OLYMPIAD ARENA

RMO HANDOUT
(Aarav Arora)
I. ALGEBRA
Q1. (VIETNAM/2007) Solve the system of equations
12 2 12 6
1− = , 1+ =
𝑦 + 3𝑥 √𝑥 𝑦 + 3𝑥 √𝑦

Q2. (BELARUS/2005) Find with proof all triples (x, y, z) with x, y, z ∈ (0, 1)
satisfying:
1 1 1 𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥
(𝑥 + − 1) (𝑦 + − 1) (𝑧 + − 1) = (1 − )(1 − )(1 − )
2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦

Q3. (GREECE/TST/2009) Given that x, y, z > 3. Find all real solutions (x, y,
z) with proof to the equation:
(𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑦 + 4)2 (𝑧 + 6)2
+ + = 36
𝑦+𝑧−2 𝑧+𝑥−4 𝑥+𝑦−6

Q4. (CZECH-POLISH-SLOVAK/2004) Solve the system of equations:

1 𝑥 1 𝑦 1 𝑧
= +1 , = +1 , = +1
𝑥𝑦 𝑧 𝑦𝑧 𝑥 𝑧𝑥 𝑦

Q5. (AUSTRIA/2005) Find all real a, b, c, d, e, f that satisfy the system

4𝑎 = (𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒)4
4𝑏 = (𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒 + 𝑓)4
4𝑐 = (𝑑 + 𝑒 + 𝑓 + 𝑎)4
4𝑑 = (𝑒 + 𝑓 + 𝑎 + 𝑏)4
4𝑒 = (𝑓 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)4
4𝑓 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑)4
Q6. (MOLDOVO/TST/2008) Find all solutions (x, y) ∈ R and satisfying the
following system:
𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 = 49
𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 8𝑦 + 17𝑥

Q7. (CZCH-POLISH-SLOVAK/2005) Given the positive integer n, find all

the non negative real numbers x1, x2, …. , xn
𝑥11 + 𝑥22 + 𝑥33 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 3𝑥33 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑥𝑛𝑛 =
2

Q8. (AUSTRALIA/2008) a is a given positive integer, and n is an integer ≥ 4.

Find all n tuples (x1, x2, …., xn) of positive numbers satisfying the system
𝑥1 𝑥2 (3𝑎 − 2𝑥3 ) = 𝑎3
𝑥2 𝑥3 (3𝑎 − 2𝑥4 ) = 𝑎3
…..
𝑥𝑛−2 𝑥𝑛−1 (3𝑎 − 2𝑥𝑛 ) = 𝑎3
𝑥𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛 (3𝑎 − 2𝑥1 ) = 𝑎3
𝑥𝑛 𝑥1 (3𝑎 − 2𝑥2 ) = 𝑎3

Q9. (BULGARIA/2003) Find the number of real solutions (x, y, z) to the

system
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3𝑥𝑦
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 3𝑧𝑥
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 = 3𝑦𝑧

3
Q10. (KOREA/2000) Let < 𝑎 < 1. Prove that the equation
4

𝑥 3 (𝑥 + 1) = (𝑥 + 𝑎)(2𝑥 + 𝑎)
has 4 distinct real solutions and find these solutions in explicit form.
Q11. (USAMO/TST/2001) Solve the system of equations:
3𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑥+ =3
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑦− =0
𝑥2 + 𝑦2

Q12. (CROATIA/TST/2007) In the range of real numbers, solve the system

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =2
(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑦 + 𝑧) + (𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑧 + 𝑥) + (𝑧 + 𝑥)(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 1
𝑥 2 (𝑦 + 𝑧) + 𝑦 2 (𝑧 + 𝑥) + 𝑧 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) = −6

Q13. (AUSTRALIA/2012) When t is a positive real number, find the number

of positive real solutions (a, b, c, d) to the system of equations:
𝑎(1 − 𝑏 2 ) = 𝑡
𝑏(1 − 𝑐 2 ) = 𝑡
𝑐(1 − 𝑑 2 ) = 𝑡
𝑑(1 − 𝑎2 ) = 𝑡

Q14. (USAMO/TST/2001) Find all ordered pair of real numbers (x, y) for
which:
(1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑥 4 ) = 1 + 𝑦 7
(1 + 𝑦)(1 + 𝑦 2 )(1 + 𝑦 4 ) = 1 + 𝑥 7

Q15. (CZECH-POLISH-SLOVAK/2008) Find all positive triplets (x, y, z)

which satisfy the system:
2𝑥 3 = 2𝑦(𝑥 2 + 1) − (𝑧 2 + 1)
2𝑦 4 = 3𝑧(𝑦 2 + 1) − 2(𝑥 2 + 1)
2𝑧 5 = 4𝑥(𝑧 2 + 1) − 3(𝑦 2 + 1)
Q16. (VIETNAM/2009) Solve the system of equations:
1 1 2
+ =
√1 + 2𝑥 2 √1 + 2𝑦 2 √1 + 2𝑥𝑦
2
√𝑥(1 − 2𝑥) + √𝑦(1 − 2𝑦) =
9

Q17. (USAMO/1975) If P(x) denotes a polynomial of degree n such that

𝑘
𝑃(𝑘) =
𝑘+1
For k = 0,1, 2, …, n . Determine P(n + 1)

Q18. (USAMO/1984) P(x) is a polynomial of degree 3n such that

𝑃(0) = 𝑃(3) = ⋯ = 𝑃(3𝑛) = 2
𝑃(1) = 𝑃(4) = ⋯ = 𝑃(3𝑛 − 2) = 1
𝑃(2) = 𝑃(5) = ⋯ = 𝑃(3𝑛 − 1) = 0
𝑃(3𝑛 + 1) = 70
Determine n.

Q19. (RUSMO/2024) There are different quadratic trinomials written on

the board, among them there are no two that add up to a zero polynomial. It
turns out that if we choose any two trinomials g1(x) and g2(x) from the board,
then the remaining trinomials can be denoted as so
that all four polynomials -
and have a common
root. Do all trinomials on the board necessarily have a common root? The root
may or may not be real.

Q20. (APMO/2005) Prove that for every irrational real number a, there are
irrational numbers b and b’ so that a + b and ab’ are both rational while ab and
a + b’ are both irrational.
Q21. (APMO/1995) Determine all sequences of real numbers , ,
, which satisfy:

and

Q22. (AUSTRIA/2017) Determine all polynomial satisfying the

following two conditions:
(a) and
(b) for all real number .

Q23. (JAPAN/TST/2016) Find the smallest positive real such that for any
positive integer and positive reals ,

Q24. (KOREA/JUNIOR/2022) Find all pairs (x, y) of rational numbers such

that 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3

Q25. (RUSMO/2021) Given is a polynomial of degree with real

coefficients. The equation has distinct real roots. Prove
that these roots could be split into two groups with equal arithmetic mean.

Q26. (JBMO/2007) The real numbers are positive, such

that . Prove that

Q27. (IMO/2000) Let be positive real numbers so that . Prove

that
 2009
Q28. (CMC/2009) x1, x2, …, x2010 > 0 and ∑2009
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 = 1.
Find min {∑2010 2008
𝑖=1 (𝑥𝑖 )/(1 − 𝑥𝑖2009 )} and prove your result.

Q29. (CZECH-POLISH-SLOVAK/2011) Let , , be positive real numbers

satisfying . Prove that .

Q30. (IMO/SL/2006) The sequence of real numbers a0, a1, a2, … is defined
recursively by
𝑎𝑛−𝑘
a0 = -1 and ∑𝑛𝑘=0 = 0 for n ≥ 1.
𝑘+1

Show that an > 0 for n ≥ 1.

Q31. (CHNMO/2010) If 0 < x1 ≤ x2 ≤ … ≤ xs, 0 < y1 ≤ y2 ≤ … ≤ ys satisfy

the condition that
𝑥1𝑟 + 𝑥2𝑟 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑠𝑟 = 𝑦1𝑟 + 𝑦2𝑟 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑠𝑟 for all r ∈ N.
Prove that 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑦𝑖 , i = 1, 2, … , s.

Q32. (USAMO/2009)
For let be positive real numbers such that

Prove that .

Q33. (BOSNIA/2008) If a, b, c are positive reals, prove the inequality

4𝑎 4𝑏 4𝑐
(1 + ) (1 + ) (1 + ) > 25
𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏

Q34. (CHNMO/TST/2008) Let x, y, z be positive real numbers. Prove that

𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥 3
+ + > 2√𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3
𝑧 𝑥 𝑦
Q35. (IRAN/TST/2008) Let a, b, c > 0 and ab + bc + ca = 1. Prove that:
√𝑎3 + 𝑎 + √𝑏 3 + 𝑏 + √𝑐 3 + 𝑐 ≥ 2√𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐

Q36. (GREECE/2009) Given that x, y, z are all non-negative and x + y + z =

2. Prove that:
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 ≤ 1

Q37. (TURKEY/2009) Show that for all positive real numbers a, b, c

(𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎4 − 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 ) (𝑐 + 𝑎)(𝑏 4 − 𝑐 2 𝑎2 ) (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑐 4 − 𝑎2 𝑏 2 )
+ + ≥0
𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑐𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐

Q38. (TURKEY/2007) a, b, c are positive numbers and a + b + c = 3. Prove

that:
𝑎2 + 3𝑏 2 𝑏 2 + 3𝑐 2 𝑐 2 + 3𝑎2
+ + ≥4
𝑎𝑏 2 (4 − 𝑎𝑏) 𝑏𝑐 2 (4 − 𝑏𝑐) 𝑐𝑎2 (4 − 𝑐𝑎)

Q39. (CMO/2008) Let a, b, c be positive real numbers for which a + b + c = 1

Prove that:
𝑎 − 𝑏𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑐𝑎 𝑐 − 𝑎𝑏 3
+ + ≤
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑏 + 𝑐𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏 2

Q40. (MEDITERRANEAN MO/2010) Given positive real numbers a1, a2, …,

an such that n ≥ 2 and a1 + a2 + … + an = 1. Prove the inequality:
𝑎2 𝑎3 … 𝑎𝑛 𝑎1 𝑎3 … 𝑎𝑛 𝑎1 𝑎2 … 𝑎𝑛−1 1
+ +⋯+ ≤
𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑎2 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛 − 2 (𝑛 − 1)2

Q41. (IRAN/2008) Let x, y, z > 0 and x + y + z = 3. Prove that:

𝑥3 𝑦3 𝑧3 1 2
+ + ≥ + (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥)
𝑦 3 + 8 𝑧 3 + 8 𝑥 3 + 8 9 27
Q42. (CHINA/2008) Find the largest positive number 𝛾 such that the
inequality:
√5
|𝛾𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧| ≤
2
Holds for all real numbers x, y, z satisfying x + y2 + z2 = 1
2

Q43. (APMO/2007) Let and be positive real numbers such

that . Prove

that

Q44. (UKRAINE/2008) x, y, z are non-negative real numbers and x2 + y2 + z2

= 3. Prove that
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
+ + ≤3
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 √𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 √𝑧 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑦

Q45. (CHINA/2008) Let f(x) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 be a polynomial with real

coefficients. Given that f(x) has three positive real roots and that f(0) < 0.
Prove that: 2𝑏 3 + 9𝑎2 𝑑 − 7𝑎𝑏𝑐 ≤ 0

Q46. (IMO/2005) Let be three positive reals such that . Prove

that

Q47. (IMOSL/2006) If are the sides of a triangle, prove that

Q48. (BALKAN/2010) Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that:

𝑎2 𝑏(𝑏 − 𝑐) 𝑏 2 𝑐(𝑐 − 𝑎) 𝑐 2 𝑎(𝑎 − 𝑏)
+ + ≥0
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
Q49. (GERMANY/2010) Let a, b, c be three distinct positive real numbers.
Prove that:
2𝑎 − 𝑏 2 2𝑏 − 𝑐 2 2𝑐 − 𝑎 2
( ) +( ) +( ) ≥5
𝑎−𝑏 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐−𝑎

Q50. (APMO/2005) Let be positive real numbers such that

. Prove that
 II. NUMBER THEORY

Q1. (CHNMO/2009) Find all ordered pairs (p, q) of two primes such that pq
divides 5p + 5q.

Q2. (USAJMO/2010) Let be an integer. Find, with proof, all

sequences of positive integers with the following three
properties:

a. (a). ;
b. (b). for all ;
c. (c). given any two indices and (not necessarily distinct) for
which , there is an index such that

Q3. (USAJMO/2011) Find, with proof, all positive integers for

which is a perfect square.

Q4. (IRAN/2010) Given that m, n are two relatively prime integers. Prove
that the equation in x, t, y, s, v, r

𝑥 𝑚 𝑛𝑡 + 𝑦 𝑚 𝑛 𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑚 𝑟 𝑛

has infinitely many positive integer solutions.

Q5. (GERMANY/2008) Find all real x such that both 4𝑥 5 − 7 and 4𝑥 13 − 7

are both perfect squares.

Q6. (SLOVENIA/TST/2008-09) Let K > 1 be a positive integer. Prove that

there always exist k positive integers n1, n2, …, nk such that

𝑛12 + 𝑛22 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑘2 = 5𝑚+𝑘

for each non negative integer m.

Q7. (CANADA/2009) Find all ordered pairs (a, b) such that a and b are
integers and 3𝑎 + 7𝑏 is a perfect square.

Q8. (JBMOSL/2023) Let be a prime number such that is also a

prime. Suppose there exist positive integers such

that and are integers. Show that .

Q9. (JBMOSL/2023) Find the largest positive integer such that we can find
a set with elements such that, for any
, divides if and only if divides , where denotes the sum of the
digits of .

Q10. (ITALY/TST/2009) Find all pairs of integers such that

Q11. (KOREA/JUNIOR/2023) Positive integers satisfy the

following conditions.

▪
▪ for each

Prove that there exist integers such that

Q12. (JAPAN/2019) Find all triples of positive integers such that

Q13. (RUSMO/2018) and are given positive integers. Prove that there are
infinitely many positive integers such that doesn't divide .
Q14. (ARGENTINA/2022) Determine all positive integers such that
numbers from to can be sorted in some order with the
property that the number is divisible by , for all
., that is is divides , divides , divides , and so on
until divides .

Q15. (BULGARIA) A rectangular parallelepiped has integer dimensions. All

of its faces are painted green. The parallelepiped is partitioned into unit cubes
by planes parallel to its faces. Find all possible dimensions of the parallelepiped
if the number of cubes without a green face is one third of the total number of
cubes.

Q16. (CANADA/JUNIOR/2022) Let denote the number of positive

integer divisors of . For example, since has positive divisors,
namely, , and . Prove that for all positive integers ,

Q17. (CANADA/2017) Define a function from the positive integers to

the positive integers such that is the number of positive integer
divisors of . Prove that if is a prime, then is prime.

Q18. (KOSOVO/TST/2019) Prove that there exist infinitely many positive

integers such that is a positive integer.

Q19. (IMO/2023) Determine all composite integers that satisfy the

following property: if , , , are all the positive divisors
of with , then divides for
every .
Q20. (MEDITERRANEAN MO/2020) Determine all integers for
which there exists an integer with
and .

Q21. (MEDITERRANEAN MO/2022) (a) Decide whether there exist two

decimal digits and , such that every integer with decimal
representation is divisible by .
(b) Decide whether there exist two decimal digits and , such that every
integer with decimal representation is divisible by .

Q22. (IMOSL/2004) Let denote the number of positive divisors of the

positive integer . Prove that there exist infinitely many positive
integers such that the equation does not have a positive integer
solution .

Q23. (JBMO/2017) Determine all the sets of six consecutive positive integers
such that the product of some two of them added to the product of some other
two of them is equal to the product of the remaining two numbers.

Q24. (JBMO/2019) Find all prime numbers for which there exist positive
integers , , and such that the number

is a product of exactly three distinct prime numbers.

Q25. (PHILIPPINES/2018) Suppose is a sequence of integers,

and is some integer. For all natural numbers ,

Show that the sequence is constant.

Q26. (PHILIPPINES/2018) Determine all ordered pairs of nonnegative
integers that satisfy the equation

Q27. (USAMO/2017) Prove that there are infinitely many distinct

pairs of relatively prime integers and such that is
divisible by .

Q28. (USAMO/JUNIOR/2018) For each positive integer , find the number

of -digit positive integers that satisfy both of the following conditions:

▪ no two consecutive digits are equal, and

▪ the last digit is a prime.

Q29. (SERBIA/2016) Let be an integer. Prove that there

exist such that is a positive integer.

Q30. (BMO/2007) Show that there are infinitely many pairs of positive
integers (m, n) such that

𝑚+1 𝑛+1
+
𝑛 𝑚
is a positive integer.

Q31. (KOREA/2007) Find all ordered pairs (p, q) of two primes, such that pq
divides 𝑝𝑝 + 𝑞 𝑞 + 1.

Q32. (IMO/2003) Let p be a prime number. Prove that there exists a prime
number q such that for every integer n, the number 𝑛𝑝 − 𝑝 is not divisible by
q.
 𝑚
Q33. (KOREA/2003) If m is a positive integer and 2𝑚+1 + 1 divides 32 + 1.
Prove that 2𝑚+1 + 1 is a prime number.

Q34. (IMOSL/2005) Let a and b be positive integer such that 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛 divides

𝑏 𝑛 + 𝑛 for every positive integer n. Show that a = b.

Q35. (TURKEY/2007) It is given that p = 6k + 1 where k is natural number

greater than 1 and p is a prime. Given m = 2𝑝 − 1. Prove that the number
2𝑚−1 −1
is an integer.
127𝑚

Q36. (SINGAPORE/2009) A palindromic number is a number which is

unchanged when order of its digits is reversed. Prove that the arithmetic
progression 18, 37, ….. contains infinitely many palindromic numbers.

Q37. (MACEDONIA/2009) In the range of integers, find the solutions of

equation

𝑥 2010 − 2006 = 4𝑦 2009 + 4𝑦 2008 + 2007𝑦

Q38. (APMO/2001) For a positive integer let be the sum of digits in

the decimal representation of . Any positive integer obtained by removing
several (at least one) digits from the right-hand end of the decimal
representation of is called a stump of . Let be the sum of all stumps of
. Prove that .

Q39. (JBMOSL/2020) Find all positive integers , , , and , where is a

prime number, such that

.
Q40. (JBMOSL/2020) Find the largest integer ( ), for which there
exists an integer ( ) such that from any collection of consecutive
positive integers one can always choose numbers, which verify the following
conditions:
1. each chosen number is not divisible by , by , nor by ;
2. the positive difference of any two distinct chosen numbers is not divisible by
at least one of the
numbers , , and .

Q41. (SPAIN/2024) Consider 2024 distinct prime

numbers such that

Let and . Prove that .

Q42. (SPAIN/2022) Find all triples of positive integers, with

, satisfying simultaneously that

Q43. (SAUDI ARABIA/2022) Find all pairs of positive prime

numbers such that

Q44. (AUSTRALIA/2024) Let be a real number.

Let denote the number formed by the digits written from
left to right (leading zeroes are permitted). Given that and for
each , is equal to the number formed by the rightmost digits
of . Show that is irrational.

Q45. (JBMO/2018) Find all integers and such that the fifth power
of minus the fifth power of is equal to .
Q46. (JBMO/2015) Find all prime numbers and positive
integers satisfying the equation

Q47. (SINGAPORE/JUNIOR/2019) Find all positive integers such

that and are both integers.

Q48. (BALKAN/2013) Determine all positive integers , and such

that

Q49. (FRANCE/TST/2007) For a positive integer , is the integer

obtained by the following method: the decimal writing of is the inverse of
the decimal writing of (the decimal writing of can begin by zeros, but not
the one of ); for instance if , , that is .

Let be a positive integer, and the sequence defined by and the

following formula for :

Q50. (IMO/1992) Find all integers with such that

is a divisor of
 III. GEOMETRY
Q1. (AUSTRIA/2005) Construct the semicircle with the diameter and
the midpoint . Now construct the semicircle with the diameter on the
same side as . Let and be points on , such that the arc is 1.5 times
the arc . The line intersects the line in and the
semicircle in . Show that is the midpoint of .

Q2. (RUSMO/2009) Let be given a triangle and its internal angle

bisector . The line intersects the circumcircle of
triangle at and . Circle with diameter cuts again at
. Prove that is the symmedian line of triangle .

Q3. (CMC/2008) It is given that the circle with center O touches the sides AB
and AC of ∆ABC at P and Q respectively, and internally tangent to the
circumcircle of triangle ABC at D. Prove that ∠POQ = 2∠MDC, where M is
the midpoint of PQ.

Q4. (CMC/2010) Given that the incenter of ∆ABC is I, and the circle with
center I touches AC, AB at E, F respectively. M is a point on line segment EF.
Prove that the areas of triangle MAB and MAC are equal if and only if MI ⊥
BC.

Q5. (ESTONIA/TST/2008) A, B are two fixed points on circle W1. The circle
W2 is tangent to AB at B and its center is on W1. The line ADE intersects W2
at D, E, and the line BD intersects W1 again at F. Prove that BE is tangent to
W1 if and only if DF = DB.

Q6. (RUSMO/2008) In triangle ABC, AB > AC, the tangent line at B to the
circumcircle intersects the line AC at P. D is the symmetric point of B with
respect to P, E is the symmetric point of C with respect to line BP. Prove that
the quadrilateral ABED is cyclic.
Q7. (CMC/2010) ABCD is a convex quadrilateral, ∠ABC = ∠ADC, E, F, G, H,
are midpoints of AC, BD, AD, CD respectively. Prove that:
a) EFGH is a cyclic quadrilateral
b) ∠AEF = ∠ACB - ∠ACD

Q8. (SLOVENIA/TST/2008-09) In acute triangle ABC, D is on AB, the

circumcircles of triangles BCD and ACD intersect AC and BC at points E, F
respectively. Let the circumcenter of triangle CEF be O. Prove that the
circumcentres of triangles ADE, ADC, DBF, DBC and the points D and O are
concyclic, and OD ⊥ AB.

Q9. (CROATIA/2009) ABCD is a convex quadrilateral., the circumcircle of

triangle ABC intersects CD, DA at P, Q respectively, and the circumcircle of
triangle ACD intersect AB, BC at R, S respectively. The lines BP, BQ intersect
the line RS at the points M, N respectively. Prove that M, N, P, Q are
concyclic.

Q10. (ITALY/TST/2009) Two circles and intersect at . The

common tangent line nearer to of the two circles
touches at respectively. Let be the symmetric points
of with respect to respectively. The circumcircle of
triangle intersects circles and at points respectively which
are distinct from . Prove that the circumradii of the
triangles and are equal.

Q11. (CMC/2010) M is the center of equilateral triangle A1A2A3, N is the

arbitrary point in the plane that the triangle lies, the circle taking MN as
diameter intersects the line MAi at Bi, i = 1, 2, 3. Prove that:
MB12 + MB22 + MB32 = NB12 + NB22 + NB32
Q12. (VIETNAM/2009) Let , be two fixed points and is a variable
point on the plane such that (constant) ( ). Let ,
, be the projections of the incenter of triangle to its sides ,
, , respectively. Denoted by , the intersections of , with
, respectively. Prove that the length of the segment is constant and the
circumcircle of triangle always passes through a fixed point.

Q13. (BELARUS/2009) Let X, X1, X2 be points on sides AB, AC, BC of

triangle ABC respectively, such that XX1 ⊥ AC, X1X2 ⊥ BC, X2X ⊥ AB,. Let
Y, Y1, Y2 be points on BC, AC, AB such that YY1 ⊥ AC, Y1Y2 ⊥ AB. Prove
that YY2 ⊥ BC if XY is parallel to AC.

Q14. (RUSMO/2008) The points M, N are on sides AB, AC of triangle ABC.

Given that MC = AC , NB = AB and P is the symmetric point of A with
respect to the line BC. Prove that PA is angle bisector of ∠MPN.

Q15. (CROATIA/2009) Given that CH is the altitude of the acute triangle

ABC, O is the circumcenter of triangle ABC and T is the projection of C on the
line AO. Prove that TH passes through the midpoint of BC.

Q16. (ITALY/2009) Let be an acute-angled scalene triangle and be its

circumcircle. is the foot of the internal bisector of on . Let be
the midpoint of the arc containing . intersect again at . is the
intersection of the tangents at and . is the intersection of the
perpendicular to at and perpendicular to at . Show
that and are collinear.

Q17. (SMO/TST/2008) Let be a circle, and let be a line segment

such that lie on and is a point outside . Let be a point
on such that is tangent to and let be the point on such
that is a diameter of and intersects inside . Suppose that the
lines and intersect at . Prove that is perpendicular to .
Q18. (CMC/2008) AB is the diameter of the semicircle with center O. C is the
midpoint of arc AB, M is the midpoint of chord AC, CH ⊥ BM at H. Prove that
𝐶𝐻2 = 𝐴𝐻. 𝑂𝐻.

Q19. (CMC/2009) In triangle ABC, AB > AC, AE is the tangent line to the
circumcircle of triangle ABC at A, D is on AB such that AD = AC = AE.
Prove that the line segment DE passes through the incenter of triangle ABC.

Q20. (RUSMO/2008-09) The inscribed circle w of triangle ABC touches the

sides BC, CA, AB at X, Y, Z. The points K, L on w satisfy
∠𝐴𝐾𝑌 + ∠𝐵𝐾𝑋+ = ∠𝐴𝐿𝑌 + ∠𝐵𝐿𝑋 = 180 degrees
Prove that distances of X, Y, Z to the line KL are equal.

Q21. (JAPAN/2009) Let be a circumcircle. A circle with center touches to

line segment at and touches the arc of which doesn't have at
. If , then prove that .

Q22. (SLOVENIA/TST/2008-09) ABCD is a trapezium, CD, AB are the

upper and lower bases respectively. Given ∠ADC = 90 degrees, AC ⊥ BD.
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐶.𝐶𝐷
From D make DE ⊥ BC at E. Prove that = .
𝐵𝐸 𝐴𝐶 2 −𝐶𝐷2

Q23. (IMOSL/2008) Given trapezoid with parallel sides and

, assume that there exist points on line outside segment
, and inside segment such that . Denote by the point
of intersection of and , and by the point of intersection
of and . Let be the midpoint of segment , assume it does not lie
on line . Prove that belongs to the circumcircle of if and only
if belongs to the circumcircle of .

Q24. (HONGKONG/2006) O is the circumcenter of convex quadrilateral

ABCD. Given that AC ≠ BD, AC and BD intersect at E. If P is an interior
point of the quadrilateral ABCD such that ∠PAB + ∠PCB = ∠PBC + ∠PDC =
90 degrees. Prove that O, P, E are collinear.
Q25. (CMC/2010) Two circles w1 and w2 intersect at A and B. A line passing
through B intersects w1 and w2 at C and D respectively, and another line
passing through B intersects w1 and w2 at E and F respectively. The line CF
intersect w1 and w2 at P and Q respectively. Let M, N be the midpoints of arcs
PB and QB respectively. Prove that CFMN are concyclic if CD = EF.

Q26. (APMO/2009) Let three circles , which are non-overlapping

and mutually external, be given in the plane. For each point in the plane,
outside the three circles, construct six points as follows:
For each , are distinct points on the circle such that the
lines and are both tangents to . Call the point exceptional if,
from the construction, three lines are concurrent. Show
that every exceptional point of the plane, if exists, lies on the same circle.

Q27. (USAMO/2009) Given circles and intersecting at points and

, let be a line through the center of intersecting at points and and
let be a line through the center of intersecting at points and
. Prove that if and lie on a circle then the center of this circle lies on
line .

Q28. (CMC/2009) Given that the circle with center O touches the line
segment AB at M and touches the semicircle of diameter AB at E. C is a point
on the semicircle such that CD ⊥ AB at D and CD is the tangent line to the
circle with center O at point F. Connect CA, CM. Prove that:
a) A, F, E are collinear
b) AC = AM
c) MC2 = 2.MD.MA

Q29. (THAILAND/2007) Given the point P outside the circle with center O
and PA, PB are tangents to it at A and B. M, N are the mid points of the line
segments AP and AB respectively. The extension of MN intersects the circle
at C, where N is between M and C. PC intersects the circle again at D, and the
extension of ND intersects PB at Q. Prove that quadrilateral MNPQ is a
rhombus.
Q30. (ROMANIA/2008) Let be a triangle and the points

, , such that Prove that if the

circumcentres of the triangles and coincide then is
equilateral.

Q31. (TURKEY/2008) A circle and a line is given in a plane such

that doesn't cut .Determine the intersection set of the circles has as
diameter for all pairs of (lie on ) and satisfy such
that and

Q32. (VIETNAM/2007) Let be a quadrilateral inscribed

in circle with larger edge . is a point lying outer segment
. cut at N(that means isn't tangent of ), the circle with
diameter intersect at , meet at . Prove that always
pass through a fixed point.

Q33. (ITALY/TST/2008) In acute triangle ABC, AM is a median on BC, BK,

KL are altitudes, where the points M, K, L are on BC, CA, AB respectively.
The line perpendicular to AM at A intersects the lines CL, BK at E, F
respectively. Prove that A is the midpoint of EF.

Q34. (TURKEY/TST/2009) Quadrilateral has an inscribed circle

which centered at with radius . intersects at
; intersects at and the diagonals and intersects each other
at . If the distance from to the line is , prove that .

Q35. (BELARUS/2009) In acute triangle . Let and be

the points on sides and respectively. Circumcircles
of and intersect at the points and . Prove that is a

point on side if and only if

Q36. (USAMO/2010) Let be a convex pentagon inscribed in a
semicircle of diameter . Denote by , , , the feet of the perpendiculars
from onto lines , , , , respectively. Prove that the acute angle
formed by lines and is half the size of , where is the midpoint
of segment .

Q37. (CMC/2009) Given the line segments AB, CD, EF are three non-
intersected chords of a circle. When three quadrilaterals are formed by taking
any two chords as a pair of opposite sides, and let M, N, P be the intersection
of two diagonals for these quadrilaterals, Prove that M, N, P are collinear.

Q38. (INDIA/TST/2008) Let triangle ABC be not isosceles. w is the

inscribed circle, touching the three sides BC, CA, AB at D, E, F respectively. If
the lines FD, DE, EF intersect the lines CA, AB, BC at points U, V, W
respectively and the midpoints of DW, EU, FV are L, M, N respectively. Prove
that L, M, N are collinear.

Q39. (ESTONIA/TST/2009) Points are chosen on the

sides of triangle , respectively, so

that . The line which is parallel to line and goes

through point intersects the lines and at and , respectively.

Prove that

Q40. (CMC/2010) Let O be the circumcenter of the acute triangle ABC, K a

point on BC (other than midpoint of BC)., D is on extension of AK. The lines
BD and AC intersect at N and lines AB and CD intersect at M. Prove that if
𝑂𝐾 ⊥ 𝑀𝑁 then A, B, C, D are concyclic.

Q41. (BALKAN MO/2009) Let be a line parallel to the side of a

triangle , with on the side and on the side . The
lines and meet at point . The circumcircles of
triangles and meet at two distinct points and . Prove
that .)
Q42. (CMC/2008) In an acute triangle ABC, D, E, F are midpoints of BC, AC,
AB respectively. On the extensions EF, FD, DE take points P, Q, R
respectively such that AP = BQ = CR. Prove that the circumcenter of triangle
PQR is orthocenter of triangle ABC.

Q43. (CMC/2009) In triangle ABC, the points D, E are on AB, AC

respectively such that DE is parallel to BC. The inscribed circle of triangle
ADE touches DE at M, the escribed circle on side BC of triangle ABC touches
BC at N. BE and CD intersect at P. Prove that M, N, P are collinear.

Q44. (CMC/2010) The inscribed circle of triangle ABC has center I and
touches AC, AB at points E, F respectively. Let M be a point on segment EF.
Prove that the areas of triangle MAB and MAC are equal if and only if MI ⊥
BC.

Q45. (APMO/2007) Let be an acute angled triangle

with and . Let be the incenter, and the
orthocenter of the triangle . Prove that .

Q46. (TURKEY/2008) Given an acute angled triangle , is the

circumcenter and is the orthocenter. Let , , be the midpoints of the
sides , and respectively. Rays , , cut the circumcircle
of at , and respectively. Prove that , and are collinear
if is the orthocenter of

Q47. (CMC/2008) The circle taking side BC of triangle ABC as diameter

intersects the lines AB, AC ate E, F respectively. The tangent lines at E, F
intersect at P. The line AP intersects the line BF at D. Prove that D, C, E are
collinear.

Q48. (IRAN/TST/2009) In triangle , , and are the points of

tangency of incircle with the center of to , and respectively.
Let be the foot of the perpendicular from to . is on such
that . If is the orthocenter of , prove that bisects .
Q49. (BULGARIA/TST/2009) The three escribes circles of triangle ABC
touch the line segments AB, BC, CA at points M, N, P respectively. I and O are
the incenter and circumcenter of triangle ABC respectively. Prove that if
quadrilateral AMNP is cyclic, then:
a) M, N, P are collinear
b) I, O, N are collinear

Q50. (IMO/2009) Let be a triangle with circumcentre . The

points and are interior points of the sides and respectively.
Let and be the midpoints of the segments and
. respectively, and let be the circle passing through and . Suppose
that the line is tangent to the circle . Prove that OP = OQ.
 IV. COMBINATORICS
Q1. (IRAN/2014) A basket is called "Stuff Basket" if it includes kilograms of
rice and number of eggs. A market is to distribute Stuff Baskets. We
know that there is totally kilograms of rice and number of eggs in
the baskets, but some of market's baskets include either more or less amount of
rice or eggs. In each step, market workers can select two baskets and move an
arbitrary amount of rice or eggs between selected baskets. Starting from an
arbitrary situation, what's the minimum number of steps that workers
provide Stuff Baskets?

Q2. (APMO/2009) Consider the following operation on positive real numbers

written on a blackboard:
Choose a number written on the blackboard, erase that number, and then
write a pair of positive real numbers and satisfying the
condition on the board.
Assume that you start out with just one positive real number on the
blackboard, and apply this operation times to end up with positive
real numbers, not necessarily distinct. Show that there exists a number on the
board which does not exceed kr.

Q3. (BALKAN/2001) A cube side 3 is divided into 27 unit cubes. The unit
cubes are arbitrarily labelled 1 to 27 (each cube is given a different number). A
move consists of swapping the cube labelled 27 with one of its 6 neighbours. Is
it possible to find a finite sequence of moves at the end of which cube 27 is in
its original position, but cube has moved to the position originally occupied
by (for each )?

Q4. (JBMO/2023) Alice and Bob play the following game on a grid,
taking turns, with Alice starting first. Initially the grid is empty. At their turn,
they choose an integer from to that is not written yet in any of the cells
and choose an empty cell, and place it in the chosen cell. When there is no
empty cell left, Alice computes the sum of the numbers in each row, and her
score is the maximum of these numbers. Bob computes the sum of the
numbers in each column, and his score is the maximum of these numbers.
Alice wins if her score is greater than Bob's score, Bob wins if his score is
greater than Alice's score, otherwise no one wins.
Find if one of the players has a winning strategy, and if so which player has a
winning strategy.
Q5. (USAJMO/2013) Each cell of an board is filled with some
nonnegative integer. Two numbers in the filling are said to be adjacent if their
cells share a common side. (Note that two numbers in cells that share only a
corner are not adjacent). The filling is called a garden if it satisfies the
following two conditions:
(i) The difference between any two adjacent numbers is either or .
(ii) If a number is less than or equal to all of its adjacent numbers, then it is
equal to .
Determine the number of distinct gardens in terms of and

Q6. (TURKEY/JUNIOR/2013) Player places an odd number of boxes

around a circle and distributes balls into some of these boxes. Then the
player chooses one of these boxes and takes the balls in it. After that the
player chooses half of the remaining boxes such that none of two are
consecutive and take the balls in them. If player guarantees to take balls,
find the maximum possible value of .

Q7. (CANADA/2015) On a square grid, a turtle can move

between squares sharing a side. The turtle begins in a corner square of the
grid and enters each square exactly once, ending in the square where she
started. In terms of , what is the largest positive integer such that there
must be a row or column that the turtle has entered at least distinct times?

Q8. (JAPAN/2019) Let be an odd number. We will play a game using

a by grid. The game is comprised of turns, in every turn, we will
perform the following operation sequentially.

We will choose a square with an unwritten integer, and write down an

integer among 1 through . We can write down any integer only at once
through the game.
For each row, column including the square, if the sum of integers is a
multiple of , then we will get 1 point (both of each sum is a multiple of , we
will get 2 points).

Determine the maximum possible value of the points as the total sum that we
can obtain by the end of the game.
Q9. (CZECH-POLISH-SLOVAK/2022) Let be a positive integer.
Alice and Bob play a game on a board. Initially, all cells are white.
Alice starts and the players alternate. In her turn, Alice can either color one
white cell in red or pass her turn. In his turn, Bob can either color
a square of white cells in blue or pass his turn. Once both players pass,
the game ends and the person who colored more cells wins (a draw can occur).
For each , determine which player (if any) has a winning
strategy.

Q10. (ITALY/2016) A mathematical contest had problems, each of which

was given a score between and ( and included). It is known that, for any
two contestants, there exists at most one problem in which they have obtained
the same score (for example, there are no two contestants whose ordered
scores are and , but there might be two contestants whose ordered
scores are and ). Find the maximum number of contestants.

Q11. (IRAN/2007) Farhad has made a machine. When the machine starts, it
prints some special numbers. The property of this machine is that for every
positive integer , it prints exactly one of the numbers . We know
that the machine prints . Prove that it doesn't print .

Q12. (CANADA/1971) Suppose that people each know exactly one piece of
information, and all pieces are different. Every time person phones
person , tells everything that knows, while tells nothing. What is
the minimum number of phone calls between pairs of people needed for
everyone to know everything? Prove your answer is a minimum

Q13. (CANADA/2005) Consider an equilateral triangle of side length ,

which is divided into unit triangles, as shown. Let be the number of paths
from the triangle in the top row to the middle triangle in the bottom row, such
that adjacent triangles in our path share a common edge and the path never
travels up (from a lower row to a higher row) or revisits a triangle. Find the
value of .
Q14. (INDONESIA/2006) A black pawn and a white pawn are placed on the
first square and the last square of a chessboard, respectively. Wiwit and
Siti move alternatingly. Wiwit has the white pawn, and Siti has the black
pawn. The white pawn moves first. In every move, the player moves her pawn
one or two squares to the right or to the left, without passing the opponent's
pawn. The first player who cannot move anymore loses the game. Which
player has the winning strategy? Explain the strategy.

Q15. (JBMO/2016) A table is called regular if each of its cells contains

one of four pairwise distinct real numbers, such that each of them occurs
exactly once in every subtable.The sum of all numbers of a regular table
is called the total sum of the table. With any four numbers, one constructs all
possible regular tables, computes their total sums, and counts the distinct
outcomes. Determine the maximum possible count.

Q16. (IMO/1972) Prove that from a set of ten distinct two-digit numbers (in
the decimal system), it is possible to select two disjoint subsets whose
members have the same sum.

Q17. (USAMO/1973) Three distinct vertices are chosen at random from the
vertices of a given regular polygon of sides. If all such choices are
equally likely, what is the probability that the center of the given polygon lies
in the interior of the triangle determined by the three chosen random points?

Q18. (USAMO/1976)

(a) Suppose that each square of a chessboard, as shown above, is colored

either black or white. Prove that with any such coloring, the board must
contain a rectangle (formed by the horizontal and vertical lines of the board
such as the one outlined in the figure) whose four distinct unit corner squares
are all of the same color.

(b) Exhibit a black-white coloring of a board in which the four corner

squares of every rectangle, as described above, are not all of the same color.
Q19. (JBMOSL/2022) Anna and Bob, with Anna starting first, alternately
color the integers of the set red or blue. At their turn each
one can color any uncolored number of they wish with any color they wish.
The game ends when all numbers of get colored. Let be the number of
pairs , where and are elements of , such that , have the same
color, and .
Anna wishes to maximize . What is the maximum value of that she can
achieve regardless of how Bob plays?

Q20. (JBMOSL/2022) L et be an integer. Alex writes the

numbers in some order on a circle such that any two neighbours are
coprime. Then, for any two numbers that are not comprime, Alex draws a line
segment between them. For each such segment we denote by the
difference of the numbers written in its extremities and by the number of all
other drawn segments which intersect in its interior.
Find the greatest for which Alex can write the numbers on the circle such
that , for each drawn segment .

Q21. (USAJMO/2015) Given a sequence of real numbers, a move consists of

choosing two terms and replacing each with their arithmetic mean. Show that
there exists a sequence of 2015 distinct real numbers such that after one initial
move is applied to the sequence -- no matter what move -- there is always a
way to continue with a finite sequence of moves so as to obtain in the end a
constant sequence.

Q22. (TURKEY/JUNIOR/2020)
There are dwarves in a forest and each one of them owns exactly 3 hats which
are numbered with numbers . Three hats of a dwarf are numbered
with different numbers and there are 3 festivals in this forest in a day. In the
first festival, each dwarf wears the hat which has the smallest value, in the
second festival, each dwarf wears the hat which has the second smallest value
and in the final festival each dwarf wears the hat which has the biggest value.
After that, it is realized that there is no dwarf pair such that both of two
dwarves wear the same value in at least two festivals. Find the maximum value
of number of dwarves.
Q23. (TURKEY/JUNIOR/2015) In an exhibition there are paintings each
of which is made with exactly colors. Find the minimum possible value of if
any paintings have a common color but there is no color that is used in all
paintings.

Q24. (CANADA/2016) The integers are written on a board.

You can choose any two numbers on the board and replace them with their
average. For example, you can replace and with , or you can
replace and with a second copy of . After replacements of this kind,
the board will have only one number left on it.

(a) Prove that there is a sequence of replacements that will make the final
number equal to .
(b) Prove that there is a sequence of replacements that will make the final
number equal to .

Q25. (JAPAN/2007) Let be positive integers. Two persons play a game in

which they are calling a integer alternately. Note that you may
not call the number which have already said. The game is over when no one
can call numbers, if the sum of the numbers that the lead have said is divisible
by 3, then the lead wins, otherwise the the second move wins. Find for which
there exists the way of forestalling.

Q26. (CZECH-POLISH-SLOVAK/2023) Given an integer , determine

the smallest positive number such that any two points in any -gon (or at its
boundary) in the plane can be connected by a polygonal path consisting
of line segments contained in the -gon (including its boundary).

Q27. (ITALY/2015) A music streaming service proposes songs classified

in musical genres, so that each song belong to one and only one gender.
The songs are played one after the other: the first are chosen by the user,
but starting from the eighteenth the service automatically determines which
song to play. Elisabetta has noticed that, if one makes the classification of
which genres they appear several times during the last songs played, the
new song always belongs to the genre at the top of the ranking or, in case of
same merit, at one of the first genres.
Prove that, however, the first tracks are chosen, from a certain point
onwards the songs proposed are all of the same kind.

Q28. (IRAN/2008) We want to choose telephone numbers for a city. The

numbers have digits and isn’t used in the numbers. Our aim is: We don’t
choose some numbers such that every telephone numbers are different in
more than one digit OR every telephone numbers are different in a digit
which is more than . What is the maximum number of telephone numbers
which can be chosen? In how many ways, can we choose the numbers in this
maximum situation?

Q29. (APMO/2017) We call a -tuple of integers arrangeable if its elements

can be labeled in some order so that
. Determine all -tuples of integers such that if we place
them in a circle in clockwise order, then any -tuple of numbers in consecutive
positions on the circle is arrangeable.

Q30. (JBMOSL/2020) Alice and Bob play the following game: starting with
the number written on a blackboard, each player in turn changes the current
number to a number , where is a prime divisor of . Alice goes first
and the players alternate in turn. The game is lost by the one who is forced to

write a number greater than . Assuming perfect play, who will win the
game.

Q31. (JBMOSL/2021) Let be a positive integer. We are given

a board whose unit squares are colored in black and white in such way
that starting with the top left square, every third diagonal is colored in black
and the rest of the board is in white. In one move, one can take a square
and change the color of all its squares in such way that white squares become
orange, orange ones become black and black ones become white. Find all for
which, using a finite number of moves, we can make all the squares which were
initially black white, and all squares which were initially white black.
Q32. (FRANCE/2023) On her blackboard, Alice has written integers
strictly greater than . Then, she can, as often as she likes, erase two
numbers and such that , and replace them with and , where is
the product of the prime factors of (each prime factor is counted only once).
For instance, if Alice erases the numbers and , the prime factors
of and and , and Alice writes and .
Prove that, after some time, and whatever Alice's strategy is, the list of
numbers written on the blackboard will never change anymore.

Q33. (GERMANY/2018) Given a positive integer , Susann fills a square

of boxes. In each box she inscribes an integer, taking care that each row
and each column contains distinct numbers. After this an imp appears and
destroys some of the boxes.
Show that Susann can choose some of the remaining boxes and colour them
red, satisfying the following two conditions:
1) There are no two red boxes in the same column or in the same row.
2) For each box which is neither destroyed nor coloured, there is a red box
with a larger number in the same row or a red box with a smaller number in
the same column.

Q34. (ARGENTINA/2021) Martu wants to build a set of cards with the

following properties:

• Each card has a positive integer on it.

• The number on each card is equal to one of possible numbers.
• If any two cards are taken and added together, it is always possible to find
two other cards in the set such that the sum is the same.

Determine the fewest number of cards Martu's set can have and give an
example for that number.

Q35. (ARGENTINA/2012) In each square of a board there's a

person. People are either honest, who always tell the truth, or liars, who
always lie. At a given moment, each person makes the same statement: "In my
row there are the same number of liars as in my column." Determine the
minimum number of honest people that can be on the board.
Q36. (BULGARIA/2023) In a class of students, everyone is being graded
on five subjects with one of three possible marks. Prove that if of these
students have received their marks, then we can grade the last one in such a
way that their marks differ from these of any other student on at least two
subjects.

Q37. (CANADA/2023) William is thinking of an integer between 1 and 50,

inclusive. Victor can choose a positive integer and ask William:
"does divide your number?", to which William must answer truthfully.
Victor continues asking these questions until he determines William's number.
What is the minimum number of questions that Victor needs to guarantee
this?

Q38. (CANADA/JUNIOR/2022) You have an infinite stack of T-shaped

tetrominoes (composed of four squares of side length 1), and an n × n board.
You are allowed to place some tetrominoes on the board, possibly rotated, as
long as no two tetrominoes overlap and no tetrominoes extend off the board.
For which values of n can you cover the entire board?

Q39. (JAPAN/1991) A rectangular of a is divided into small 140 unit

squares and painted in red and white like chess board as below.
We put or in the square such that each row and column has an odd
numbers of .
Prove that the number of contained in red-painted square is even.

The pattern arranged by a red and a white square alternatively.

RWRWRWRW.....
WRWRWRWR.....
RWRWRWRW.....
WRWRWRWR.....
Q40. (CZECH-POLISH-SLOVAK/2017) Let be a fixed positive integer. A
finite sequence of integers is written on a blackboard. Pepa and
Geoff are playing a game that proceeds in rounds as follows.
- In each round, Pepa first partitions the sequence that is currently on the
blackboard into two or more contiguous subsequences (that is, consisting of
numbers appearing consecutively). However, if the number of these
subsequences is larger than , then the sum of numbers in each of them has to
be divisible by .
- Then Geoff selects one of the subsequences that Pepa has formed and wipes
all the other subsequences from the blackboard.
The game finishes once there is only one number left on the board. Prove that
Pepa may choose his moves so that independently of the moves of Geoff, the
game finishes after at most rounds.

Q41. (ITALY/2023) Let be a positive integer. On a blackboard, Bobo writes

a list of non-negative integers. He then performs a sequence of moves, each
of which is as follows:

-for each , he computes the number of integers currently on the

board that are at most ,

-he erases all integers on the board,

-he writes on the board the numbers .

For instance, if and the numbers initially on the board are

, after the first move the numbers on the board will be , after the
second they will be , and so on.

(a) Show that, whatever and whatever the initial configuration, the numbers
on the board will eventually not change any more.

(b) As a function of , determine the minimum integer such that, whatever

the initial configuration, moves from the -th onwards will not change the
numbers written on the board.
Q42. (ICO/2021) In the lake, there are stones arranged along a circle.
There are frogs numbered (each number appears once).
Initially, each frog randomly sits on a stone (several frogs might sit on the
same stone). Every minute, all frogs jump at the same time as follows: the frog
number jumps stones forward in the clockwise direction. (In particular, the
frog number jumps stone in the counter-clockwise direction.) Prove that
at some point, at least stones will be empty.

Q43. (ICO/2020) In a soccer league with teams every two team have
played exactly once and no game have lead to a draw. The participating teams
are ordered first by their points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points
for a loss) then by their goal difference (goals scored minus goals against) in a
normal soccer table. Is it possible for the goal difference in such table to be
strictly increasing from the top to the bottom?

Q44. (RUSSIA/2023) Initially, a word of letters

with letters and letters is written on a blackboard. In each
operation, we may choose a contiguous string of any length with equal number
of letters and equal number of letters , reverse those letters and then swap
each with and each with (Example: after the operation
becomes ). Decide if it possible to choose initial word, so that after
some operations, it will become the same as the first word, but in reverse
order.

Q45. (RUSSIA/2021) On a circle there're marked points, each colored in

one of colors. It's known that among any pairwise intersecting segments,
endpoints of which are distinct marked points, there're at least segments,
each of which has its endpoints colored in different colors. Determine the
smallest possible value of for which it's possible.

Q46. (JBMO/2019) A table is divided into unit square cells,

where of them are coloured black and the rest are coloured white. Two unit
square cells are called adjacent if they share a common side. Each of the unit
square cells has at most two adjacent black unit square cells. Find the largest
possible value of .
Q47. (JBMOSL/2019) Let be a set of positive integer numbers having
the following property:
“Among every four numbers of , there is a number which divides each of the
other three
or there is a number which is equal to the sum of the other three.”
Prove that the set contains a number which divides all other numbers
of .

Q48. (RUSSIA/2019) There are 5 points on plane. Prove that you can chose
some of them and shift them such that distances between shifted points won't
change and as a result there will be symetric by some line set of 5 points.

Q49. (APMO/2023) Let be an integer. Consider squares with side

lengths , respectively. The squares are arranged in the plane with
their sides parallel to the and axes. Suppose that no two squares touch,
except possibly at their vertices. Show that it is possible to arrange these
squares in a way such that every square touches exactly two other squares.

Q50. (RUSSIA/2014) In a country of cities, an express train runs both ways

between any two cities. For any train, ticket prices either direction are equal,
but for any different routes these prices are different. Prove that the traveler
can select the starting city, leave it and go on, successively, trains, such
that each fare is smaller than that of the previous fare. (A traveler can enter the
same city several times.)