Properties of Matter

Intensive vs. Extensive Properties

Intensive Properties: These properties describe the inherent nature of a substance and are
independent of the amount present. Examples include color, taste, boiling point, density, and
hardness.
Extensive Properties:*These properties depend on the amount of substance present. Examples
include volume, mass, length, and shape.

Chemical Properties: These properties can only be observed when the composition of a
substance changes. Examples include biodegradability, reactivity, and combustibility.

Physical Properties: These properties can be observed or measured without changing the
composition of a substance. Examples include volume, density, color, melting point, and boiling
point.

Heating Properties: Substances react differently to heating. Some heat up quickly, while others
are slow to heat.Good conductors of heat (like aluminum and iron) are used for pots and pans.
Materials used for insulation are poor conductors of heat.

Solubility: Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a given solvent.

Different substances have different solubilities (e.g., sugar and dirt in water).

Electrical Properties: Some substances are better conductors of electricity than others.
Copper is a good conductor, while rubber and plastics are not.

Magnetic Properties:Magnetic substances are attracted to magnets.

* Iron, cobalt, and nickel are magnetic, while copper, aluminum, and zinc are not.

Separation Techniques**

1.Decantation: Separating a liquid from a solid-liquid mixture by pouring.

2.Chromatography:** Separating components of a mixture based on their adsorptive
tendencies on a stationary phase.
3.Centrifugation:Separating molecules of different densities by spinning them in solution.
4.Distillation:Separating components of a mixture based on their boiling points.
5.Evaporation: Heating a solution until the solvent evaporates, leaving behind the solid residue.
6.Filtration:Separating an insoluble solid from a liquid using filter paper.
7.Mechanical Separation: Separating components of a mixture using tools like forceps.
. Isotopes

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers
of neutrons.
Examples and their uses:
* Carbon-13: Archaeology, biological research, pollution control.
* Americium-241: Smoke detectors, lead detection in paint.
* Cesium-137: Cancer treatment, medical imaging.
* Cobalt-60: Food preservation, sterilization.
* Iodine-123: Thyroid diagnosis.
* Iodine-131: Thyroid treatment.

Ionic Compounds vs. Molecular Compounds

Ionic Compounds: Formed by electrostatic attraction between cations (positive ions) and anions
(negative ions). Usually involve a metal and a nonmetal.
* Can be made of monoatomic ions, polyatomic ions, or both.
* Monoatomic ions consist of a single atom.
* Polyatomic ions consist of multiple atoms.
*Molecular Compounds:** Formed by covalent bonds between nonmetal atoms.
* Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Naming Ions

Monoatomic Cations:
* Group IA elements form +1 ions (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+).
* Group IIA elements form +2 ions (Be+2, Mg+2, Ca+2, Sr+2, Ba+2).
* Other common cations: Al+3, Ag+, Zn+2, Cd+2.
* Naming: Element name + "ion".

Transition Metals:**
* Use the Stock system: Element name (charge in Roman numerals) + "ion".

Monoatomic Anions:**
* Element stem name + "-ide" + "ion".
* Examples: Phosphide ion (P-3), Oxide ion (O-2).
Naming Molecular Compounds**

* Use Greek prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element.

* First element: Name directly, followed by the prefix if there's more than one atom.
* Second element: Name with the prefix and "-ide" suffix.
* Examples:
* CO2: Carbon dioxide.
* P2O5: Diphosphorus pentoxide.

Molar Mass

* Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance.

* Expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).
* Relates the mass of a substance to the number of particles present.

Mole

* The mole is a unit of measurement representing a specific number of particles (6.022 x

10^23).
* A convenient way to count large numbers of atoms, molecules, or formula units.

**Key Takeaways**

* Properties of matter help us identify and quantify substances.

* Understanding these concepts is crucial for performing calculations in chemistry.
* Molar mass and the mole connect the mass of a substance to the number of particles present.

**Example Calculations**

Molar Mass of Glucose (C6H12O6):** 180 g/mol.

Molar Mass of Sodium Chloride (NaCl):** 58.44 g/mol.

Empirical Formula
Definition: The empirical formula represents the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms present
in a compound. -
Example: The empirical formula of glucose (C6H12O6) is CH2O. This formula indicates a 1:2:1
ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, even though the actual molecule has six of each

Molecular Formula
Definition: The molecular formula shows the exact number of different types of atoms present in
a molecule of a compound. - Example: The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6, which
accurately represents the six carbon, twelve hydrogen, and six oxygen atoms in one glucose
molecule.
Simplest vs. Exact: The empirical formula provides the simplest ratio, while the molecular
formula gives the exact number of atoms. - Determining Molecular Formula: To determine the
molecular formula from the empirical formula, you need additional information, such as the
molar mass of the compound. You sent

Steps to Determine the Empirical Formula

1. Find the Mass in Grams of Each Element Present: You need to know the mass of each
element in the compound. This information is often provided in a problem or experiment.

2. Calculate the Number of Moles of Each Atom: Use the molar mass of each element to
convert the mass in grams to the number of moles.

3. Divide the Number of Moles of Each Element by the Smallest Number of Moles: This step
aims to find the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in the compound. Divide each element's
moles by the smallest number of moles present.

4. Convert the Smallest Number of Moles to 1: The resulting numbers from step 3 should be
whole numbers or very close to whole numbers. If they are not whole numbers, you may need
to multiply all the numbers by a common factor to obtain whole numbers.

5. The Whole Numbers are the Subscripts in the Empirical Formula: These whole numbers
represent the subscripts in the empirical formula, indicating the relative number of atoms of
each element.

Example Let's say you have a compound containing 2.4 g of carbon (C) and 0.8 g of hydrogen
(H).
1. Mass: You already have the mass of each element.
2. Moles: - Carbon (C): 2.4 g / 12 g/mol = 0.2 mol - Hydrogen (H): 0.8 g / 1 g/mol = 0.8 mol
3. Divide by Smallest: - Carbon (C): 0.2 mol / 0.2 mol = 1 - Hydrogen (H): 0.8 mol / 0.2 mol =4
4. Whole Numbers: The numbers are already whole numbers. 5. Empirical Formula: The
empirical formula of the compound is CH4.
Important Notes Empirical vs. Molecular Formula: The empirical formula represents the
simplest ratio, while the molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms in a molecule. -
Additional Information: To determine the molecular formula from the empirical formula, you
need the molar mass of the compound.
Sample Exercise No. 1
The Problem: A 0.545 g sample of aluminum burns completely in oxygen, producing 1.030 g of
aluminum oxide. The goal is to find the empirical formula of the aluminum oxide. -

Steps Involved:
1. Identify the Elements: The elements involved are aluminum (Al) and oxygen (O).

2. Determine the Mass of Each Element: - You know the initial mass of aluminum (0.545 g). - To
find the mass of oxygen, subtract the mass of aluminum from the total mass of the aluminum
oxide (1.030 g - 0.545 g = 0.485 g).

3. Calculate the Number of Moles of Each Element: Use the molar masses of aluminum (26.98
g/mol) and oxygen (16.00 g/mol) to convert the masses to moles
.
4. Divide the Number of Moles by the Smallest Number of Moles: This step aims to find the
simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in the compound.

5. Convert the Smallest Number of Moles to 1: If the numbers obtained in Step 4 are not whole
numbers, multiply them by the smallest integer that will convert them to whole numbers.

6. The Whole Numbers are the Subscripts in the Empirical Formula: These whole numbers
represent the subscripts in the empirical formula, indicating the relative number of atoms of
each element.

Guidelines for Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

1. Determine the Correct Chemical Formulas: This step involves identifying the correct
chemical formulas for each reactant and product in the reaction. The image provides examples:
- Reactants: Cu (copper) and AgNO3 (silver nitrate) - Products: Cu(NO3)2 (copper(II) nitrate)
and Ag (silver)
2. Write the Skeleton Equation: This step involves writing the chemical formulas of
the reactants and products in a basic equation format. The image shows the
skeleton equation: - Cu + AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + Ag
3. Count the Number of Atoms: This step involves counting the number of atoms of each
element on both sides of the equation. If a polyatomic ion (like NO3) remains unchanged on
both sides, count it as a single unit.

4: Balancing Elements - Coefficients: Coefficients are small whole numbers placed in front of
a formula in an equation to balance the number of atoms of each element on both sides. -

Balancing Strategy:
- Start with Elements Appearing Once: It's often easier to begin by balancing elements that
appear only in one formula on each side of the equation. - Coefficient of 1: If a coefficient is 1, it
doesn't need to be explicitly written. - No Subscript Changes: Never change the subscripts in a
chemical formula. Balancing is achieved only by adjusting the coefficients.
 Example Cu + AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + Ag To balance this equation, we can follow
these steps:

1. Balance Copper (Cu): There's one Cu atom on each side, so it's already balanced.
2. Balance Silver (Ag): There's one Ag atom on the left and one on the right, so it's balanced.
3. Balance Nitrate (NO3): There's one NO3 group on the left and two on the right. To balance,
place a coefficient of 2 in front of AgNO3: Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + Ag
4. Recheck: Now, there are two Ag atoms, two NO3 groups, and one Cu atom on each side,
making the equation balanced.