23.

Algebra of Vectors
Exercise 23.1
1. Question

Represent the following graphically:

i. a displacement of 40 km, 30° east of north

ii. a displacement of 50 km south - east

iii. a displacement of 70 km, 40° north of west.

Answer

i. a displacement of 40 km, 30° east of north

Step 1: Draw north, south, east and west as shown below:

Step 2: Plot a line 30° east of north as shown below:

Step 3: Define scale and mark 40km on line

Let the scale be 10km = 1cm

∴ represents the displacement of 40 km, 30o East of North

ii. a displacement of 50 km south - east

Step 1: Draw north, south, east and west as shown below:

Step 2: As the displacement should be south - east, the angle between the displacement and east (or south)
will be 45°. Now, plot a line 45° east of south as shown below:

Step 3: Define scale and mark point R such that OR = 50km on line . Let the scale be 10km = 1cm
∴ represents the displacement of 50 km south – east

iii. A displacement of 70 km, 40o north of west.

Step 1: Draw north, south, east and west as shown below:

Step 2: Plot a line 40° north of west as shown below:

Step 3: Define scale and mark point R such that OR = 70km on line .Let the scale be 10km = 1cm
∴ represents the displacement of 70 km, 40o north of west

2. Question

Classify the following measures as scalars and vectors :

i. 15 kg

ii. 20 kg weight

iii. 45°

iv. 10 meters south - east

v. 50 m/sec2

Answer

i. 15 kg - is a scalar quantity as this involves only mass. A scalar quantity is a one - dimensional
measurement of a quantity, like temperature, or mass.

ii. 20 kg weight - is a vector quantity as it involves both magnitude and direction. Weight is a force which is
a vector and has a magnitude and direction.

iii. 45o is a scalar quantity as it involves the only magnitude. A scalar quantity is a one - dimensional
measurement of a quantity, like temperature, or mass.

iv. 10 meters south - east is a vector quantity as it involves both magnitude and direction.

v. 50 m/sec2 is a scalar quantity as it involves a magnitude of acceleration. A scalar quantity is a one -

dimensional measurement of a quantity.

3. Question

Classify the following as scalars and vector quantities:

i. Time period

ii. Distance

iii. Displacement

iv. Force

v. Work

vi. Velocity

vii. Acceleration

Answer
i. Time period - is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude. A scalar quantity is a one - dimensional
measurement of a quantity. Eg: 10 seconds has only magnitude, i.e., 10 and no direction.

ii. Distance - is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude. A scalar quantity is a one dimensional
measurement of a quantity. Eg: 5meters has only magnitude 5 and no direction.

iii. Displacement - is vector quantity as it involves both magnitude and direction. Vector quantity has both
magnitude and direction.

iv. Force - is a vector quantity as it involves both magnitude and direction. Vector quantity has both
magnitude and direction. Eg., 5N downward has magnitude of 5 and direction is downward.

v. Work done - is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude and no particular direction. A scalar
quantity is a one dimensional measurement of a quantity.

vi. Velocity - is a vector quantity as it involves both magnitude as well as direction. Vector quantity has both
magnitude and direction. Eg., 5m/s east has magnitude of 5m/s and also direction towards east.

vii. Acceleration is a vector quantity because it involves both magnitude as well as direction.

4. Question

In fig 23.5 ABCD is a regular hexagon, which vectors are:

i. Collinear

ii. Equal

iii. Cointitial

iv. Collinear but not equal.

Answer

i. Collinear

Two or more vectors that lie on the same line or on a parallel line to this are called collinear vectors. Two
collinear vectors may point in either same or opposite direction. But, they cannot be inclined at some angle
from each other.

Hence FE ( ), AD ( ) and BC ( ) are collinear vectors.

And also AF ( ) and CD ( ) are collinear vectors.

And AB ( ) and ED ( ) are collinear vectors.

ii. Equal

Equal vectors are vectors that have the same magnitude and the same direction. Equal vectors may
start at different positions.

Hence AF ( ) and CD ( ) are equal vectors.

And also FE ( ) and BC ( ) are equal vectors.

And AB ( ) and ED ( ) are equal vectors.

iii. Co - initial

Any given two vectors are called co - initial vectors if both the given vectors have the same initial point.
Hence, AB ( ), AF ( ) and AD ( ) are co - initial vectors.

iv. Collinear but not equal.

And AD ( ) and BC ( ) are collinear but not equal vectors.

And AD ( ) and FE ( ) are collinear but not equal vectors

5. Question

Answer the following as true or false:

i. and are collinear.

ii. Two collinear vectors are always equal in magnitude.

iii. Zero vector is unique.

iv. Two vectors having same magnitude are collinear.

v. Two collinear vectors having the same magnitude are equal.

Answer

i. and are collinear. (True)

Two or more vectors that lie on the same line or on a parallel line to this are called collinear vectors.

and are collinear.

ii. Two collinear vectors are always equal in magnitude. (False)

Two or more vectors that lie on the same line or on a parallel line to this are called collinear vectors. Two
collinear vectors may point in either same or opposite direction. And they are not necessarily equal in
magnitude they can be of different magnitude also.

iii. Zero vector is unique.(True)

There is only one zero - vector in a vector space. Hence zero vector is unique.

iv. Two vectors having same magnitude are collinear. (False)

It is not necessary for two vectors having the same magnitude to be parallel to the same line. Hence two
vectors having same magnitude need not be collinear.

v. Two collinear vectors having the same magnitude are equal.(False)

Two vectors are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude and direction, regardless of the positions
of their initial points.

Exercise 23.2
1. Question

If P, Q and R are three collinear points such that and Find the vector .

Answer

As P, Q and R are three collinear points.

Hence, as shown in above fig

And given and .

Therefore
2. Question

Give a condition that three vectors and form the three sides of a triangle. What are the other
possibilities?

Answer

Given that, and are three sides of a triangle.

Hence from the above figure we get,

AB = , BC = and AC =

So

[since ]

[Since CA = - AC]

Triangle law says that, if vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a triangle is
same order, then their sum is represented by the third side took in reverse order. Thus,

or or

3. Question

If and are two non-collinear vectors having the same initial point. What are the vectors represented by
and

Answer

Given and are two non - collinear vectors having the same initial point.

Let and

Let us draw a parallelogram with AB and AD as any of the two sides of the parallelogram as shown below.

We know in parallelogram opposite sides are equal hence,

and

Now consider ΔABC, applying triangles law of vectors, we get

Similarly in ΔABD, applying triangles law of vectors, we get

Looking at the two equations (i) and (ii) we can conclude that

and are the diagonals of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are and .

4. Question

If is a vector and m is a scalar such that m then what are the alternatives for m and ?

Answer

Given is a vector and m is a scalar such that

Let then according to the given question

Compare the coefficients of , we get

ma1 = 0 ⇒ m = 0 or a1 = 0

Similarly, mb1 = 0 ⇒ m = 0 or b1 = 0

And, mc1 = 0 ⇒ m = 0 or c1 = 0

From the above three conditions,

m = 0 or a1 = b1 = c1 = 0

⇒ m = 0 or

Hence the alternatives for m and are m = 0 or

5 A. Question

If are two vectors, then write the truth value of the following statements :

Answer

Given:

Let and

So according to the given criteria,

Compare the coefficients of , we get

a1 = a2, b1 = b2 and c1 = c2……….(i)

and

Substitute the values from eqn (i) in above eqn we get

But,

Hence

Therefore,

5 B. Question

If are two vectors, then write the truth value of the following statements :

Answer

Given:

It means the magnitude of the vector is equal to the magnitude of the vector , but we cannot conclude
anything about the direction of the vector.

So it is false that

5 C. Question

If are two vectors, then write the truth value of the following statements :

Answer

Given:

It means the magnitude of the vector is equal to the magnitude of the vector , but we cannot conclude
anything about the direction of the vector.

And we know that means magnitude and same direction. So, it is false that

6. Question

ABCD is a quadrilateral. Find the sum of the vectors and

Answer

Given: ABCD is a quadrilateral as shown below

Consider ΔADC and apply triangle law of vector, we get

Similarly, consider ΔABC and apply triangle law of vector, we get

Substituting the value of from eqn(i) into eqn(ii), we get

Now add on both sides, we get

Hence sum of the vectors and is

7 A. Question

ABCDE is a pentagon, prove that

Answer

Given: ABCDE is a pentagon as shown below

Consider ΔABC and apply triangle law of vector, we get

Similarly, consider ΔACD and apply triangle law of vector, we get

And, consider ΔADE and apply triangle law of vector, we get

Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

[as

Hence proved

7 B. Question

ABCDE is a pentagon, prove that

Answer

Given: ABCDE is a pentagon as shown below

Consider ΔABC and apply triangle law of vector, we get

Similarly, consider ΔADE and apply triangle law of vector, we get

And, consider ΔADC and apply triangle law of vector, we get

Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

Add on both sides we get,

Or

Hence proved.

8. Question

Prove that the sum of all vectors drawn from the centre of a regular octagon to its vertices is the zero vector.

Answer

Given: a regular octagon

To prove the sum of all vectors drawn from the centre of a regular octagon to its vertices is the zero vector

Proof:

Let O be the centre of a regular octagon, we know that the centre of a regular octagon bisects all the
diagonals passing through it as shown in figure below
Thus,

The sum of all vectors drawn from the centre of a regular octagon to its vertices is

Substitute the values from eqn(i) in above eqn, we get

Hence, the sum of all vectors drawn from the centre of a regular octagon to its vertices is a zero vector.

Hence, proved.

9. Question

If P is a point and ABCD is a quadrilateral and show that ABCD is a parallelogram.

Answer

Given a quadrilateral ABCD, P is a point outside the quadrilateral and

[given]

Or,
 ………..(i)[as ]

Consider ΔAPB and apply triangle law of vector, we get

And consider ΔDPC and apply triangle law of vector, we get

Substitute the values from eqn(ii) an eqn(iii) in eqn(i), we get

Therefore, AB is parallel to DC and equal is magnitude.

Hence, ABCD is a parallelogram.

Hence proved

10. Question

Five forces and and act at the vertex of a regular hexagon ABCDEF. Prove that the
resultant is 6 where O is the centre of hexagon.

Answer

Given a regular hexagon ABCDEF with O as the centre of the hexagon as shown in figure below

To prove

We know that centre O of the hexagon bisects the diagonals

∴, ,

Consider ΔABO and apply triangle law of vector, we get

And consider ΔACO and apply triangle law of vector, we get

And consider ΔAEO and apply triangle law of vector, we get

And consider ΔAFO and apply triangle law of vector, we get

Now,

Substitute the corresponding values from eqn(i) to eqn(v) in above eqn, we get

[from eqn(i)]

[as and ]

Hence

Therefore the resultant of the five forces and is

Hence proved

Exercise 23.3
1. Question

Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining the two points P and Q with position
vectors and respectively in the ratio 1 : 2 internally and externally.

Answer

Let the position vectors of points P, Q and R be , and respectively.

Given and

(i) R divides PQ internally in the ratio 1:2

Recall the position vector of point P which divides AB, the line joining points A and B with position vectors
and respectively, internally in the ratio m : n is

Here, m = 1 and n = 2.

We have and
Thus, the position vector of point R is .

(ii) R divides PQ externally in the ratio 1:2

Recall the position vector of point P which divides AB, the line joining points A and B with position vectors
and respectively, externally in the ratio m : n is

Here, m = 1 and n = 2.

We have and

Thus, the position vector of point R is .

32. Question

Let be the position vectors of the four distinct points A, B, C, D. If then show that
ABCD is a parallelogram.

Answer

Given the position vectors of points A, B, C and D are , , and respectively.

Recall the vector is given by

Similarly, the vector is given by

But, it is given that .

Two vectors are equal only when both their magnitudes and directions are equal.

and .

This means that the opposite sides in quadrilateral ABCD are parallel and equal.

Thus, ABCD is a parallelogram.

3. Question

If are the position vectors of A, B respectively, find the position vector of a point C in AB produced such
that AC = 3 AB and that a point D in BA produced such that BD = 2 BA.

Answer

Given the position vectors of points A and B are and .

Let the position vectors of points C and D be and .

We have AC = 3AB.

From the above figure, observe AB = AC – BC

⇒ AC = 3 (AC – BC)

⇒ AC = 3AC – 3BC

⇒ 2AC = 3BC

∴ AC : BC = 3 : 2

So, C divides AB externally in the ratio 3:2.

Recall the position vector of point P which divides AB, the line joining points A and B with position vectors
and respectively, externally in the ratio m : n is

Here, m = 3 and n = 2

So, the position vector of C is

We also have BD = 2BA.

From the figure, observe BA = BD – AD

⇒ BD = 2 (BD – AD)

⇒ BD = 2BD – 2AD

⇒ BD = 2AD

∴ BD : AD = 2 : 1

So, D divides BA externally in the ratio 2:1.

We now use the same formula as earlier to find the position vector of D.

Here, m = 2 and n = 1

Thus, the position vector of point C is and the position vector of point D is .

4. Question

Show that the four points A, B, C, D with position vectors respectively such that

are coplanar. Also, find the position vector of the point of intersection of the line
segments AC and BD.

Answer

Given the position vectors of points A, B, C and D are , , and respectively.

We have

Rearranging the terms in the above equation,

Observe that the sum of coefficients on the LHS of this equation (3 + 5 = 8) is equal to that on the RHS (2 +
6 = 8).

We now divide the equation with 8 on both sides.

Now, consider the LHS of this equation.

Let , the position vector of some point X.

Recall the position vector of point P which divides AB, the line joining points A and B with position vectors
and respectively, internally in the ratio m : n is

Here, m = 3 and n = 5

So, X divides CA internally in the ratio 3:5.

Similarly, considering the RHS of this equation, we have the same point X dividing DB in the ratio 2:6.

So, the point X lies on both the line segments AC and BD making it the point of intersection of AC and BD.

As AC and BD are two straight lines having a common point, we have all the points A, B, C and D lying in the
same plane.

Thus, the points A, B, C and D are coplanar and in addition, the position vector of the point of intersection of
line segments AC and BD is or .

5. Question

Show that the four points P, Q, R, S with position vectors respectively such that
are coplanar. Also, find the position vector of the point of intersection of the line
segments PR and QS.

Answer

Given the position vectors of points P, Q, R and S are , , and respectively.

We have

Rearranging the terms in the above equation,

Observe that the sum of coefficients on the LHS of this equation (5 + 6 = 11) is equal to that on the RHS (2 +
9 = 11).

We now divide the equation with 11 on both sides.

Now, consider the LHS of this equation.

Let , the position vector of some point X.

Recall the position vector of point P which divides AB, the line joining points A and B with position vectors
and respectively, internally in the ratio m : n is

Here, m = 5 and n = 6

So, X divides RP internally in the ratio 5:6.

Similarly, considering the RHS of this equation, we have the same point X dividing SQ in the ratio 2:9.

So, the point X lies on both the line segments PR and QS making it the point of intersection of PR and QS.

As PR and QS are two straight lines having a common point, we have all the points P, Q, R and S lying in the
same plane.

Thus, the points P, Q, R and S are coplanar and in addition, the position vector of the point of intersection of
line segments PR and QS is or .

6. Question

The vertices A, B, C of triangle ABC have respectively position vectors with respect to a given origin O.

Show that the point D where the bisector of ∠A meets BC has position vector where

and

Answer

Given the position vectors of vertices A, B and C of ΔABC are and respectively.

D is point on BC with position vector such that AD is the bisector of ∠A. I is the incenter of ΔABC.

Observe from the figure that D divides BC in the ratio BD:DC.

Using the angular bisector theorem, we know that the angle bisector of an angle in a triangle bisects the
opposite side in the ratio equal to the ratio of the other two sides.
But, and .

Recall the vector is given by

Similarly,

So, we have .

Recall the position vector of point P which divides AB, the line joining points A and B with position vectors
and respectively, internally in the ratio m : n is

Here, we have D dividing BC internally in the ratio m:n where m = BD = and n = DC =

Suppose and .

From angular bisector theorem above, we have .

Adding 1 to both sides,

In addition, as CI is the angular bisector of ∠C in ΔACD, using the angular bisector theorem, we have

So, we get

We have and
Assume

So, I divides AD in the ratio (β + γ):α.

Let the position vector of I be .

Using the aforementioned section formula, we can write

But, we already found .

Thus, and the position vector of the incenter is , where , and

.

Exercise 23.4
1. Question

If O is a point in space, ABC is a triangle and D, E, F are the mid-points of the sides BC, CA and AB
respectively of the triangle, prove that

Answer

Let position vectors of the vertices A, B and C of ΔABC with respect to O be , and respectively.

Let us also assume the position vectors of the midpoints D, E and F with respect to O are , and
respectively.

Now, D is the midpoint of side BC.

This means D divides BC in the ratio 1:1.

Recall the position vector of point P which divides AB, the line joining points A and B with position vectors
and respectively, internally in the ratio m : n is

Here, m = n = 1

Similarly, for midpoint E and side CA, we get and for midpoint F and side AB, we get .

Adding these three equations, we get

Thus, .

2. Question

Show that the sum of the three vectors determined by the medians of a triangle directed from the vertices is
zero.

Answer

Consider a ΔABC with D, E and F being the midpoints of sides BC, CA and AB respectively.

Let the position vectors of these vertices and midpoints be as shown in the figure.

We need to prove .

As D is the midpoint of BC, using midpoint formula, we have

Similarly, and .

Recall the vector is given by

Similarly, and

Now, consider the vector .

But , and

Thus, the sum of the three vectors determined by the medians of a triangle is zero.

3. Question

ABCD is a parallelogram and P is the point of intersection of its diagonals. If O is the origin of reference, show
that

Answer

Let position vectors of the vertices A, B, C and D of the parallelogram ABCD with respect to O be , , and
respectively.

Also, let us assume position vector of P is .

Given ABCD is a parallelogram.

We know that the two diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. So, P is the midpoint of AC and BD.

As P is the midpoint of AC, using midpoint formula, we have

P is also the midpoint of BC.

So,

Now we have and .

Adding these two equations, we get

Thus .

4. Question

Show that the line segments joining the midpoints of opposite sides of a quadrilateral bisect each other.

Answer

Let ABCD be a quadrilateral. E, F, G and H are the midpoints of sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively.

We need to prove EG and HF bisect each other. It is sufficient to show EFGH is a parallelogram, as the
diagonals in a parallelogram bisect each other.

Let the position vectors of these vertices and midpoints be as shown in the figure.

As E is the midpoint of AB, using midpoint formula, we have

Similarly, , and .

Recall the vector is given by

Similarly
So, we have .

Two vectors are equal only when both their magnitudes and directions are equal.

and .

This means that the opposite sides in quadrilateral EFGH are parallel and equal, making EFGH a
parallelogram.

EG and HF are diagonals of parallelogram EFGH. So, EG and HF bisect each other.

Thus, the line segments joining the midpoints of opposite sides of a quadrilateral bisect each other.

5. Question

ABCD are four points in a plane and Q is the point of intersection of the lines joining the mid-points of AB and
CD ; BC and AD. Show that where P is any point.

Answer

Let E, F, G and H be the midpoints of sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively of quadrilateral ABCD.

Let the position vectors of these vertices and midpoints be as shown in the figure.

As E is the midpoint of AB, using midpoint formula, we have

Similarly, , and .

We know that the line segments joining the midpoints of opposite sides of a quadrilateral bisect each other.

⇒ Q is the midpoint of EG and HF.

Once again using midpoint formula, we get

But, we found and .

Now, consider the vector .

Let the position vector of point P be .

Recall the vector is given by

Similarly, , and .

But, we found

Observe,

Thus,

6. Question

Prove by vector method that the internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle are concurrent.

Answer

Consider ΔABC with vertices A, B, C and sides BC = α, AC = β and AB = γ.

Let the position vectors of A, B and C be and respectively.

Let D and E (with position vectors and ) be points on BC and AB such that AD and CE are the bisectors of
∠A and ∠C. Let, AB and CE meet at point I.
Observe from the figure that D divides BC in the ratio BD:DC.

Using the angular bisector theorem, we know that the angle bisector of an angle in a triangle bisects the
opposite side in the ratio equal to the ratio of the other two sides.

(from our initial assumption)

Recall the position vector of point P which divides AB, the line joining points A and B with position vectors
and respectively, internally in the ratio m : n is

Here, we have D dividing BC internally in the ratio m:n where m = γ and n = β.

From angular bisector theorem above, we had .

Adding 1 to both sides,

In addition, as CI is the angular bisector of ∠C in ΔACD, using the angular bisector theorem, we have

So, we get

So, I divides AD in the ratio (β + γ):α.

Let the position vector of I be .

Using the aforementioned section formula, we can write

But, we already found .

Now, observe E divides AB in the ratio AE:EB.

(from angular bisector theorem)

So, (using section formula)

By doing similar calculations as above for ∠C, we get

So, I divides CE in the ratio (α + β):γ.

Let the position vector of I now be .

Using the aforementioned section formula, we can write

But, we already found .

Observe that meaning the point I with position vector lies on both AB and CE.

Similarly, it can be shown that this point I also lies on the third angular bisector.

Thus, the internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle are concurrent with the point of concurrency given by
the position vector where α,β and γ are sides of the ΔABC opposite to the vertices A, B and C
respectively.

Exercise 23.5
1. Question

If the position vector of a point (–4, –3) be find

Answer

Given is the position vector of point (–4, –3).

We know position vector of a point (x, y) is given by , where and are unit vectors in X and Y
directions.

Now, we need to find magnitude of i.e. .

Recall the magnitude of the vector is given as

Here, x = –4 and y = –3

Thus, .

2. Question

If the position vector of a point (12, n) is such that find the value(s) of n.

Answer

Given is the position vector of point (12, n).

We know position vector of a point (x, y) is given by , where and are unit vectors in X and Y
directions.

Now, we need to find n such that .

Recall the magnitude of the vector is given as

Here, x = 12 and y = n

Squaring both the sides, we have

Thus, n = 5 or –5.

3. Question

Find a vector of magnitude 4 units which is parallel to the vector

Answer
Let be the required vector that is parallel to .

We know any vector parallel to a given vector is of the form , where λ is a real number.

Now, we need to find λ such that .

Recall the magnitude of the vector is given as

Here, x = and y = λ

Squaring both the sides, we have

Thus, the required vector is .

4. Question

Express in terms of unit vectors and when the points are :

(i) A (4, -1), B(1, 3)

(ii) A(-6, 3), B(-2, -5)

Find in each case.

Answer

(i) Given A = (4, –1) and B = (1, 3)

We know position vector of a point (x, y) is given by , where and are unit vectors in X and Y
directions.

Let position vectors of points A and B be and respectively.

We also have .

Recall the vector is given by

Recall the magnitude of the vector is given as

Here, x = –3 and y = 4

Thus, and .

(ii) Given A = (–6, 3) and B = (–2, –5)

We know position vector of a point (x, y) is given by , where and are unit vectors in X and Y
directions.

Let position vectors of points A and B be and respectively.

We also have .

Recall the vector is given by

Recall the magnitude of the vector is given as

Here, x = 4 and y = –8

Thus, and .

5. Question

Find the coordinates of the tip of the position vector which is equivalent to where the coordinates of A
and B are (-1, 3) and (-2, 1) respectively.

Answer

Given A = (–1, 3) and B = (–2, 1)

We know position vector of a point (x, y) is given by , where and are unit vectors in X and Y
directions.

Let position vectors of points A and B be and respectively.

We also have .

Recall the vector is given by

Now, it is given that there exists a point say (x, y) whose position vector is same as .

We know position vector of a point (x, y) is given by .

By comparing both the sides, we get x = –1 and y = –2

Thus, (–1, –2) is the tip of position vector that is same as .

6. Question

ABCD is a parallelogram. If the coordinates of A, B and C are (–2, 1), (3, 0) and (1, –2), find the coordinates of
D.

Answer

Given A = (–2, –1), B = (3, 0) and C = (1, –2)

Let the other vertex D = (x, y)

We know position vector of a point (x, y) is given by , where and are unit vectors in X and Y
directions.

Let position vectors of points A, B, C and D be , , and respectively.

We also have .

Similarly and .

Recall the vector is given by

Similarly, the vector is given by

But, it is given that ABCD is a parallelogram.

(as the opposite sides are parallel and equal)

By comparing both sides, we get 1 – x = 5 and 2 + y = –1

⇒ x = 1 – 5 = –4

and y = –1 – 2 = –3

So, x = –4 and y = –3

Thus, vertex D of parallelogram ABCD = (–4, –3).

7. Question

If the position vectors of the points A (3, 4), B (5, -6) and C (4, -1) are respectively, compute

Answer

Given A = (3, 4), B = (5, –6) and C = (4, –1)

We know position vector of a point (x, y) is given by , where and are unit vectors in X and Y
directions.

(position vector of point A)

We also have

Similarly .

We need to compute .
Thus, .

8. Question

If be the position vector whose tip is (5, -3), find the coordinates of a point B such that the
coordinates of A being (4, -1).

Answer

We know position vector of a point (x, y) is given by , where and are unit vectors in X and Y
directions.

So, position vector of (5, –3) is

Given A = (4, –1) and let the coordinates of B = (x, y)

Let position vectors of points A and B be and respectively.

We also have .

Recall the vector is given by

But, it is given that

By comparing both sides, we get x – 4 = 5 and y + 1 = –3

⇒x=5+4=9

and y = –3 – 1 = –4

So, x = 9 and y = –4

Thus, coordinates of point B are (9, –4).

9. Question

Show that the points and form an isosceles triangle.

Answer

Let , and be the position vectors corresponding to the vertices A, B and C of

ΔABC.
Recall the vector is given by

Recall the magnitude of the vector is given as

Now, we find the magnitude of .

Similarly, the vector is given by

Now, we find the magnitude of .

Similarly, the vector is given by

Now, we find the magnitude of .

Observe that which means the sides AB and AC of ΔABC are equal in length, making it an
isosceles triangle.

Thus, the triangle formed by the given points is isosceles.

10. Question

Find a unit vector parallel to the vector

Answer

Let be the required vector that is parallel to .

We know any vector parallel to a given vector is of the form , where λ is a real number.

Now, we need to find λ such that .

Recall the magnitude of the vector is given as

Here, x = λ and y =

Squaring both the sides, we have

Thus, the required vector is .

11. Question

The position vectors of points A, B and C are and respectively. If C divides the lien segment
joining A and B in the ratio 3 : 1, find the values of λ and μ.

Answer

Let the position vectors of points A, B and C be , and respectively.

Given: , and

C divides AB internally in the ratio 3:1.

Recall the position vector of point P which divides AB, the line joining points A and B with position vectors
and respectively, internally in the ratio m : n is

Here, m = 3 and n = 1.

We have , and

By comparing both sides, we get 36 + λ = –44

⇒ λ = –44 – 36

∴ λ = –80

We also have 3μ + 3 = –12

⇒ 3μ = –15

∴ μ = –5

Thus, λ = –80 and μ = –5

12. Question

Find the components along the coordinate axes of the position vector of each of the following points –

i. P (3, 2)

ii. Q (5, 1)

iii. R (–11, –9)

iv. S (4, –3)

Answer

(i) Given P = (3, 2)

We know position vector of a point (x, y) is given by , where and are unit vectors in X and Y
directions.

Let position vector of point P be .

So, component of along the X-axis is , that is a vector of magnitude 3 along the positive direction of the
X-axis.
Also, component of along the Y-axis is , that is a vector of magnitude 2 along the positive direction of the
Y-axis.

(ii) Given Q = (5, 1)

We know position vector of a point (x, y) is given by , where and are unit vectors in X and Y
directions.

Let position vector of point Q be .

So, component of along the X-axis is 5 , that is a vector of magnitude 5 along the positive direction of the
X-axis.

Also, component of along the Y-axis is , that is a vector of magnitude 1 along the positive direction of the
Y-axis.

(iii) Given R = (–11, –9)

We know position vector of a point (x, y) is given by , where and are unit vectors in X and Y
directions.

Let position vector of point R be .

So, component of along the X-axis is , that is a vector of magnitude 11 along the negative direction of
the X-axis.

Also, component of along the Y-axis is , that is a vector of magnitude 9 along the negative direction of
the Y-axis.

(iv) Given S = (4, –3)

We know position vector of a point (x, y) is given by , where and are unit vectors in X and Y
directions.

Let position vector of point S be .

So, component of along the X-axis is , that is a vector of magnitude 4 along the positive direction of the
X-axis.

Also, component of along the Y-axis is , that is a vector of magnitude 3 along the negative direction of
the Y-axis.

Exercise 23.6
1. Question

Find the magnitude of the vector

Answer

If a vector is given by then the magnitude of vector is generally denoted by which is equal
to

So the magnitude
So the magnitude of the vector is 7.

2. Question

Find the unit vector in the direction of

Answer

Let the unit vector in the direction of

So any unit vector in the direction of

So the magnitude of the vector

So, the unit vector

3. Question

Find a unit vector in the direction of the resultant of the vectors and

Answer

To find the resultant vector we add all the vector by vector addition.

So, resultant vector is

So, the unit vector

Magnitude of

4. Question

The adjacent sides of a parallelogram are represented by the vectors and

Find unit vectors parallel to the diagonals of the parallelogram.
Answer

Side BC parallel to

So resultant vector c = b + a

So, vector

So unit vector along the diagonal of

Parallelogram is

5. Question

If and find

Answer

We want to find the magnitude of vector

So,

If a vector is given by then the magnitude of vector is generally denoted by which is equal
to

6. Question

If and the coordinates of P are (1, -1, 2), find the coordinates of Q.
Answer

Position vector of ‘P’ is

Let the position vector of point ‘Q’ is ‘a.’

So we need to find the value of ‘a.’

Position vector of ‘Q’ - Position vector of ‘P’

So the position vector of ‘Q” is (4, 1, 1)

7. Question

Prove that the points and are the vertices of a right-angled triangle.

Answer

In a right angle triangle

Where CA is the hypotenuse

BC is the perpendicular and AB is the base

Vertices of the triangle are given below

A = (1, -1, 0), B = (4, -3, 1), C = (2, -4, 5)

So,

………..(1)

Similarly,

…………(2)
 …………..(3)

35 = 14 + 21

35 = 35

LHS = RHS

So, these point form a right angle triangle

8. Question

If the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC are the points with position vectors

respectively, what are the vectors determined by its sides? Find the length of
these vectors.

Answer

Let the position vector of the vertex ‘A’ is ,

And similarly B and C

Side AB is

………..(1)

Equation (1) vector representation of the side AB

Magnitude of side AB,

And similarly for side BC and CA

……….(2)

Length of side BC and CA

9. Question

Find the vector from the origin O to the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (1, -1, 2), (2, 1, 3) and (-1,
2, -1).

Answer

Centeroid of the triangle with Vertices (x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2), and (x3, y3, z3) is given by,
In vector algebra, ‘x’ consider as a coefficient of and ‘y’ as a coefficient of and ‘z’ as a coefficient of

So the position vector of the centroid,

So the location of the centroid is

And the vector is,

10. Question

Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line segment joining points and

in the ratio 2 : 1.

(i) Internally

(ii) Externally

Answer

By using section formula,

(1) Internally

Position vectors of P and Q are given as

and

The position vector of point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q internally in the ratio 2 : 1 is
given by,

The position vector of point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q externally in the ratio 2 : 1 is
given by,

(2)Externally

11. Question
Find the position vector of the mid-point of the vector joining the points and

Answer

If P and Q are two points with position vector and then the position vector of
mid point A is given by

Let A is the mid point of PQ.

So, position vector of A

12. Question

Find the unit vector in the direction of vector where P and Q are the points (1, 2, 3) and (4, 5, 6).

Answer

First we need to create vector PQ

Position vector of P = OP = (1, 2, 3) and position vector of Q = OQ = (4, 5, 6)

So unit vector in the direction PQ,

13. Question

Show that the points are the vertices of a right angled

triangle.

Answer
If A, B and C are the vertices of the right angle triangle

So,

In a right angle triangle

Where AB is the hypotenuse

BC is the perpendicular and CA is the base

Vertices of the triangle are given bellow

, and

So,

……(1)

Similarly,

……(2)

……(3)

41 = 35 + 6

41 = 41

LHS = RHS

14. Question

Find the position vector of the mid-point of the vector joining the points P (2, 3, 4) and Q (4, 1, -2).

Answer

If P and Q are two points with position vector and then the position vector of
mid point A is given by
Let A is the mid point of PQ.

So, position vector of A

15. Question

Find the value of x for which is a unit vector.

Answer

We need to find the value of ‘x’ for which is a unit vector

If any vector is a unit vector, then its magnitude should be one.

So, the magnitude of the vector is,

For this value of ‘x’ the above vector is a unit vector

16. Question

If and find a unit vector parallel to

Answer

First, we need to create a vector in the direction of

So,

So the unit vector in the direction of is,

This is the unit vector in the direction of

17. Question

If and find a vector of magnitude 6 units which is parallel to the

vector

Answer

Vector parallel to is,

If a vector parallel to other vector, so we can write a scalar multiple of the other so,

So,

this is given in the question

So the vector parallel to the is =

18. Question

Find a vector of magnitude of 5 units parallel to the resultant of the vector and

Answer

Let resultant vector is ‘R’ so the resultant vector by using the vector triangle law

If a vector parallel to other vector so we can write scalar multiple of the other so,

=
 = has a magnitude of 5 unit so

So the vector is =

19. Question

The two vectors and represent the sides and respectively of triangle ABC. Find the
length of the median through A.

Answer

Let D be the point at which median drawn from A touches side BC.

Let be the position vectors of the vertices A, B and C.

So position vector of D =

So we creating a vector in the direction of AD

Position vector of D – position vector of A

So length of AD

Exercise 23.7
1. Question

Show that the points A, B, C with position vectors and are collinear.

Answer

Let us understand that, two more points are said to be collinear if they all lie on a single straight line.

We have been given that,

So, in this case if we prove that and are parallel to each other, then we can easily show that A, B and
C are collinear.

Therefore, is given by

And is given by

Let us note the relation between and .

We know,

Or

Or [∵, ]

This relation shows that and are parallel to each other.

But also, is the common vector in and .

⇒ and are not parallel but lies on a straight line.

Thus, A, B and C are collinear.

2 A. Question

If are non-coplanar vectors, prove that the points having the following position vectors are collinear:

Answer

Let us understand that, two more points are said to be collinear if they all lie on a single straight line.
Given that, , and are non-coplanar vectors.

And we know that, vectors that do not lie on the same plane or line are called non-coplanar vectors.

To Prove: , and are collinear.

Proof: Let the points be A, B and C.

Then,

So, in this case if we prove that and are parallel to each other, then we can easily show that A, B and
C are collinear.

Therefore, is given by

And is given by

Let us note the relation between and .

We know,

Or

Or

Or [∵, ]

This relation shows that and are parallel to each other.

But also, is the common vector in and .

⇒ and are not parallel but lies on a straight line.

Thus, A, B and C are collinear.

2 B. Question

If are non-coplanar vectors, prove that the points having the following position vectors are collinear:

Answer

Let us understand that, two more points are said to be collinear if they all lie on a single straight line.
Given that, , and are non-coplanar vectors.

And we know that, vectors that do not lie on the same plane or line are called non-coplanar vectors.

To Prove: , and are collinear.

Proof: Let the points be A, B and C.

Then,

So, in this case if we prove that and are parallel to each other, then we can easily show that A, B and
C are collinear.

Therefore, is given by

And is given by

Let us note the relation between and .

We know,

Or

Or [∵, ]

This relation shows that and are parallel to each other.

But also, is the common vector in and .

⇒ and are not parallel but lies on a straight line.

Thus, A, B and C are collinear.

3. Question

Prove that the points having position vectors are collinear.

Answer

Let us understand that, two more points are said to be collinear if they all lie on a single straight line.

Let the points be A, B and C having position vectors such that,

So, in this case if we prove that and are parallel to each other, then we can easily show that A, B and
C are collinear.

Therefore, is given by

And is given by

Let us note the relation between and .

We know,

Or

Or [∵, ]

This relation shows that and are parallel to each other.

But also, is the common vector in and .

⇒ and are not parallel but lies on a straight line.

Thus, A, B and C are collinear.

4. Question

If the points with position vectors and are collinear, find the value of a.

Answer

Let us understand that, two more points are said to be collinear if they all lie on a single straight line.

Let the points be A, B and C having position vectors such that,

So, let us find and .

Therefore, is given by
 …(i)

And is given by

…(ii)

Since, it has been given that points A, B and C are collinear.

So, we can write as

Where λ = a scalar quantity

Put the values of and from (i) and (ii), we get

Comparing the vectors and respectively, we get

a – 12 = 2λ …(iii)

and, 16 = –8λ

From –8λ = 16, we can find the value of λ.

–8λ = 16

⇒ λ = –2

Put λ = –2 in equation (iii), we get

a – 12 = 2λ

⇒ a – 12 = 2(–2)

⇒ a – 12 = –4

⇒ a = –4 + 12

⇒a=8

Thus, we have got a = 8.

5. Question

If are two non-collinear vectors, prove that the points with position vectors and are
collinear for all real values of

Answer

Let us understand that, two more points are said to be collinear if they all lie on a single straight line.

Given that, and are two non-collinear vectors.

Let the points be A, B and C having position vectors such that,

So, in this case if we prove that and are parallel to each other, then we can easily show that A, B and
C are collinear.

Therefore, is given by

…(i)

And is given by

Let us note the relation between and .

We know,

Or

Or [∵, from (i)]

Or …(ii)

If λ is any real value, then is also a real value.

Then, for any real value , we can write

From (ii) equation, we can write

This relation shows that and are parallel to each other.

But also, is the common vector in and .

⇒ and are not parallel but lies on a straight line.

Thus, A, B and C are collinear.

6. Question
If prove that A, B, C are collinear points.

Answer

Let us understand that, two more points are said to be collinear if they all lie on a single straight line.

Given:

To Prove: A, B and C are collinear points.

Proof: We have been given that,

Rearrange it so that we get a relationship between and .

…(i)

Now, we know that

But actually we are doing , such that O is the point of origin so that the difference between the two
vectors is a displacement.

So, …(ii)

Similarly, …(iii)

Substituting equation (ii) & (iii) in equation (i), we get

Thus, this relation shows that and are parallel to each other.

But also, is the common vector in and .

⇒ and are not parallel but lies on a straight line.

Hence, A, B and C are collinear.

7. Question

Show that the vectors and are collinear.

Answer

Let us understand that, two more points are said to be collinear if they all lie on a single straight line.

We have been given position vectors and .

Let

Also, let O be the initial point having position vector as

Now, let us find and .

 is given by

is given by

We have as

[∵, ]

Thus, this relation shows that and are parallel to each other.

But also, is the common vector in and .

⇒ and are not parallel but lies on a straight line.

⇒ A and B are collinear.

Hence, and are collinear.

8. Question

If the points A (m, –1), B (2, 1) and C(4, 5) are collinear, find the value of m.

Answer

Let us understand that, two more points are said to be collinear if they all lie on a single straight line.

We have been given points:

A (m, –1), B (2, 1) and C (4, 5).

These points are collinear.

Let us define the position vectors as,

Now, we need to find the vectors and .

is given by
And is given by

Since, A, B, C and D are collinear. We can draw a relation between and .

Putting the values of and , we get

Comparing L.H.S and R.H.S, we get

2 – m = 2λ

And 2 = 4λ

We need to find the value of λ in order to find m.

We have

2 = 4λ

Putting the value of λ in equation (2 – m) = 2λ

⇒2–m=1

⇒m=2–1

⇒m=1

Thus, the value of m = 1.

9. Question

Show that the points (3, 4), (–5, 16), (5, 1) are collinear.

Answer

Let us understand that, two more points are said to be collinear if they all lie on a single straight line.

Let the points be A (3, 4), B (–5, 16) and C (5, 1).

Let
So, in this case if we prove that and are parallel to each other, then we can easily show that A, B and
C are collinear.

Therefore, is given by

And is given by

Let us note the relation between and .

We know,

Or …(i)

And we know,

Or

Or …(ii)

Substituting the value of in equation (i), we get

This relation shows that and are parallel to each other.

But also, is the common vector in and .

⇒ and are not parallel but lies on a straight line.

Thus, A, B and C are collinear.

10. Question

If the vectors and are collinear, find the value of m.

Answer
Let us understand that, two more points are said to be collinear if they all lie on a single straight line.

We have the position vectors as,

Since, a and b are collinear. We can draw a relation between and .

Putting the values of and , we get

Comparing L.H.S and R.H.S, we get

2 = –6λ

And –3 = mλ

We need to find the value of λ in order to find m.

We have

2 = –6λ

Putting the value of λ in equation –3 = mλ

⇒m=3×3

⇒m=9

Thus, the value of m = 9.

11. Question

Show that the points A (1, –2, –8), B (5, 0, –2) and C(11, 3, 7) are collinear, and find the ratio in which B
divides AC.

Answer

We have been given the points A (1, –2, –8), B (5, 0, –2) and C (11, 3, 7).

We need to show that A, B and C are collinear.

Let us define the position vector.

So, in this case if we find a relation between , and , then we can easily show that A, B and C are
collinear.

Therefore, is given by
And is given by

And is given by

Let us add and , we get

Thus, clearly A, B and C are collinear.

We need to find the ratio in which B divides AC.

Let the ratio at which B divides AC be λ : 1. Then, position vector of B is:

But the position vector of B is .

So, by comparing the position vectors of B, we can write

Solving these equations separately, we get

⇒ 11λ + 1 = 5(λ + 1)

⇒ 11λ + 1 = 5λ + 5

⇒ 11λ – 5λ = 5 – 1

⇒ 6λ = 4

The ratio at which B divides AC is λ : 1.

Since,

We can say

Solving it further, multiply the ratio by 3.

⇒λ:1=2:3

Thus, the ratio in which B divides AC is 2 : 3.

12. Question

Using vectors show that the pointsA(–2, 3, 5), B(7, 0, 1) C(–3, –2, –5) and D(3, 4, 7) are such that AB and CD
intersect at the point P(1, 2, 3).

Answer

We have been given the points A(–2, 3, 5), B(7, 0, 1), C(–3, –2, –5), D(3, 4, 7) and P(1, 2, 3).

Let us define it position vectors.

So,

Now, we need to show that AB and CD intersect at the point P.

For this, if we prove that A, B and P are collinear & C, D and P are collinear so that P is the common point
between them and we can show that AB and CD intersect at P.

Let us find position vector of AP and PB.

And

Now, we can draw out a relation between and .

We know,

This relation clearly shows that and are parallel.

And since, P is the common point between them, we can say that these vectors and are actually not
parallel but lie on a straight line.

⇒ Points A, P, B are collinear

[∵, Two more points are said to be collinear if they all lie on a single straight line.]

Now let us find the position vector of CP and PD.

And

Now, we can draw out a relation between and .

We know,

This relation clearly shows that and are parallel.

And since, P is the common point between them, we can say that these vectors and are actually not
parallel but lie on a straight line.

⇒ Points C, P and D are collinear.

[∵, Two more points are said to be collinear if they all lie on a single straight line.]

Since, we know that A, P, B and C, P, D are collinear separately.

Note that, P is the common point between the two pairs of collinear points.

Thus, AB and CD intersect each other at a point P.

13. Question

Using vectors, find the value of such that the points (1, –1, 3) and (3, 5, 3) are collinear.

Answer

Let the points be A (λ, –10, 3), B (1, –1, 3), C (3, 5, 3).

Let us define the position vectors of A, B and C.

Then,

And

And since, A, B and C are collinear.

Then, it has a relation as such

, where k is scalar quantity.

Comparing the coefficients of and . We get

1 – λ = k (3 – λ)

And 9 = 15k

First, we need to find the value of k.

So take 9 = 15k

Substitute the value of k in (1 – λ) = k (3 – λ)

⇒ 5(1 – λ) = 3(3 – λ)

⇒ 5 – 5λ = 9 – 3λ

⇒ 5λ – 3λ = 5 – 9

⇒ 2λ = –4

⇒ λ = –2

Hence, the value of λ is –2.

Exercise 23.8
1 A. Question

Show that the points whose position vectors are as given below are collinear :

and

Answer

Let us understand that, two more points are said to be collinear if they all lie on a single straight line.

Let us assume points to be A, B and C such that

Then, we need to find and .

And

Now, we need to draw a relation between and .

We know that,

Or

Or
This relation shows that and are parallel to each other.

But since, B is the common point in AB and BC.

⇒ AB and BC actually lies on a straight line.

Thus, A, B and C are collinear.

1 B. Question

Show that the points whose position vectors are as given below are collinear :

and

Answer

Let us assume points to be A, B and C such that

Then, we need to find and .

And

Now, we need to draw a relation between and .

We know that,

Or

Or

This relation shows that and are parallel to each other.

But since, B is the common point in AB and BC.

⇒ AB and BC actually lies on a straight line.

Thus, A, B and C are collinear.

2 A. Question

Using vector method, prove that the following points are collinear.
A(6, –7, –1), B(2 –3, 1) and C(4, –5, 0)

Answer

Let us understand that, two more points are said to be collinear if they all lie on a single straight line.

Given: A (6, –7, –1), B (2, –3, 1) and C (4, –5, 0).

To Prove: A, B and C are collinear.

Proof:

Let us define position vectors. So,

So, in this case if we prove that and are parallel to each other, then we can easily show that A, B and
C are collinear.

Therefore, is given by

And is given by

Let us note the relation between and .

We know,

Or

Or [∵, ]

This relation shows that and are parallel to each other.

But also, is the common vector in and .

⇒ and are not parallel but lies on a straight line.

Thus, proved that A, B and C are collinear.

2 B. Question

Using vector method, prove that the following points are collinear.

A(2, –1, 3), B(4, 3, 1) and C(3, 1, 2)

Answer

Given: A (2, –1, 3), B (4, 3, 1) and C (3, 1, 2).

To Prove: A, B and C are collinear.

Proof:

Let us define position vectors. So,

So, in this case if we prove that and are parallel to each other, then we can easily show that A, B and
C are collinear.

Therefore, is given by

And is given by

Let us note the relation between and .

We know,

Or

Or [∵, ]

This relation shows that and are parallel to each other.

But also, is the common vector in and .

⇒ and are not parallel but lies on a straight line.

Thus, proved that A, B and C are collinear.

2 C. Question

Using vector method, prove that the following points are collinear.

A(1, 2, 7), B(2, 6, 3) and C(3, 10 –1)

Answer

Given: A (1, 2, 7), B (2, 6, 3) and C (3, 10, –1).

To Prove: A, B and C are collinear.

Proof:

Let us define position vectors. So,

So, in this case if we prove that and are parallel to each other, then we can easily show that A, B and
C are collinear.

Therefore, is given by

And is given by

Let us note the relation between and .

We know,

Or

This relation shows that and are parallel to each other.

But also, is the common vector in and .

⇒ and are not parallel but lies on a straight line.

Thus, proved that A, B and C are collinear.

2 D. Question

Using vector method, prove that the following points are collinear.

A(–3, –2, –5), B(1, 2, 3) and C(3, 4, 7)

Answer

Given: A (–3, –2, –5), B (1, 2, 3) and C (3, 4, 7).

To Prove: A, B and C are collinear.

Proof:

Let us define position vectors. So,

So, in this case if we prove that and are parallel to each other, then we can easily show that A, B and
C are collinear.

Therefore, is given by

And is given by

Let us note the relation between and .

We know,

Or

Or [∵, ]

This relation shows that and are parallel to each other.

But also, is the common vector in and .

⇒ and are not parallel but lies on a straight line.

Thus, proved that A, B and C are collinear.

2 E. Question

Using vector method, prove that the following points are collinear.

A (2, –1, 3), B (3, –5, 1) and C (–1, 11, 9).

Answer

A (2, –1, 3), B (3, –5, 1) and C (–1, 11, 9).

To Prove: A, B and C are collinear.

Proof:

Let us define position vectors. So,

So, in this case if we prove that and are parallel to each other, then we can easily show that A, B and
C are collinear.
Therefore, is given by

And is given by

Let us note the relation between and .

We know,

Or

Or [∵,

This relation shows that and are parallel to each other.

But also, is the common vector in and .

⇒ and are not parallel but lies on a straight line.

Thus, proved that A, B and C are collinear.

3 A. Question

If are non–zero, non-coplanar vectors, prove that the following vectors are coplanar :

and

Answer

Vectors parallel to the same plane, or lie on the same plane are called coplanar vectors

The three vectors are coplanar if one of them is expressible as a linear combination of the other two.

We have been given that, , and .

We can form a relation using these three vectors. Say,

Compare the vectors , and . We get

5 = 7x + 3y …(1)
6 = –8x + 20y …(2)

7 = 9x + 5y …(3)

Solving equations (1) and (2) for x and y.

Equation (1), 7x + 3y = 5

Equation (2), –8x + 20y = 6

Multiply equation (1) by 8 and equation (2) by 7, we get

7x + 3y = 5 [× 8

–8x + 20y = 6 [× 7

We get

⇒ 164y = 82

Put in equation (2), we get

⇒ –8x + 10 = 6

⇒ –8x = 6 – 10

⇒ –8x = –4

⇒ 8x = 4

Substituting and in equation (3), we get

7 = 9x + 5y

Or 9x + 5y = 7

⇒ 14 = 7 × 2
⇒ 14 = 14

∵, L.H.S = R.H.S

⇒ The value of x and y satisfy equation (3).

Thus, , and are coplanar.

3 B. Question

If are non–zero, non-coplanar vectors, prove that the following vectors are coplanar :

and

Answer

We have been given that, , and .

We can form a relation using these three vectors. Say,

Compare the vectors , and . We get

1 = – 2y …(1)

–2 = –3x + 3y …(2)

3 = 5x – 4y …(3)

Solving equation (1) for y,

Equation (1), –2y = 1

Put in equation (2), we get

⇒ –6x – 3 = –2 × 2

⇒ –6x – 3 = –4

⇒ –6x = –4 + 3

⇒ –6x = –1

Substituting and in equation (3), we get

3 = 5x – 4y

Or 5x – 4y = 3
But

∵, L.H.S ≠ R.H.S

⇒ The value of x and y doesn’t satisfy equation (3).

Thus, , and are not coplanar.

4. Question

Show that the four points having position vectors are

coplanar.

Answer

Vectors parallel to the same plane, or lie on the same plane are called coplanar vectors

The three vectors are coplanar if one of them is expressible as a linear combination of the other two.

Let the four points be denoted be P, Q, R and S for , , and

respectively such that we can say,

Let us find , and .

So,

Also,
And,

Now, we need to show a relation between , and .

So,

Comparing coefficients of , and , we get

–6x – 4y = 10 …(i)

10x + 2y = –12 …(ii)

–6x + 10y = –4 …(iii)

For solving equation (i) and (ii) for x and y, multiply equation (ii) by 2.

10x + 2y = –12 [× 2

⇒ 20x + 4y = –24 …(iv)

Solving equations (iv) and (i), we get

⇒ 14x = –14

⇒ x = –1

Put x = –1 in equation (i), we get

–6(–1) – 4y = 10

⇒ 6 – 4y = 10

⇒ –4y = 10 – 6

⇒ –4y = 4

⇒ y = –1

Substitute x = –1 and y = –1 in equation (iii), we get

–6x + 10y = –4

⇒ –6(–1) + 10(–1) = –4

⇒ 6 – 10 = –4

⇒ –4 = –4

∵, L.H.S = R.H.S

⇒ The value of x and y satisfy equation (iii).

Thus, , , and are coplanar.

5 A. Question

Prove that the following vectors are coplanar :

and

Answer

Vectors parallel to the same plane, or lie on the same plane are called coplanar vectors

The three vectors are coplanar if one of them is expressible as a linear combination of the other two.

We have been given that, , and .

We can form a relation using these three vectors. Say,

Comparing coefficients of , and , we get

2 = x + 3y …(1)

–1 = –3x – 4y …(2)

1 = –5x – 4y …(3)

Solving equations (1) and (2) for x and y.

Equation (1), x + 3y = 2

Equation (2), –3x – 4y = –1

Multiply equation (1) by 3.

x + 3y = 2 [× 3

⇒ 3x + 9y = 6 …(4)

Solving equations (4) and (2), we get

⇒ 5y = 5

⇒y=1

Put in equation (1), we get

2 = x + 3y

⇒ x + 3(1) = 2

⇒x=2–3

⇒ x = –1

Substituting x = –1 and y = 1 in equation (3), we get

–5x – 4y = 1

⇒ –5(–1) – 4(1) = 1

⇒5–4=1

⇒1=1

∵, L.H.S = R.H.S

⇒ The value of x and y satisfy equation (3).

Thus, , and are coplanar.

5 B. Question

Prove that the following vectors are coplanar :

and

Answer

We have been given that, , and .

We can form a relation using these three vectors. Say,

Comparing coefficients of , and , we get

1 = 2x – y …(1)

1 = 3x – 2y …(2)

1 = –x + 2y …(3)

Solving equations (1) and (2) for x and y.

Equation (1), 2x – y = 1

Equation (2), 3x – 2y = 1

Multiply equation (1) by 2.

2x – y = 1 [× 2

⇒ 4x – 2y = 2 …(4)

Solving equations (4) and (2), we get

⇒x=1
Put x = 1 in equation (1), we get

1 = 2x – y

⇒ 1 = 2(1) – y

⇒1=2–y

⇒y=2–1

⇒y=1

Substituting x = 1 and y = 1 in equation (3), we get

1 = –x + 2y

Or –x + 2y = 1

⇒ –(1) + 2(1) = 1

⇒ –1 + 2 = 1

⇒1=1

∵, L.H.S = R.H.S

⇒ The value of x and y satisfy equation (3).

Thus, , and are coplanar.

6 A. Question

Prove that the following vectors are non-coplanar :

and

Answer

Vectors parallel to the same plane, or lie on the same plane are called coplanar vectors

The three vectors are coplanar if one of them is expressible as a linear combination of the other two.

We have been given that, , and .

We can form a relation using these three vectors. Say,

Comparing coefficients of , and , we get

3 = 2x + 7y …(1)

1 = –x – y …(2)

–1 = 7x + 23y …(3)

Solving equations (1) and (2) for x and y.

Equation (1), 2x + 7y = 3

Equation (2), –x – y = 1

Multiply equation (2) by 2.

–x – y = 1 [× 2

⇒ –2x – 2y = 2 …(4)
Solving equations (4) and (1), we get

⇒ 5y = 5

⇒y=1

Put y = 1 in equation (2), we get

1 = –x – y

⇒ 1 = –x – (1)

⇒ 1 = –x – 1

⇒ x = –1 – 1

⇒ x = –2

Substituting x = –2 and y = 1 in equation (3), we get

–1 = 7x + 23y

Or 7x + 23y = –1

⇒ 7(–2) + 23(1) = –1

⇒ –14 + 23 = –1

⇒ 9 ≠ –1

∵, L.H.S ≠ R.H.S

⇒ The value of x and y doesn’t satisfy equation (3).

Thus, , and are not coplanar.

6 B. Question

Prove that the following vectors are non–coplanar :

and

Answer

We have been given that, , and .

We can form a relation using these three vectors. Say,

Comparing coefficients of , and , we get

1 = 2x + y …(1)

2 = x + y …(2)

3 = 3x + y …(3)

Solving equations (1) and (2) for x and y.

Equation (1), 2x + y = 1

Equation (2), x + y = 2

⇒ x = –1

Put x = –1 in equation (2), we get

2=x+y

⇒ 2 = (–1) + y

⇒y=2+1

⇒y=3

Substituting x = –1 and y = 3 in equation (3), we get

3 = 3x + y

Or 3x + y = 3

⇒ 3(–1) + (3) = 3

⇒ –3 + 3 = 3

⇒0≠3

∵, L.H.S ≠ R.H.S

⇒ The value of x and y doesn’t satisfy equation (3).

Thus, , and are not coplanar.

7 A. Question

If are non–coplanar vectors, prove that the following vectors are non–coplanar :

and

Answer

Vectors parallel to the same plane, or lie on the same plane are called coplanar vectors

The three vectors are coplanar if one of them is expressible as a linear combination of the other two.

We have been given that, , and .

We can form a relation using these three vectors. Say,

Compare the vectors , and . We get

2 = x + y …(1)

–1 = x + y …(2)

3 = –2x – 3y …(3)
Solving equations (1) and (2) for x and y.

Equation (1), x + y = 2

Equation (2), x + y = –1

We get

The value of x and y cannot be found so it won’t satisfy equation (3).

Thus, , and are not coplanar.

7 B. Question

If are non–coplanar vectors, prove that the following vectors are non-coplanar :

and

Answer

We have been given that, , and .

We can form a relation using these three vectors. Say,

Compare the vectors , and . We get

1 = 2x + y …(1)

2 = x + y …(2)

3 = 3x + y …(3)

Solving equation (1) and (2) for x and y,

⇒ x = –1

Put x = –1 in equation (2), we get

⇒2=x+y

⇒ 2 = –1 + y

⇒y=2+1

⇒y=3

Substituting x = –1 and y = 3 in equation (3), we get

3 = 3x + y

Or 3x + y = 3
⇒ 3(–1) + 3 = 3

⇒ –3 + 3 = 3

⇒0≠3

∵, L.H.S ≠ R.H.S

⇒ The value of x and y doesn’t satisfy equation (3).

Thus, , and are not coplanar.

8. Question

Show that the vectors givenby and are non-coplanar.

Express vector as a linear combination of the vectors and

Answer

Vectors parallel to the same plane, or lie on the same plane are called coplanar vectors

The three vectors are coplanar if one of them is expressible as a linear combination of the other two.

Given that

Let

Comparing the coefficients of , and , we get

1 = 2x + y …(1)

2 = x + y …(2)

3 = 3x + y …(3)

Solving equation (1) and (2), we get

⇒ x = –1

Substitute x = –1 in equation (2), we get

2=x+y

⇒ 2 = –1 + y

⇒y=2+1

⇒y=3
Put x = –1 and y = 3 in equation (3), we get

3 = 3x + y

⇒ 3 = 3(–1) + 3

⇒ 3 = –3 + 3

⇒3≠0

∴ L.H.S ≠ R.H.S

⇒ The value of x and y doesn’t satisfy equation (3).

Thus, , and are not coplanar.

Let be depicted as,

…(*)

Substitute the value of , , and .

Comparing the coefficients in , and , we get

2 = x + 2y + z …(1)

–1 = 2x + y + z …(2)

–3 = 3x + 3y + z …(3)

From equation (1),

2 = x + 2y + z

⇒ z = 2 – x – 2y …(4)

Putting the value of z from equation (4) in equations (2) & (3), we get

From equation (2),

–1 = 2x + y + z

⇒ –1 = 2x + y + (2 – x – 2y)

⇒ –1 = 2x + y + 2 – x – 2y

⇒ 2x – x + y – 2y = –1 – 2

⇒ x – y = –3 …(5)

From equation (3),

–3 = 3x + 3y + z

⇒ –3 = 3x + 3y + (2 – x – 2y)

⇒ –3 = 3x + 3y + 2 – x – 2y

⇒ 3x – x + 3y – 2y = –3 – 2

⇒ 2x + y = –5 …(6)

Solving equation (5) and (6), we have

⇒ 3x = –8

Substituting in equation (5), we get

x – y = –3

⇒ –8 – 3y = –3 × 3

⇒ –8 – 3y = –9

⇒ 3y = 9 – 8

⇒ 3y = 1

Now, substitute and in z = 2 – x – 2y, we get

⇒z=4

We have got , and z = 4.

Put these values in equation (*), we get

Thus, we have found the relation.

9. Question

Prove that a necessary and sufficient condition for three vectors and to be coplanar is that there exist

scalars not all zero simultaneously such that

Answer
Given: The vectors , and .

To Prove: (a). Necessary condition: The vectors , and will be coplanar if there exist scalar l, m, n not all
zero simultaneously such that .

(b). Sufficient condition: For vectors , and , there exist scalar l, m, n not all zero simultaneously such that

Proof:

(a). Necessary condition: Let , and are three coplanar vectors.

Then, one of them can be expressed as a linear combination of the other two.

Then, let

Rearranging them we get,

Here, let

x=l

y=m

–1 = n

We have,

Thus, if , and are coplanars, there exists scalar l, m and n (not all zero simultaneously zero) such that
.

∴ necessary condition is proved.

(b). Sufficient condition: Let , and be three vectors such that there exists scalars l, m and n not all
simultaneously zero such that .

Now, divide by n on both sides, we get

Here, we can see that

is the linear combination of and .

⇒ Clearly, , and are coplanar.

∴ sufficient condition is also proved.

Hence, proved.

10. Question

Show that the four points A, B, C and D with position vectors and respectively are coplanar if and

only if
Answer

Given that,

Let A, B, C and D be coplanar.

As we know that, the vectors , , and will be coplanar if there exist scalar x, y, z, u not all zero
simultaneously such that .

Then, we can write

Where, (x + y + z + u) = 0

Provided x, y, z, u are scalars not all simultaneously zero.

Let x = 3, y = –2, z = 1 and u = –2

So, we get

Thus, A, B, C and D are coplanar if .

If is true.

Rearranging it, we get

Dividing this from the sum of its coefficient (that is, 4) on both sides,

Or

⇒ There is a point say P, which divides the line AC in ratio 1:3 and BD in ratio 2:2 internally.

Thus, P is the point of interaction of AC and BD.

As, vectors parallel to the same plane, or lie on the same plane are called coplanar vectors.

Hence, A, B, C and D are coplanar.

Exercise 23.9
1. Question

Can a vector have direction angles 45o, 60o, 120o.

Answer

We know that, If l, m, n are the direction cosine of a vector and α, β, γ are the direction angle, then –

l = cosα, m = cosβ, n = cosγ

And, l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 …… (i)

∴ l = cos45°, m = cos60°, n = cos120°

Now, substituting l, m, n in equation (i), we get -

⇒1=1

⇒ L.H.S = R.H.S

∴ A vector can have direction angles 45o, 60o, 120o.

2. Question

Prove that 1, 1, and 1 cannot be direction cosines of a straight line.

Answer

Here, l = 1, m = 1, n = 1

And, we know that –

l2 + m2 + n2 = 1

Taking LHS,

l2 + m2 + n2 = (1)2 + (1)2 + (1)2

=3

≠1

⇒ LHS≠RHS

∴ 1, 1, and 1 cannot be direction cosines of a straight line.

3. Question

A vector makes an angle of π/4 with each of x - axis and y - axis. Find the angle made by it with the z - axis.

Answer

Given,

l = cosα

m = cosα
And, n = cosγ

Also,

l2 + m2 + n2 = 1

⇒ 1 + cos2γ = 1

⇒ cos2γ = 0

⇒ cosγ = 0

⇒ γ = cos-10

The angle made by the vector with the z - axis =

4. Question

A vector is inclined at equal acute angles to x – axis, y – axis, and z - axis. If units, find

Answer

Here, α = β = γ

⇒ cosα = cosβ = cosγ

⇒ l = m = n = p(say)

Now, we know that -

l2 + m2 + n2 = 1

⇒ p2 + p2 + p2 = 1

⇒ 3p2 = 1

∴ the direction cosines of r⃗ are -

⇒ r⃗ = |r⃗|( l ı ̂ + m ȷ ̂ + n k)

Now, multiplying and dividing it by √3

⇒ r⃗ = ±2√ 3 ( ı ̂ + ȷ ̂ + k)

5. Question

A vector is inclined to the x - axis at 45o and y - axis at 60o. If units, find

Answer

Here, α = 45°,β = 60°,γ = θ (say)

l = cosα

= cos45°

m = cosα

= cos45°

n = cosθ

Now, substituting l, m,n in

l2 + m2 + n2 = 1,

∴ r⃗ = |r⃗ |( l ı ̂ + m ȷ ̂ + n k)

⇒ r⃗ = 4(√2 ı ̂ + ȷ ̂± k)

6. Question

Find the direction cosines of the following vectors :

i.

ii.
iii.

Answer

(i)

Here,

The direction ratios of the vector 2 ı ̂ + 2 j - k are 2, 2, - 1

The direction cosines of the vector

∴ The direction cosines of are given by

(ii)

Here,

The direction ratios of the vector 6 ı ̂ - 2 j - 3 k are 6, - 2, - 3

The direction cosines of the vector

∴ The direction cosines of are given by

(iii)

Here,

The direction ratios of the vector 3 ı ̂ - 4k are 3, 0, - 4

The direction cosines of the vector

∴ The direction cosines of are given by

7. Question
Find the angles at which the following vectors are inclined to each of the coordinate axes :

i.

ii.

iii.

Answer

(i)

Let, r⃗ = ı ̂ - j + k

The direction ratios of the vector r⃗ = 1, - 1, 1

And, |r⃗ | = √ ((1)2 + ( - 1)2 + (1)2)

= √3

The direction cosines of the vector r⃗

So,

Thus, angles made by with the coordinate axes are given by

(ii)

Let, r⃗ = 0 ı ̂ + j - k

The direction ratios of the vector r⃗ = 0, 1, - 1

And, |r⃗ | = √ ((0)2 + (1)2 + ( - 1)2)

= √2

The direction cosines of the vector r⃗

So,
Thus, angles made by with the coordinate axes are given by

(iii)

Let, r⃗ = 4ı ̂ + 8 j + k

The direction ratios of the vector r⃗ = 4, 8, 1

And, |r⃗ | = √ ((4)2 + (8)2 + (1)2)

= √81

=9

The direction cosines of the vector r⃗

So,
Thus, angles made by with the coordinate axes are given by

8. Question

Show that the vector is equally inclined with the axes OX, OY and OZ.

Answer

Let r⃗ = ı ̂ + j + k

And, |r⃗ | = √ ((1)2 + (1)2 + (1)2)

=√3

Therefore, The direction cosines of the vector r⃗

Now, let α, β and γ be the angles formed by r⃗ with the positive directions of x, y and z axes.

Then,

We have,

Hence, the given vector is equally inclined to axes OX, OY and OZ.

9. Question

Show that the direction cosines of a vector equally inclined to the axes OX, OY and OZ are

Answer

Let a vector be equally inclined to axes OX, OY, and OZ at angle

Then, the direction cosines of the vector are l = cosα, m = cosα and n = cos α

And, we know that –

l2 + m2 + n2 = 1

cos2α + cos2α + cos2α = 1

3 cos2α = 1

Hence, the direction cosines of the vector which are equally inclined to the axes are

10. Question

If a unit vector makes an angle with with and an acute angle θ with then find θ and hence,

the components of

Answer

Let unit vector r⃗ have (r1, r2, r3) components.

⇒ r⃗ = r1ı ̂ + r2 j + r3 k

Since, r⃗ is a unit vector.

⇒ |r⃗ | = 1

Also, given that r⃗ makes angles with ı ̂, with ȷ ̂ and an acute angle θ with k

Then, we have:

(∵ |r⃗ | = 1)

(∵ |r⃗ | = 1)

Also,

⇒ cosθ = r3 (∵ |r⃗ | = 1)

Now, |r⃗ | = 1

⇒ √ (r12 + r22 + r32) = 1

∴ and the components of r⃗ are -

11. Question

Find a vector of magnitude units which makes an angle of and with y and z - axes respectively.

Answer

Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of the vector r⃗

l = cosα,

m = cosβ
 ,

And, n = cosγ

=0

Also, l2 + m2 + n2 = 1

∴ r⃗ = |r⃗ |( l ı ̂ + m ȷ ̂ + n k)

(Given, |r⃗ | = 3√ 2 )

⇒ r⃗ = ± 3 ı ̂ + 3 ȷ ̂

12. Question

A vector is inclined at equal angles to the three axes. If the magnitude of is find

Answer

Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of the vector r⃗

Vector r⃗ is inclined at equal angles to the three axes.

l = cosα, m = cos α, n = cosα

⇒ l = m = n.

Also, we know that -

l2 + m2 + n2 = 1

cos2α + cos2α + cos2α = 1

3 cos2α = 1

Hence, the direction cosines of the vector which are equally inclined to the axes are

∴ r⃗ = |r⃗ |( l ı ̂ + m ȷ ̂ + n k)

(Given, |r⃗ | = 2√ 3 )

⇒ r⃗ = ±(2 ı ̂ + 2ȷ ̂ + 2 k)

Very short answer

1. Question

Define “zero vector”.

Answer

Zero vector is a vector which has magnitude is 0. It is denoted by .

2. Question

Define unit vector.

Answer

A unit vector is a vector whose magnitude is 1. It is denoted by capping the vector whose unit vector is
required. For instance, the unit vector of will be .

3. Question

Define position vector of a point.

Answer

A position vector is a vector which tells the relative position of any point in space with respect to origin. This
vector starts from origin and its head lies on the point itself. If The x, y, z coordinates of the point is x1, y1,
z1, the position vector will be equal to .

4. Question

Write in the simplified form.

Answer

Any vector , if the position vectors of point P ( ) and Q ( ) are known, can be written as .

Let the position vectors of points P, Q, R be .

Then =

5. Question

If are two non-collinear vectors such that , then write the values of x and y.

Answer

Since and are non-colinear vectors, the only way the equality will hold is if x=y=0.

6. Question

If represent two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then write vectors representing its diagonals.

Answer

In the above figure, , , and

Using parallelogram law of vector addition, we can say that

 and or

Also, are the diagonals of the parallelogram.

Hence the diagonal vectors of a parallelogram formed by vectors and will be ) and .

7. Question

If represent the sides of a triangle taken in order, then write the value of

Answer

Let ∆ABC be the required triangle with and .

Any vector , if the position vectors of point A ( ) and B ( ) are known, can be written as .

Let the position vectors of points A, B, C be .

Then

8. Question

If are position vectors of the vertices A, B and C respectively, of a triangle ABC, write the value of
.

Answer

Any vector , if the position vectors of point A ( ) and B ( ) are known, can be written as .

Since the position vectors of points A, B, C are , we get

19. Question

If are position vectors of the points A, B and C respectively, write the value of .

Answer

Any vector , if the position vectors of point A ( ) and B ( ) are known, can be written as .

Since the position vectors of points A, B, C are , we get

10. Question

If are the position vectors of the vertices of a triangle, then write the position vector of its centroid.

Answer
In the figure, D is the mid-point of AB, so it divides AB in 1:1 ratio. CD is a median of ∆ABC. G is the centroid
of the triangle and by the property of triangle, G divides CD in 2:1 ratio.

The position vector of point D can be calculated using the section formula for vector, which states that the
position vector of a point( ) dividing two position vectors( ) in ration m:n, internally is

So,

Similarly, using section formula for G between points C and D, we get

11. Question

If G denotes the centroid of Δ ABC, then write the value of

Answer

Let the position vector points A, B, C be and . Then the position vector of G will be .

Any vector , if the position vectors of point A ( ) and B ( ) are known, can be written as .

Then,

12. Question

If denote the position vectors of points A and B respectively and C is a point on AB such that 3AC =
2AB, then write the position vector of C.

Answer

Given that the position vector points A, B are .

Let us assume that C lies between A and B.

Then AB=AC+BC

Given that 3AC=2AB=2(AC+BC)

⇒ AC=2BC

Therefore AC: BC=1:2

Also, since the ratio is positive, our assumption was correct.

Using section formula,

13. Question

If D is the mid-point of side BC of a triangle ABC such that write the value of λ.

Answer

Let the position vectors of A, B and C be and

Then the position vector of will be

Any vector , if the position vectors of point A ( ) and B ( ) are known, can be written as .

Then,

Substituting value of , we get

⇒ or λ=2

14. Question

If D, E, F are the mid-points of the sides BC, CA and AB respectively of a triangle ABC, write the value of

Answer

Let the position vectors of A, B and C be and

Then the position vector of and will be , and respectively.

Any vector , if the position vectors of point A ( ) and B ( ) are known, can be written as .

Then,

15. Question

If is non-zero vector of modulus a and m is a non-zero scalar such that m is a unit vector, write the
value of m.

Answer

The modulus of is a, therefore can be written as modulus×unit-direction=

Given that m has the magnitude of 1, therefore has magnitude of 1 or ma=1.Hence

16. Question

If are the position vectors of the vertices of an equilateral triangle whose orthocentre is at the origin,
then write the value of .

Answer

Since in an equilateral triangle, orthocenter and centroid coincide, therefore the position vector of centroid is
.

Also, the position vector of centroid G ( ) can be defined as

Therefore, hence

17. Question

Write a unit vector making equal acute angles with a coordinates axes.

Answer

Let the angle made be α. We know that the sum of squares of direction cosines of a vector is 1. SO, we get

cos2α+cos2α+cos2α=1

Since, α is acute therefore

Any vector, if it’s magnitude and direction cosines are given can be written as

So the required vector is

Rationalizing, we get

18. Question

If a vector makes angles α, β, γ with OX, OY and OZ respectively, then write the value of sin2α + sin2β +
sin2γ.

Answer

The sum of squares of direction cosines of a vector is 1.

Let the angles made by vector be α, β, γ. Then, we get

cos2α+cos2β+cos 2γ=1

using cos2θ=1-sin2θ, we get

(1-sin2α) +(1-sin2β) +(1-sin2γ) =1

Or, sin2α+sin2β+sin 2γ=2

19. Question

Write a vector of magnitude 12 units which makes 45° angle with X-axis, 60° angle with y-axis and an obtuse
angle with Z-axis.

Answer

Let the angles made by vector be α, β, γ and the magnitude be m.

Given that α=45°, β=60° and m= 12. We have to figure out the vector.

Since cos2α+cos2β+cos 2γ=1, we get

cos245°+cos260°+cos2γ=1
Since γ is obtuse, .

Any vector, if it’s magnitude and direction cosines are given can be written as

So the required vector is

Rationalizing, we get

20. Question

Write the length (magnitude) of a vector whose projections on the coordinate axes are 12, 3 and 4 units.

Answer

Since Lx=12, Ly=3 and Lz=4 are given, we can find out L by

L2= Lx2+Ly2+Lz2

=122+3 2+4 2

=144+9+16=169

Hence L=13 units.

21. Question

Write the position vector of a point dividing the line segment joining points A and B with position vectors
externally in the ratio 1 : 4, where and

Answer

If a point R( ) divides the vector joining point P( ) and Q( ) externally in the ratio m:n, then

Here, , , m=1 and n=4

Then

22. Question

Write the direction cosines of the vector

Answer

The direction cosines of a vector are

In this question, a1=6, a 2=-2 and a3=3, Substituting in formulas we get

23. Question
If write unit vectors parallel to

Answer

Given that , we get

The unit vector of any vector can be written as

Let

Then,

Both will be parallel to , therefore the answer is

24. Question

If write a unit vector along the vector

Answer

Given that , we get

The unit vector of any vector can be written as

Let

Then,

The unit vector in direction of is

25. Question

Write the position vector of a point dividing the line segment joining points having position vectors
externally in the ratio 2 : 3.

Answer

. If a point R( ) divides the vector joining point P( ) and Q( ) externally in the ratio m:n, then

Here, , , m=2 and n=3

Then

26. Question

If fine the unit vector in the direction of

Answer

Given that , we get

The unit vector of any vector can be written as

Let

Then,

27. Question

If and find

Answer

Given that , we get

The magnitude of any vector can be written as

28. Question

A unit vector makes angles respectively and a acute angle θ with Find θ.

Answer

The sum of squares of direction cosines of a vector is 1.

Let the angles made by vector be α, β, θ. Then, we get

cos2α+cos2β+cos 2θ=1

Given that , we have to calculate θ

⇒ (Since θ is acute)

Hence,

29. Question

Write a unit vector in the direction of

Answer

The unit vector of any vector can be written as

Given that

We get

30. Question

If and find a unit vector parallel to

Answer
Given that , we get

The unit vector of any vector can be written as

Let

Then,

Both will be parallel to , therefore the answer is

31. Question

Write a unit vector in the direction of

Answer

The unit vector of any vector can be written as

Given that

We get

32. Question

Find the position vector of the mid-point of the line segment AB, where A is the point (3, 4, –2) and B is the
point (1, 2, 4).

Answer

If the co-ordinates of a point A≡ (x1, y1, z1), then the position vector of A( ) is

Given that A≡(3,4,2) and B≡(1,2,4), we get position vector of A( ) and B( ). Let the midpoint be C( )

The position vector of midpoint of two vectors is defined by

33. Question

Find a vector in the direction of which has magnitude of 6 units.

Answer

Given that

The unit vector of any vector can be written as

Let the required vector be .

Any vector ( ) with magnitude m and unit vector can be written as .

Since the magnitude of is 6 and it’s unit vector is , we get

34. Question

What is the cosine of the angle which the vector makes with y-axis?

Answer

The angle that a vector makes with y-axis is

In this question, a1= , a2=1 and a3=1, Substituting in formulas we get

35. Question

Write two different vectors having same magnitude.

Answer

and both have magnitude 1 but different directions. is along x-axis and is along y-axis.

36. Question

Write two different vectors having same direction.

Answer

and both have the same direction but different magnitudes, 1 and 2.

37. Question

Write a vector in the direction of vector which has magnitude of 8 unit.

Answer

Given that

The unit vector of any vector can be written as

Let the required vector be .

Any vector ( ) with magnitude m and unit vector can be written as .

Since the magnitude of is 8 and it’s unit vector is , we get

38. Question

Write the direction cosines of the vector

Answer
The direction cosines of a vector are

In this question, a1=1, a 2=2 and a3=3, Substituting in formulas we get

39. Question

Find a unit vector in the direction of

Answer

Given that

The unit vector of any vector can be written as

40. Question

For what value of ‘a’ the vectors and are collinear?

Answer

Two vectors and are collinear , if and only if, .

Here and

Hence,

Solving this equality, we get

a=-4

41. Question

Write the direction cosines of the vectors

Answer

The direction cosines of a vector are

In this question, a1=-2, a2=1 and a3=-5, Substituting in formulas we get

42. Question
Find the sum of the following vectors:

Answer

Then

43. Question

Find a unit vector in the direction of the vector

Answer

Given that

The unit vector of any vector can be written as

44. Question

If and are two equal vectors, then write the value of x + y + z.

Answer

Two vectors and are equal , if and only if, a1=b 1, a2=b 2, a3=b 3

Here and

Hence, we get x=3, -y=2⇒y=-2 and -z=1⇒ z=-1

45. Question

Write a unit vector in the direction of the sum of the vectors and

Answer

and

Let

The unit vector of any vector can be written as

Hence,

46. Question

Find the value of ‘p’ for which the vectors and are parallel.

Answer

Two vectors and are parallel , if and only if, .

Here and

Hence,
Solving this equality, we get

47. Question

Find a vector of magnitude making an angle of π/4 with x-axis π/2 with y-axis and an acute angle θ
with z-axis.

Answer

Let the angles made by vector be α, β, θ and the magnitude be m.

Given that . We have to figure out the vector.

Since cos2α+cos2β+cos 2θ=1, we get

Since θ is acute, .

Any vector, if it’s magnitude and direction cosines are given can be written as

So, the required vector is

48. Question

Write a unit vector in the direction of , where P and Q are the points (1, 3, 0) and (4, 5, 6) respectively.

Answer

If the co-ordinates of points A≡ (x1, y1, z1) and B≡ (x2, y2, z2), then the vector is

Given that P≡(1,3,0) and Q≡(4,5,6), we get

The unit vector of any vector can be written as

Hence,

49. Question

Find a vector in the direction of vector which has magnitude 21 units.

Answer

Given that

The unit vector of any vector can be written as

Let the required vector be .

Any vector ( ) with magnitude m and unit vector can be written as .

Since the magnitude of is 21 and it’s unit vector is , we get

50. Question

If and –3 ≤ λ ≤ 2, then write the range of

Answer

Given that and -3≤λ≤2

We have to figure out range of

In calculating the modulus of a vector multiplied by a scalar quantity, the sign of the scalar quantity does not
matter, only it’s absolute value does.

Hence the minimum value of when λ=0 and maximum value of when λ=-3.

51. Question

In a triangle OAC, if B is the mid-point of side AC and then what is ?

Answer

Given that the position vectors of point A and B are and . Let the position vector of point C be .

The position vector of B will be defined as

52. Question

Write the position vector of the point which divides the join of points with position vectors and
in the ratio 2:1.

Answer

If a point R( ) divides the vector joining point P( ) and Q( ) externally in the ratio m:n, then

Here, , , m=2 and n=1

We get,

MCQ
1. Question

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

If in a Δ ABC, A ≡ (0, 0), B ≡ (3, 3, √3), C ≡ (–3, √3, 3), then the vector of magnitude units directed along
AO, where O is the circumcentre of Δ ABC is

A.

B.
C.

D. none of these

Answer

Slope of a line joining two points

Slope of AC

Slope of AB

Product of Slopes (AC AB) =

= -1

As the Product of Slopes (AC AB) = -1, so AC AB, ie.., CAB = 90°.

Circumcentre (O) of Triangle ABC = Mid-Point of BC

Mid-Point of BC =

Now,

Unit Vector
Vector along , whose magnitude is

Option (A) is the answer.

2. Question

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

If are the vectors forming consecutive sides of a regular hexagon ABCDEF, then the vector representing
side CD is

A.

B.

C.

D.

Answer

--------- (i)

As, AD = 2BC {Properties of a regular hexagon, also AD || BC (Parallel)}

Putting in equation (i),

Option(C)is the answer.

3. Question

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

Forces act along OA and OB. If their resultant passes through C on AB, then
A. C is a mid-point of AB

B. C divides AB in the ratio 2 : 1

C. 3 AC = 5 CB

D. 2AC = 3 CB

Answer

Draw ON perpendicular to the line AB.

Let be the unit vector along ON,

The resultant force --------- (i)

The angles between and the forces , , are CON, AON & BON respectively,

R=8

---------- (i)

Multiplying the equation (i) by 3,

----------(ii)

Also, ----------(iv)

Multiplying the equation (iv) by 5,

----------(v)

Adding equation (iv) & (v) respectively,

3AC = 5CB

Option(C)is the answer.

4. Question

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

If are three non-zero vectors, no two of which are collinear and the vector is collinear with is
collinear with , then

A.

B.

C.

D. none of these

Answer

As is collinear with ,

-------- (i)

As is collinear with ,

-------- (ii)

Adding both sides of the equation (i),

-------- (iii)

Adding both sides of the equation (iii),

--------- (iv)

Equating the RHS of equation (iii)& (iv), being their LHS equal,

As, a is not collinear with c,

{From equation (iv)}

Option (D)is the answer.

5. Question

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

If and points are collinear, then a is equal to

A. 40

B. –40

C. 20

D. –20

Answer

A( ,B( )&C( ) are collinear,

Then

Comparing the LHS & RHS of the above mentioned equation,

-80 = a – 40

a = 40 – 80

a = -40

a = -40

Option (B) is the answer.

6. Question

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

If G is the intersection of diagonals of a parallelogram ABCD and O is any point, then

A.

B.

C.

D.

Answer
Let us consider the point O as origin.

G is the mid – point of AC.

------- (i)

Also, G is the mid− point of BD,

------- (ii)

Adding eq. (i) & eq. (ii),

Option (B) is the answer

7. Question

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

The vector is a

A. null vector

B. unit vector

C. constant vector

D. none of these

Answer

=1

Hence, the given vector is a unit vector.

Option (B) is the answer

8. Question

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

In a regular hexagon ABCDEF, Then,

A.

B.

C.

D.

Answer

------- (i)

In the triangle ADE,

{ }

Option (C) is the answer

9. Question

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

The vector equation of the plane passing through is provided that

A. α + β + γ = 0

B.α + β + γ = 1

C. α + β = γ

D. α2 + β2 + γ2 = 1

Answer

As a plane passing through

Lines and lie on the plane.

The parametric equation of the plane can be expressed as,

As,
Option (B) is the answer.

10. Question

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

If O and O’ are circumcentre and orthocentre of Δ ABC, then equals

A.

B.

C.

D.

Answer

Let the vertices of the triangle ABC be A ( ), B ( ) & C ( ), with respect to the origin.

O (x,y) is the circumcentre & O’ (0,0) is the orthocenter.

As the centroid ‘G’ divides the orthocentre ‘C’ (x,y) and circumcentre (0,0) in the ratio 2 : 1.

By using Section Formula,

Option (B)is the answer.

11. Question

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

If are the position vectors of points A, B, C, D such that no three of them are collinear and
then ABCD is a

A. rhombus

B. rectangle

C. square

D. parallelogram
Answer

And,

(Given)

Multiplying the aqbove mentioned equation by ,

So, the position vector of mid – point of BD = Position Vector of mid - point of AC.

Hence the diagonals bisect each other.

Therefore the given figure ABCD is a parallelogram.

Option (D) is the answer

12. Question

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

Let G be the centroid of Δ ABC. If then the bisector in terms of is

A.

B.

C.

D.

Answer

Let A be the origin, then , implies that the position vectors of B and C are & respectively.

Let AD be the median and G be the centroid.

Then,

Position Vector of

Position Vector of
Option (A) is the answer.

13. Question

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

If ABCDEF is a regular hexagon, then equals.

A.

B.

C.

D.

Answer

As,

In triangle AOF,

And,

Option (D) is the answer

14. Question
Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

The position vectors of the points A, B, C are and respectively. These points

A. form an isosceles triangle

B. form a right triangle

C. are collinear

D. form a scalene triangle

Answer

Hence the triangle is isosceles with two sides equal.

Option (A) is the answer

15. Question

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

If three points A, B and C have position vectors and respectively are collinear, then
(x, y) =

A. (2, –3)
B. (–2, 3)

C. (–2, –3)

D. (2, 3)

Answer

the given vectors are collinear.

After comparing the equations,

y – 3 = -6

y = -6 + 3

y = -3

4–x=2

x=4–2

x=2

(x, y) = (2, -3)

Option (A) is the answer.

16. Question

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

ABCD is a parallelogram with AC and BD as diagonals. Then,

A.

B.

C.
D.

Answer

ABCD is a parallelogram with diagonals AC and BD.

&

{ }

Option (C) is the answer.

17. Question

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

If OACB is a parallelogram with and , then

A.

B.

C.

D.

Answer

{ }

-------(i)

Option (D) is the answer.

18. Question

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

If are two collinear vectors, then which of the following are incorrect?

A. for some scalar λ

B.

C. the respective components of are proportional

D. both the vectors have the same direction but different magnitudes

Answer

If & are collinear vectors, then they are parallel,

Then,

For some scalar

If , then,

If

Thus, respective components of are proportional.

However the vectors can have different directions.

Statement given in D is incorrect.

Option (D) is the answer.

19. Question

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

If figure which of the following is not true?

A.

B.

C.

D.

Answer
Subtracting , from both the sides of the above mentioned equation,

Solving RHS,

LHS ≠ RHS

Hence, it is not true.

Option (C) is the answer.