Biology

BIOLOGY
HUMAN NUTRITION
Diet: The food eaten in a day.

Balanced diet: A diet that contains all required nutrients, in suitable portions and the right
amount of energy. This includes:
❖ Carbohydrates
❖ Proteins
❖ Fats
❖ Vitamins
❖ Minerals
❖ Water
Carbohydrates
❖ They are needed for energy.
❖ They contain carbon-hydrogen-oxygen.
Sources:Starch, Sugar ,Rice , Potato.
Lipids
❖ They are needed for energy.
❖ They make cell membranes.
❖ It acts as an insulator, reducing heat loss.
Sources:Butter,Milk,Cheese and other dairy products.
Proteins
❖ They are needed to build new cells.
❖ They are needed for growth.
❖ They are also used to make hormones.
Sources: Meat, fish, eggs and dairy products.
Vitamins
❖ Organic substances needed in tiny amounts.
❖ Deficiency disease may occur if not enough in the body.
Vitamin Sources Need Deficiency Disease
C Citrus fruits, raw To make stretchy Scurvy, which

vegetables protein collagen, causes pain in joints
keeps tissues in and muscles and
good repair bleeding from gums
and other places.
D Butter, egg yolk, Helps calcium to be Rickets, in which

sunlight. absorbed, for bones become soft
making bones and and deformed.
teeth.
Minerals
❖ inorganic substances needed in small amounts.
❖ Deficiency disease may occur if not enough in the body.
Mineral Ion Sources Need Deficiency disease
Calcium Milk, bread, and For bones and teeth Brittle bones and
other dairy products. and for blood teeth and poor blood
clotting. clotting.
Iron Liver, red meat and For making Anaemia, in which

dark green haemoglobin which there are not
vegetables. carries oxygen. enough red blood
cells so the tissues
do not get enough
oxygen.
Fibre
❖ It helps keep the alimentary canal working properly.
❖ Muscles work more strongly, when there is less digestible food like fibre.
❖ It helps keep the digestive system in good working order and helps prevent
constipation.
Sources: Fruit, vegetables, bread, cereal and brown unpolished rice.
Water
❖ More than 60% of the body is made of it.
❖ The spaces between our cells are filled with a watery liquid.
❖ The liquid part of blood, plasma, is mostly water.
❖ We need it to get rid of waste products.
Sources: Fruits and drinking fluids.
Digestive system: The group of organs that carries out digestion of food.
Physical digestion: The breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to
the food molecules.
Chemical digestion: The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules.
The process of how food is digested:

Ingestion: The taking of food and drink into the body.
⬇
Digestion: The breakdown of food.
⬇
Absorption: The movement of nutrients from alimentary canal into the blood
⬇
Assimilation: The uptake and use of nutrients by cells.
⬇
Egestion: The removal of undigested food from the body as faeces.
Peristalsis: The muscular contractions that move food through the alimentary canal.
Peristalsis is the process by which the digestive system moves food along using waves of
muscle contractions. After swallowing, muscles in the walls of the oesophagus squeeze in a
wave-like pattern to push food down into the stomach. This squeezing action continues
throughout the digestive tract—from the stomach to the intestines—to keep food moving until
it exits the body. Peristalsis works automatically and is essential for breaking down food,
absorbing nutrients, and removing waste.
The figure of human digestive system:

Functions of the main parts of the digestive system:
Region of digestive system Function
Mouth Ingestion of food; physical digestion by

teeth.
Salivary glands Produces saliva, which contains amylase

for the first part of chemical digestion.
Oesophagus Transfers food from the mouth to the

stomach by peristalsis.
Stomach Produces gastric juice for chemical

digestion of protein and also hydrochloric
acid to kill bacteria,
Duodenum First part of the small intestine; receives

pancreatic juice for chemical digestion of
protein; receives bile to emulsify lipids.
Ileum Second part of the small intestine; enzymes

carry out chemical digestion of starch,
protein, lipids; very long and has vili to
increase surface area for absorption.
Pancreas Secretes pancreatic juice into the

duodenum through the pancreatic duct.
Liver Making bile containing salts to emulsify

lipids; deamination of excess amino acids.
Gallbladder Stores bile made in the liver, to be secreted

into the duodenum through bile duct.
Colon First part of the large intestine; absorption

of water from undigested foods.
Rectum Second part of the large intestine; stores

faeces.
Anus Egestion of faeces.
Two types of digestion:

1. Physical digestion; First, large pieces of food are broken down into smaller
pieces.This is mostly done by teeth but the churning movements of the stomach also
helps. This digestion does not change the chemical compounds of the food in any
way.
2. Chemical digestion: Next, the large molecules in the food are broken apart into
smaller molecules. This involves chemical reactions, and they are catalysed by
enzymes. These smaller molecules are soluble in water, which makes it easier for
them to be absorbed into the cells.
Effect of digestion:
Large molecule Enzyme that breaks it Molecule produced

down
Starch Amylase Reducing sugar
Protein Protease Amino acids
Fat Lipase Fatty acids and glycerol

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Diet: The food eaten in a day.

Vitamin Sources Need Deficiency Disease

C Citrus fruits, raw To make stretchy Scurvy, which

D Butter, egg yolk, Helps calcium to be Rickets, in which

Mineral Ion Sources Need Deficiency disease

Iron Liver, red meat and For making Anaemia, in which

The process of how food is digested:

The figure of human digestive system:

Region of digestive system Function

Mouth Ingestion of food; physical digestion by

Salivary glands Produces saliva, which contains amylase

Oesophagus Transfers food from the mouth to the

Stomach Produces gastric juice for chemical

Duodenum First part of the small intestine; receives

Ileum Second part of the small intestine; enzymes

Pancreas Secretes pancreatic juice into the

Liver Making bile containing salts to emulsify

Gallbladder Stores bile made in the liver, to be secreted

Colon First part of the large intestine; absorption

Rectum Second part of the large intestine; stores

Anus Egestion of faeces.

Two types of digestion:

Large molecule Enzyme that breaks it Molecule produced

Starch Amylase Reducing sugar

Protein Protease Amino acids

Fat Lipase Fatty acids and glycerol

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