Textile Physics-Notes

Fiber Migration:
Fiber migration is the change in the distance of a fiber of filament yarn. The axis of a yarn during
production is called fiber migration. In ring spinning the outer fiber are in greater tension as they
follow a longer path. Whereas the fibers that stay at center follow a straight path and remains at
lower tension. The outer fiber tends to move towards the center of the low-tension zone and the
center fiber, try to move outside. This displacement of fibers during spinning is called Fiber
Migration.

Factors which influence fiber migration:

1. Staple length
2. Tension
3. Mode of Spinning
4. Modulus
5. Form of Ribbon in ring frame

-Ideal Migration:
The fiber must migrate regularly and consistently from the outside to the center of the yarn and
back again in order to maintain a constant density of fiber packing throughout the yarn. This is
known as the ideal migration pattern.

Textile Yarn:
Textile Yarn: An assemblage of fibers and/or filaments, with or without twist, that has a significant
length and a comparatively tiny cross section is called a textile yarn.

Classification of yarn (based on structure):

1. Twist and Strength : For all: Selection of a twist level below maximum strength is
appropriate because higher strengths are mostly unnecessary, cause the handle of the end
product to become too hard, and reduce productivity.
For me: It is appropriate to select a twist level below maximal strength because higher twist
levels are generally unneeded, result in an overly hard handle on the finished product, and
lower productivity.
2. Twist Contraction: The reduction in length due to twist insertion is known as twist
contraction. The following formula is used to calculate the amount of twist contraction:
 3. Flexural Properties of Textile Materials: The behavior, which shows by textile material
during bending, is called flexural (bending) property. The importance of Flexural
properties is required when we wear cloth.
4. Significance of Bending and Twisting:
5. ❶ The bending and twisting of fibers influence the behavior of bulked yarn and the drape
and handle of fabrics.
❷ Twisting and bending both play a part in the arrangement of fibers in a yarn.
❸ Bending strength and shear strength may be important in wear.
❹ Recovery from bending is a factor of creasing.
6. Flexural Rigidity:
A measurement of handle stiffness is called flexural rigidity. The pair needed to bend the
fiber to the unit curvature is its definition. The square of the radius is inversely related to
the bending rigidity. Thus, it is easier to bend finer fibers.

Static Electricity

Static electricity in textiles is mainly generated by the friction between surfaces. Textile
materials are poor conductors of electricity and have a high resistivity.
Theories of Electricity: There are five theories are available. These are,
1. One fluid theory.
2. Two fluid theories.
3. Faradays theory.
4. Lorentz theory.
5. Modern theory.
One Fluid theory: According to the theory, a definite quantity of charged fluid of a
material. If the fluids are increased then the body will get positive charge and if the fluids
are decreased then the body will get negative charge.
 Two fluid theories: According to this theory, there are two fluids of opposite charges has
a material. Due to friction, one types of fluid flows from one material to another material.
And one this way there decreases or increase of charges of two bodies then there
produced electricity.
Faradays theory: According to this theory, by moving electron cell there produced static
electricity charges. For this, current electricity is obtained.
Lorentz theory: According to this theory, positive and negative charges are two
oppositely charged particles, but negative and positive charges are not two different types
of fluids.
Modern theory: At present, in everywhere the modern theory is accepted. According to
this theory, every atom has a negatively charged electron and positively charged nucleus.
In neutral condition the proton and electron are equal. Due to decrease of electron the
atom becomes negatively charged if the number of electrons increased. From higher level
portion to lower level the electrons are flows until the energy levels same. Thus charge
transfer is occurred by electron transfer.

Problems for Static Electricity: The problems for static electricity are given below,

1. There is a difficulty in the opening of a parachute due to opposite charges attract one
another. This will cause two parts of garments to adhere together.
2. Difficult to handle materials due to similar charges repel one another.
3. Static electricity attracts dirt, dust for charged formed from atmosphere.
4. From other charged bodies the charged bodies are attracted.
5. Give shock to people due to accumulation of large amount of static charge. Etc.

Swelling Properties
The dimensions of the fibres (length, diameter, and area) change when they absorb in water.
Both the axial (length-wise) and transverse (width-wise) directions experience swelling. It can be
described as a growth in diameter, length, area, and volume. This indicates that the dimensional
changes that occur when a fiber absorbs moisture or water are referred to as the swelling
property.
Types of Swelling:
1. Transverse dial swelling
2. Transverse area swelling
3. Axial swelling
4. Volume swellin
Swelling phenomenon of textile fibres:

The molecular chains are laying roughly parallel to the fibre axis, as a result fibre has lower
space between the adjacent chains and swelling will be lower. When the fibres are immersed
into water, the water molecules enter into the fibre and occupy the molecular space of fibre
and thus push the fibre chains. As a result, there will be a considerable increase in diameter of
the fibre but very little increases in length.

Why swelling is important?

 Improve the absorption capability of dyes and chemicals.

 It has technical consequences in the dimensional stability of the fabric, the
predominant transverse swelling measurement.
 Due to swelling the pores of interlaced structure will be blocked, this idea is used to
produce showerproof fabric.
 Improve the fastness of dyed materials.
 Elastic properties changed.
 Static Electricity is reduced.

Swelling of different fibers:

Fibre Area swell % Dia. swell% Axial swell% Volume
swell%

Cotton 40 20 - -
Jute 40 20 - -

Viscose 67 35 3.7 119

Wool 25 14.8 - 37
Flax 47 20 0.1 -

Nylon 1.6 1.9 2.7 8.1

Silk 19 16.5 1.6 30

The rate of Swelling depends on,

 The sample's size and form, including its fiber, yarn, cloth, etc.
 Material composition, including cotton, polyester, acrylic, nylon, etc.
 The external factor, or temperature.
 Oil, wax, and other contaminants are examples of chemical content.

Why does different textile fiber have different swelling?

We all know that fiber is made up of polymer chains. In different regions, these chains are
arranged differently. Crystalline regions have parallel chain arrangements, whereas
amorphous regions have disoriented chains.

The “molecular space” is the empty space between the polymer chains. Water molecules enter
these gaps and push the fiber chains when a fiber is immersed in water. Swelling occurs as a
result. The molecular chains in a strongly oriented fiber are parallel to the fiber axis. As a
result of the reduced molecular space, swelling is reduced. Less oriented fiber exhibits greater
swelling for the same reason, because it has a large molecular area for water molecules to
enter. Because Nylon is significantly more orientated than Viscose and viscose swelling is
larger than nylon swelling. This is the reason different textile fiber have different swelling.

Frictional Properties

The properties shown by textile fibers due to friction are called as frictional properties.

Factors:

Amonton’s Law of friction:

The frictional force is independent of the area of contact between two surfaces.

The frictional force `F’ is proportional to the normal reaction/load N. Kinetic force is
independent of the speed of sliding.
Co-efficient of friction:

where F= Frictional force & N= Normal or perpendicular force

So, F= µ N Or, µ= F/N. Here, µ is the proportionate constant known as co-efficient of

friction.

 Importance of Frictional Properties in textile Industry:

 Reduce breakage during sliver formation
 Helps in drawing & drafting Process
 Maintain winding & warping process
 Twisting during spinning
 Lusture & appearance of the cloth
 Clean yarn

Problems created due to friction in Textile sector:

 Neps formation
 Yarn breakage during weaving
 Handle properties changed
 Elongation occurs
 Hairiness
 Static charge formation
 Worn out different machine parts

Minimization of frictional Intensity:

 By processing with lubricants

 By chemical treatment
 By finishing process