, healthcare costs decrease, and
people can be more productive. Additionally, industries
that rely on clean water are more likely to flourish.
Reverse Osmosis :-
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that

employs a semi-permeable membrane to remove
impurities, contaminants, and dissolved substances from
water. This separation technique is based on the
principles of osmosis but operates in the reverse
direction. In osmosis, solvent molecules naturally flow
from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of
higher solute concentration through a semi-permeable
membrane. However, in RO, an external pressure is
applied to force the solvent (usually water) to move in the
opposite direction, against the natural osmotic flow.
RO membranes have extremely tiny pores that allow
water molecules to pass through while blocking larger
ions, molecules, and particles. This results in the removal
of a wide range of impurities, including salts, minerals,
bacteria and virus.
Water softening :-
Water softening is a process designed to reduce the

hardness of water by removing minerals, primarily
calcium and magnesium ions, which can cause various
issues in residential, industrial, and commercial settings.
Hard water contains elevated levels of these minerals,
leading to problems like scale buildup in pipes,
appliances, and fixtures, decreased soap lathering, and
potential damage to water-using equipment.
The most common method for water softening is ion
exchange, which involves passing h sodium ions. During
this process, the calcium and magnesium ions are exc ard
water through a resin bed containing hanged for sodium
ions, effectively softening the water. Once the resin
becomes saturated with calcium and magnesium, it is
regenerated by flushing it with a concentrated salt
solution, typically sodium chloride. Water softening
enhances the effectiveness of detergents and soaps.
Distillation :-
Distillation is a separation process used to purify liquids

based on differences in their boiling points. It is a
fundamental technique in chemistry and industry,
employed for various purposes, such as producing pure
chemicals, separating components in mixtures, and
refining petroleum products. The process typically
involves heating a liquid mixture to vaporize the more
volatile components while leaving behind the less volatile
.
Distillation is a versatile technique with numerous
applications, from producing alcoholic beverages and
essential oils to refining crude oil into various petroleum
products like gasoline and diesel. It plays a critical role in
chemical synthesis, laboratory analysis, and various
industrial processes, helping to obtain pure substances or
isolate specific components from complex mixtures. By
exploiting the principle of boiling point differences,
distillation is an essential tool for achieving separation
and purification in various fields.
Filtration :-
Filtration is a separation process used to remove solid

particles or impurities from a liquid or gas by passing it
through a porous medium. This medium, often a filter or
membrane, allows the fluid to pass while trapping the
particles, resulting in a cleaner and clarified product.
Filtration is a fundamental technique employed in various
industries and everyday life.
In industrial applications, filtration is crucial for processes
such as wastewater treatment, pharmaceutical
manufacturing, and food processing. It is also essential in
maintaining the cleanliness of air and water, as seen in
the operation of air purifiers and water purification
systems. Filtration mechanisms vary, including depth
filtration where particles are captured within the
medium's structure or surface filtration where particles
are trapped on the medium's surface. The choice of
filtration method depends on the specific application and
the size and nature.
Chlorination :-
Chlorination is a water treatment process that involves

adding chlorine or chlorine compounds to drinking water
or wastewater. It serves as a crucial method for
disinfection and pathogen control, making water safe for
human consumption and reducing the risk of waterborne
diseases. When chlorine is introduced into water, it forms
various chemical compounds, including hypochlorous acid
and hypochlorite ions. These compounds are highly
effective at destroying or inactivating harmful
microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
Chlorination also helps to oxidize organic and inorganic
contaminants, improving water clarity and reducing
unpleasant tastes and odors.
There are various methods of chlorination, including gas
chlorination, liquid bleach chlorination, etc. Each method
has its specific application, but the overall goal remains
the same: to ensure the provision of clean, safe, and
potable water.
Conclusion :-
Water purification is essential for ensuring access to safe
and clean drinking water. It removes contaminants,
pathogens, and impurities, safeguarding public health
and the environment. Various methods, including
filtration, disinfection, and chemical treatment, plays a
crucial role in this process. Sustainable and effective
water purification is imperative for a healthier and more
sustainable future.
Bibliography :-
 https://www.wikipedia .org
 https://byjus.com
 https://www.scribd.com
 https://brainly.com

Raihan Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Raihan Project

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Raihan Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

METHODS OF

Water purification, process by which

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that

Water softening is a process designed to reduce the

Distillation is a separation process used to purify liquids

Filtration is a separation process used to remove solid

Chlorination is a water treatment process that involves

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.