3.1 Frictional Properties

FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF TEXTILE FIBRES
Friction:
Friction is the force that resists the movement of a surface over another surface
during sliding. When fibers are processed in textile industry, friction is

developed between them. Due to the friction, the properties shown by textile
fibers are called as frictional properties.
FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES CONT…
Types of Friction
1. Static Friction:
It is the force that must be overcome to begin sliding of two objects or fibers in contact. It is
independent of area of contact.
2. Kinetic or Dynamic friction:

It is the force that must be overcome to continue sliding. It is independent of sliding
speed, however in case of some semi crystalline polymers this behavior is very complex.
Kinetic friction is always less than that of static friction.
Factors Affecting the Frictional Intensity of Textile Materials
1. Composition of the material (natural/synthetic)
2. The state of the surface (slippery/rough surface)
3. Weight of the fibre
4. Pressure between two surfaces
5. Area of contact or angle of contact
6. Speed of sliding of one surface over another
7. Temperature & Relative humidity (%)
8. Water absorption of fibre
9. Cross-sectional area of fibre
Co-Efficient of Friction
Frictional intensity of textile fibres can be determined by measuring co- efficient of friction. According to
Amonton’s basic law (2nd law) of friction, frictional force is proportional to the normal force between surfaces in
contact that is frictional force is proportional to the perpendicular force of a material due to its own weight.
So, F∞ N; where F= Frictional force & N= Normal or perpendicular force Or, F= µ N Or, µ= F/N
Here, µ is the proportionate constant known as co-efficient of friction. Thus, co-efficient of
friction can also be defined as the ratio between frictional force and perpendicular force of
a material.
Frictional intensity of textile fibres depends on the difference between µs and µk (µs-µk),
where µs is always higher than µk. If the difference is high, then the fabric becomes slippery
and if the difference is less, then the fabric becomes rough. Some typical value of µs and µk:
µs µk
Friction between fibre to fibre
Rayon on rayon 0.35 0.26
Nylon on nylon 0.47 0.40
Polyester on polyester 0.15 0.12
Cotton on cotton 0.51 0.26
with scale 0.13 0.11
Wool on Wool
against scale 0.61 0.38
Directional Frictional Effect (DFE):
The friction of the wool fiber depends on the direction in which it is pulled. The resistance is
greater when it is pulled against the scales than when it is pulled with the scales. This is known as
the directional frictional effect. So, in the case of wool fiber, it can be said that less friction takes
place between the fibers with the direction of scales and the friction becomes higher between the
fibers against the scales. Wool has greater friction for having scales in its surface. But, cotton also
has more friction due to its convolution (natural crimp) and has more friction than wool.
Friction between fibre to fibre µs µk
Wool on Wool with scale 0.13 0.11

against scale 0.61 0.38
Importance of friction in Textile Industry
 Friction holds the fibre in a sliver and hence material does not break due to self weight.
 Friction helps in drafting and drawing process.
 Uniform tension can be maintained in winding and warping because of friction.
 Friction helps in twisting during spinning.
 Friction modifies the luster and appearance of a cloth
 Friction makes more clean yarn.
Problems/Effects of friction in Textile Industry

• Fiber friction can lead to damage of fiber surface; it weakens the fibers, even causes breakage of fibers.
• Friction causes neps formation.
• Over friction causes high breakage of yarn in Spinning, weaving and knitting.
• Due to friction handle properties of fabric will be changed.
• Sometimes, due to friction textile materials may be elongated.
• Friction causes yarn and fabric hairiness.
• Friction causes static charge formation in textile material and therefore, dust, dirt etc. are attracted by the textile
material and it becomes dirty.
• Friction worn out different parts of a machine.
Minimization of frictional intensity of textile materials
 The following steps may be taken to reduce the frictional intensity in textile materials
 Sizing is done on warp yarn before weaving to reduce friction between adjacent yarns; as a result ends breakage
rate during weaving becomes minimized.
 Emulsion, oil, lubricants etc. are applied specially on jute in batching section to reduce the stiffness of fibre and
thus fibre damage is reduced in processing. Thus, lubrication reduces the effect of friction.
 Chemical treatment is applied on wool fibre to reduce scale sharpness and thus frictional intensity of fibre is
minimized.
 By calendaring it is possible to minimize the frictional intensity of cloth.
 Sometimes resin finish or anti-crease finish can be applied on cloth to reduce the frictional intensity.
 Softener can also be applied on textile material to reduce its frictional intensity.

3.1 Frictional Properties

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3.1 Frictional Properties

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FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF TEXTILE FIBRES

during sliding. When fibers are processed in textile industry, friction is

2. Kinetic or Dynamic friction:

Directional Frictional Effect (DFE):

Friction between fibre to fibre µs µk

Wool on Wool with scale 0.13 0.11

Problems/Effects of friction in Textile Industry

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