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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

1. Two types of nucleic acids: ………………………………………………………….
2. Nucleic acids consist of: ……………………………………………………………..
3. Location of DNA:
(a) …………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) …………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) …………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Brief history of the discovery of DNA:
(a) 1952 – ……………………………and her assistant ……………………….
researched the structure of DNA using X-ray diffraction images.
(b) Watson and Crick did independent research on DNA.
(c) …………………………………proposed a 3-D ……………………..model
for DNA in 1953.
(d) 1962 – ……………………………………received the Nobel Prize for the
discovery of the structure of DNA, and …………………………..received
an award for his X-ray photography.
5. Structure of DNA
• The natural shape of the DNA molecule is a ………………………………….
• Each strand of the helix is made up of a sequence of ……………………….
• Every DNA nucleotide consist of three components
(a) …………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) …………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) …………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Functions of DNA:
(a) DNA makes up ………………….which carry ……………………………...
(b) DNA contains ………………..information for ……………………………...
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The diagram below represents one strand of ǹ nucleic acid

1 Name the nucleic acid – ……………………………………………………..

2. Identify
(a) Sugar Y – ……………………………………………………………..
(b) Molecule Z – ………………………………………………………….
(c) Molecule X – ………………………………………………………….
(d) Number of nucleic acids - ……………………………………………
2. Use the one strand of ǹ nucleic acid above and draw the stick diagram
of a DNA/DNA molecule to illustrate its structure
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RNA (ribonucleic acid)

1. Location of RNA: ……………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Structure of RNA
• A ……………………-stranded molecule consisting of ……………………….
• Every RNA nucleotide consists of three components.
(a) …………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) …………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) …………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Function of RNA:
• RNA plays a role in ………………………………………………………………
4. Differences between DNA and RNA
DNA RNA

Number of
strands per
molecule
Sugar

Nitrogenous
bases
Form/structure
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DNA REPLICATION AND GEEN MUTATION

A. WHAT is DNA replication? (Definition)
DNA replication is the process through which DNA makes ……………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………….
B. WHEN and WHERE does it occur?
DNA replication occurs just before cell division (mitosis and meiosis) during
………………………………..of the cell cycle in the ………………………….
C. HOW DNA replication takes place

4 5

3
1 2

3
5
4

1. The DNA double helix ………………………………………………………………..

2. The …………………………………………… between the nitrogenous bases
are broken to form ……………………………………………………………………
3. Each original DNA strand serves as a ……………………………………………..
4. Free DNA ……………………………………………..from the nucleoplasm are
used to build a …………………………………………………………. DNA strand
5. Two ………………………………………………… DNA molecules are formed.
6. Each molecule consists of one ………………. strand and one ………… strand
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D. Why does it occur? (The significance or importance of DNA replication)

1. ………………………………………………………………so it can be shared

between the resulting daughter cells during cell division.

2. Results in the ………………………………………………………..during mitosis.

E. Errors that occur during DNA replication

Errors that occur during DNA replication may sometimes lead to ……………..
(a change in the nitrogenous base sequence)

F. How an error in DNA replication may lead to a gene mutation.

1. If the incorrect ……………………………………attaches to the original strand/if

a nitrogen base is added or deleted

2. the ………………………………………………………of the bases changes on

the new DNA molecule

3. resulting in a change in the …………………………………….structure

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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS and GENE MUTATION

Put the correct term in the boxes:
Amino acid transport to cytoplasm codon protein transcription
DNA ribosome nuclear membrane mRNA tRNA translation

The role of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis:

Transcription
1. The double helix DNA ……………………………………………………………………
2. The …………….. hydrogen bonds between the double-stranded DNA ……………
3. to form ……………………………………………………………………………………..
4. One strand is used as a …………………………………………………………………
5. ……………………………………. RNA nucleotides from the nucleoplasm are used
6. to form ……………………………………………………………………………………..
7. The mRNA is ………………………………………………………………. to the DNA.
8. mRNA now has the ………………………..message for ……………………………..
mRNA moves from the …………. to the …………… and attaches to the ……………..
Translation
1. Each …………………… …….carries a specific ………………………………………
2. When the …………………………………….. on the ………………………………….
3. matches the ………………………………….. on the ………………………………….
4. then …………… brings the required ………………………. to the …………………..
5. ……………………. become attached to each other by ………………………………
6. to form the required …………………………………...
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND GENE MUTATION WORKSHEET

The diagram below represents the process of protein synthesis in a cell.
1. Name the process
which occurs at:
(a) W - ………………
(b) Y – ………………

2. Identify organelle:
(a) X – ………………
(b) R – ………………

3. Identify molecule:
(a) S – ………………
(b) Z – ………………
(c) T – ………………
(d) P - ………………

The table below shows some tRNA anticodons with their corresponding amino
acids.

tRNA ANTICODON AMINO ACID

CAG Valine
GAA Leucine
AUG Tyrosine
GGA Proline
UCG Serine
CAU Valine

Step 1: Use the provided table to complete the table below:

DNA Base Triplet mRNA CODON tRNA ANTICODON AMINO ACID

CAG Valine
GAA Leucine
AUG Tyrosine
GGA Proline
UCG Serine
CAU Valine
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Step 2: Use table above to write down the correct sequence of amino acids
coded for by molecule Z in the diagram (the molecule is read from left
to right)

Codons on Molecule Z
Sequence of the amino acids

Step 3: The codon CUU (last codon) on molecule Z changed to CCU.

What is the change in the sequence of nitrogenous bases in a DNA
molecule called? ………………………………..

Step 4: Complete the table.

Explain the effect it (the change) would have on this particular protein
molecule.

DNA Base mRNA tRNA AMINO ACID

Triplet CODON ANTICODON
Before
Mutation
After
Mutation

Explanation
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3. The table below shows the mRNA codons and the amino acids they code
for:

mRNA CODON AMINO ACID

AAG Lys
AGU Ser
AUG Met
UAC Tyr
UCA Ser
UGC Cys
UUC Phe

Step 1: Use the provided table to complete the table below:

DNA Base Triplet mRNA CODON tRNA ANTICODON AMINO ACID

AAG Lys
AGU Ser
AUG Met
UAC Tyr
UCA Ser
UGC Cys
UUC Phe

Step 2: Use the table above to write the correct sequence of amino acids
coded by the DNA strand shown above (the molecule is read from left
to right)

DNA Base Triplet on the nucleic acid (DNA)

Sequence of the amino acids

Step 3: During DNA replication, a mutation occurred in the first DNA triplet from
the DNA molecule given above, changing from TAC to TTC.
Step 4: Complete the table.
Describe the effect of this mutation on the protein formed.

DNA Base mRNA CODON tRNA AMINO ACID

Triplet ANTICODON
Before
Mutation
After
Mutation

Explanation
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The diagram below represents transcription during protein synthesis.

1. Name the part of the cell where this process occurs……………………………

2. Identify:
(a) Sugar X ………………………………………………………………………
(b) Nitrogenous base Y …………………………………………………………
3. Tabulate TWO differences between transcription and DNA replication

Transcription DNA-replication
How many strands
are templates
Free nucleotides

Adenine pairs with ….

Molecule is formed

DNA unwinds and

unzips …………
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DNA PROFILING

The diagram below represents the DNA profiles of three children and their parents.
Only two of the children are their biological children and one is adopted.

1. Identify the TWO biological children………………………………………………...

2. Explain your answer to QUESTION 1 ……………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. What is DNA-profiling? ………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Uses of DNA profiling…………………………………………………………………
(a) …………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) …………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) …………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………..
(d) …………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………..
(e) …………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………..
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5. Describe how BLOOD GROUPING and DNA PROFILING, could assist in a

paternity case (i.e. role of Blood grouping and DNA profiling in paternity
testing)
Blood grouping
- The blood group of a child is determined by …………………………………………..
- The blood group of the ……………………., the ………………….. and the possible
……………………… is determined
- If the blood group of the mother and possible father cannot lead to the blood
group of the child the man ………………………………………………………………
- If the blood group of the mother and the possible father can lead to the blood
group of the child the man ………………………………………………………………
- This is not conclusive because many men …………………………………………….
DNA profiling
- A child received DNA from ………………………………………………………………
- The ………………………………… of the mother, child and the possible father are
determined
- A comparison of the …………………………… of the mother and the child is made
- The remaining DNA bands are compared to the possible ……………..DNA bands
- If all the remaining DNA bands in the ……………………profile match the possible
father’s DNA bands then the possible father is the …………………………... father
- If all the remaining DNA bands in the ………………………..profile does not match
the possible father’s DNA bands then the possible father is not the ……………….
father