First Exams 2025

D1.2 Protein Synthesis

Theme: Continuity and Change

Level of Organisation: Molecules
Combined Content
SL and HL
SL and HL Content
From
IB Guiding Questions the IB

How does a cell produce a sequence of amino acids from

a sequence of DNA bases?
How is the reliability of protein synthesis ensured?
SL and HL Content
From
SL & HL Content: the IB

D1.2: Protein Synthesis

D1.2.1: Transcription as the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template

D1.2.2: Role of hydrogen bonding and complementary base pairing in
transcription
D1.2.3: Stability of DNA templates
D1.2.4: Transcription as a process required for the expression of genes
D1.2.5: Translation as the synthesis of polypeptides from mRNA
SL and HL Content
From
SL & HL Content: the IB

D1.2: Protein Synthesis

D1.2.6: Roles of mRNA, ribosomes and tRNA in translation

D1.2.7: Complementary base pairing between tRNA and mRNA
D1.2.8: Features of the genetic code
D1.2.9: Using the genetic code expressed as a table of mRNA codons
D1.2.10: Stepwise movement of the ribosome along mRNA and linkage
of amino acids by peptide bonding to the growing polypeptide
chain
SL and HL Content
From
SL & HL Content: the IB

D1.2: Protein Synthesis

D1.2.11: Mutations that change protein structure

SL and HL Content

SL & HL Key Terms

Transcription Genes
RNA Translation
RNA Polymerase Ribosome
Hydrogen Bonding Small Subunit (of Ribosomes)
Complementary Base Pairing Large Subunit (of Ribosomes)
Uracil Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Somatic Cells Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Gene Expression Genetic Code
SL and HL Content

SL & HL Key Terms

Codon
Anticodon
Degeneracy of the Genetic Code
Universality of the Genetic Code
Stop Codon
Start Codon
Mutation
Base Substitution Mutation
SL and HL Content

DNA and RNA

❓ Distinguish between
the structures of RNA
and DNA.

Review your notes from

Topic A1.2 if you are
unsure of the differences
between DNA and RNA

DNA and RNA

SL and HL Content

Distinguish between the structures of RNA and DNA.

RNA DNA
Number of Strands 1 2
Sugar Ribose Deoxyribose
Uracil Thymine
Adenine Adenine
Nitrogen Bases
Cytosine Cytosine
Guanine Guanine
RNA and DNA
SL and HL Content
From
D1.2.1: Transcription as the synthesis of the IB

RNA using a DNA template

Students should understand the roles of RNA polymerase in this process.

SL and HL Content

Transcription

Transcription is the
synthesis of RNA,
using DNA as a
template.
The enzyme RNA
polymerase
transcribes DNA to
RNA.
❓ Explain
transcription.
SL and HL Content

Transcription
RNA polymerase attaches to the
beginning of a gene on DNA.
RNA polymerase separates the
DNA strands.
An mRNA molecule is produced on
the template DNA strand, using
the enzyme RNA polymerase to
link RNA nucleotides into a single
polynucleotide (by condensation
reactions). Transcription
SL and HL Content

Transcription
RNA polymerase uses
complementary base pairing to
pair DNA and RNA nucleotides.
RNA polymerase reaches the end
of the gene, and the mRNA
molecule is released.

Transcription
SL and HL Content
From
D1.2.2: Role of hydrogen bonding and the IB

complementary base pairing in transcription

Include the pairing of adenine (A) on the DNA template strand with
uracil (U) on the RNA strand.
SL and HL Content
DNA and RNA Complementary Base Pairs
During transcription, RNA nucleotides form complementary base pairs
with DNA nucleotides of the gene being transcribed.
The DNA and RNA bases are held together by hydrogen bonds.
The DNA - RNA base pairs are:
DNA Base RNA Base
Adenine (A) Uracil (U)
Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)
Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)
Thymine (T) Adenine (A)
Note: Adenine bases in DNA pair with Uracil bases in RNA.
SL and HL Content
From
D1.2.3: Stability of DNA templates the IB

Single DNA strands can be used as a template for transcribing a base

sequence, without the DNA base sequence changing.
In somatic cells that do not divide, such sequences must be conserved
throughout the life of a cell.
SL and HL Content

Stability of DNA
DNA is a stable molecule, due to the strong
covalent bonds between the nucleotides.
Single DNA strands can be used as a
template for transcribing a base sequence,
without the DNA base sequence changing.
In somatic cells that do not divide, such
sequences must be conserved throughout
the life of a cell.
DNA is a stable molecule.
Somatic cells are non-reproductive cells in
an organism.
SL and HL Content
From
D1.2.4: Transcription as a process required the IB

for the expression of genes

Limit to understanding that not all genes in a cell are expressed at any
given time and that transcription, being the first stage of gene
expression, is a key stage at which expression of a gene can be switched
on and off.
SL and HL Content

Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis consists of two

stages:
● Transcription is the synthesis
of RNA, using DNA as a
template.
● Translation is the synthesis of
polypeptides (proteins) by
ribosomes, using the genetic
code of mRNA.
Protein Synthesis
SL and HL Content

Transcription is Expression of Genes

Gene expression is the process by which genetic information in a gene is
used to synthesise a functional polypeptide.
A gene must be transcribed to mRNA before the mRNA can be translated
by a ribosome.
Not all genes in a cell are expressed at any given time.
Gene expression can be switched on and off by regulating transcription
of genes.
If transcription does not occur, then translation cannot occur.
SL and HL Content
From
D1.2.5: Translation as the synthesis of the IB

polypeptides from mRNA

The base sequence of mRNA is translated into the amino acid sequence
of a polypeptide.
SL and HL Content

Translation is Polypeptide Synthesis

Translation is the synthesis of

polypeptides by ribosomes.
Ribosomes require messenger RNA
(mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) to
synthesise polypeptides.
mRNA brings the genetic code to the
ribosome, and tRNA brings amino acids to
the ribosome.

Translation
SL and HL Content
From
D1.2.6: Roles of mRNA, ribosomes and the IB

tRNA in translation
Students should know that mRNA binds to the small subunit of the
ribosome and that two tRNAs can bind simultaneously to the large
subunit.
SL and HL Content

Ribosomes
Ribosomes are organelles found in
cells which translate the genetic
code of mRNA to a polypeptide.
Ribosomes are composed of two
subunits:
● Small subunit
● Large subunit
Two tRNA molecules can bind
simultaneously to the large subunit
of a ribosome. Ribosome
SL and HL Content

Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) contains the
genetic code in the form of codons.
mRNA binds to the small subunit of a
ribosome to initiate translation.
Codons are a sequence of three
nucleotides that code for an amino acid.
Ribosomes use the sequence of codons on
mRNA to determine the sequence of
amino acids in a polypeptide.
Codons are on mRNA
SL and HL Content

Transfer RNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids Amino acid binding
site
from the cytoplasm to the ribosome.
tRNA molecules have an anticodon, which
binds to mRNA codons.
The binding of codons of mRNA and
anticodons of tRNA in the ribosome by
complementary base pairing ensures that Anticodon

the correct sequence of amino acids is

synthesized by the ribosome. Codon

Anticodons of tRNA bind to codons of mRNA in ribosomes

SL and HL Content
From
D1.2.7: Complementary base pairing the IB

between tRNA and mRNA

Include the terms “codon” and “anticodon”.

SL and HL Content

Codons and Anticodons

During translation, codons of mRNA bind Amino acid binding
site
to anticodons of tRNA, within
ribosomes, by complementary base
pairing.
Codons and anticodons form hydrogen
bonds between complementary
nucleotides.
Both mRNA and tRNA contain uracil, so Anticodon

the complementary base pairs are:

● Cytosine - Guanine Codon

● Adenine - Uracil Anticodons of tRNA bind to codons of mRNA in ribosomes

SL and HL Content
From
D1.2.8: Features of the genetic code the IB

Students should understand the reasons for a triplet code.

Students should use and understand the terms “degeneracy” and
“universality”.

The genetic code is the set of rules used by living

cells to translate information encoded within genetic
material
SL and HL Content

Features of the Genetic Code

Twenty amino acids are found in

the proteins of living organisms.
The genetic code must be able to
code for all 20 amino acids.
Combining nucleotides into
sequences of three nucleotides
produces 64 different codons, which
can code for 20 different amino
acids.
The mRNA genetic code
SL and HL Content

Features of the Genetic Code

The genetic code is universal, as the

same code is used in all life forms.
The genetic code is degenerate
(the redundancy of the genetic code), as more
than one codon may code for the
same amino acid.
There are three stop codons, which
do not code for an amino acid, and
terminate translation.
The anticodon of the first tRNA in The mRNA genetic code
translation binds to a start codon.
SL and HL Content
From
D1.2.9: Using the genetic code expressed as the IB

a table of mRNA codons

Students should be able to deduce the sequence of amino acids coded

by an mRNA strand.
SL and HL Content

The Genetic Code

The sequence of
amino acids in a
polypeptide can be
determined using
the codon
sequences in
mRNA, combined
with a table of
mRNA codons.
SL and HL Content
Determine the Genetic Code
❓ Identify the amino acid for the
codon CUA.

1. Identify all of the possible amino

acids for Base C in the 1st position.
2. Identify all of the possible amino
acids for Base U in the 2nd position.
3. Circle all of the possible amino acids
for Base A in the 3rd position (and
which are within the other two
circles).
The codon CUA codes for the amino
acid “Leu”. The mRNA genetic code
SL and HL Content

Determine the Genetic Code

❓ Determine the sequence of amino
acids for mRNA with the following
sequence of codons:
CUA GAU CGA AUC

Codon Amino acid

CUA Leu
GAU Asp
CGA Arg
AUC Ile The mRNA genetic code
SL and HL Content
From
D1.2.10: Stepwise movement of the the IB

ribosome along mRNA and linkage of amino

acids by peptide bonding to the growing
polypeptide chain

The base sequence of mRNA is translated into the amino acid sequence
of a polypeptide.
SL and HL Content

Movement of Ribosomes
The ribosome moves along mRNA from codon to codon.
At each codon, a tRNA enters the ribosome.
When two tRNAs are present in the ribosome, a peptide
bond forms between their amino acids.
One tRNA loses its amino acid, and leaves the ribosome.
The polypeptide chain grows as the ribosome moves from
codon to codon.
The polypeptide, small and large ribosomal subunits and
tRNA are released when a stop codon enters the ribosome.
Ribosomes move along mRNA
SL and HL Content

Translation
Carefully review
all of the
information on
the previous
slides and watch
the video so
that you
understand
translation.

❓ Describe
translation.
SL and HL Content

Translation
Translation is the synthesis of polypeptides using the
genetic code of mRNA by ribosomes.
There are specific codons for each amino acid on the
mRNA.
The small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA at the start
codon.
A tRNA with a complementary anticodon binds to the
mRNA codon by hydrogen bonding.
The large ribosomal subunit attaches to form a ribosome.

Translation
SL and HL Content

Translation
A second tRNA molecule enters the ribosome, as there
are two tRNA binding sites in the large ribosomal subunit.
A peptide bond forms between the two amino acids by a
condensation reaction, releasing one tRNA from the
ribosome.
The ribosome moves from codon to codon along the
mRNA, adding amino acids to a growing polypeptide.
When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, the large and
small subunits separate.
The tRNA and polypeptide are released.
Translation
SL and HL Content
From
D1.2.11: Mutations that change protein the IB

structure

Include an example of a point mutation affecting protein structure.

SL and HL Content

Mutations
A mutation is a
change to the DNA
sequence of an
organism.
A mutation to a
single nucleotide in
the gene for
haemoglobin can
cause the disease
sickle cell anaemia.
SL and HL Content

Sickle Cell Anaemia

A single base substitution mutation for
the alpha globin molecule of
haemoglobin causes sickle cell anaemia.
A base substitution mutation involves
the swapping of one nucleotide for
another.
In the case of sickle cell anaemia, the
base substitution mutation of DNA
changes one codon, which changes one
amino acid in the alpha-globin
molecule.
SL and HL Content

Sickle Cell Anaemia

If a person has two copies of the sickle
cell allele, they suffer from sickle cell
anaemia.
The red blood cells of a person with
sickle cell disease form a sickle shape,
and they may block small blood vessels.
SL and HL Content

Review and Discuss: SL & HL Key Terms

Transcription Genes
RNA Translation
RNA Polymerase Ribosome
Hydrogen Bonding Small Subunit (of Ribosomes)
Complementary Base Pairing Large Subunit (of Ribosomes)
Uracil Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Somatic Cells Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Gene Expression Genetic Code
SL and HL Content

Review and Discuss: SL & HL Key Terms

Codon
Anticodon
Degeneracy of the Genetic Code
Universality of the Genetic Code
Stop Codon
Start Codon
Mutation
Base Substitution Mutation
SL and HL Content
From
D1.2 Protein Synthesis - IB Linking the IB

Questions

How does the diversity of proteins produced contribute to the

functioning of a cell?
contributes significantly to the tissue/cell type-specific diversity of
interactomes. (molecular interactions in a cell)
What biological processes depend on hydrogen bonding?

DNA and RNA base pairing

From
the IB
 AHL
content

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dFYBBFEKg6E
HL Content Only

Additional HL Content: From

the IB
D1.2 Protein Synthesis

D1.2.12: Directionality of transcription and translation

D1.2.13: Initiation of transcription at the promoter
D1.2.14: Non-coding sequences in DNA do not code for polypeptides
D1.2.15: Post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotic cells
D1.2.16: Alternative splicing of exons to produce variants of a protein
from a single gene
HL Content Only

Additional HL Content: From

the IB
D1.2 Protein Synthesis

D1.2.17: Initiation of translation

D1.2.18: Recycling of amino acids by proteasomes
HL Content Only

HL Only Key Terms

5’ to 3’ Exons
Promoter Post-Transcriptional Modification of mRNA
Initiation of Transcription 5’ Cap
Transcription Factors 3’ Poly A Tail
Gene Expression Spliceosome
Non-Coding DNA A Site (Aminoacyl Site)
Telomeres P Site (Peptidyl Site)
Introns
HL Content Only

HL Only Key Terms

E Site (Exit Site)

Pre-Proinsulin
Proinsulin
Proteome
Proteasomes
HL Content Only
From
D1.2.12: Directionality of transcription and the IB

translation
Students should understand what is meant by 5' to 3' transcription and
5' to 3' translation.
HL Content Only

Numbering Carbons in Ribose

The carbons are numbered in ribose.

Carbon-1 (1’) is the first carbon when moving
clockwise from the oxygen atom.
Carbon-5 (5’) branches off the pentagon shape
from carbon-4 (4’).
In an RNA nucleotide:
● The nitrogen base bonds to C-1 (1’)
● The phosphate bonds to C-5 (5’)
Uracil RNA Nucleotide
HL Content Only
HL Content Only

Directionality of RNA

The enzyme RNA polymerase can

only add nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’
direction during transcription.
The C-5 of a nucleotide is added to
the C-3 end of the preceding
nucleotide, producing a sugar-
phosphate backbone for RNA.

Transcription of mRNA
HL Content Only

Ribosomes Move from 5’ to 3’ During Translation

Translation is the production
of polypeptides by ribosomes
using mRNA genetic code.

The 5’ end of mRNA enters the

ribosome.
The ribosome moves along the
mRNA molecule in a 5’ to 3’
direction
Translation
HL Content Only
From
D1.2.13: Initiation of transcription at the the IB

promoter

Consider transcription factors that bind to the promoter as an example.

However, students are not required to name the transcription factors.
HL Content Only

Stages of Transcription

Transcription involves three

stages:
● Initiation
● Elongation
● Termination

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6KYXxvG5zWs

Transcription
HL Content Only

Initiation of Transcription and the Promoter Region

Promoters are non-coding sections of
DNA. Promoters for different genes
have different base sequences.
The promoter is a section of DNA
where RNA polymerase binds to
initiate transcription of a gene.
Genes can be turned on (producing RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region

mRNA which is expressed as a

polypeptide) or off at different stages
of an organism's/cell’s life cycle.
HL Content Only

Transcription Factors Control Gene Expression

Regulation of genes is important in
responding to changes in the
environment and for cell
differentiation.
Transcription factors are regulator
proteins which attach to the promoter
region.
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region
Transcription factors control whether
RNA polymerase can attach to the
promoter region, thus controlling gene
expression.
HL Content Only
From
D1.2.14: Non-coding sequences in DNA do the IB

not code for polypeptides

Limit examples to regulators of gene expression, introns, telomeres and

genes for rRNAs and tRNAs in eukaryotes.
HL Content Only

Non-Coding Sequences of DNA

Coding DNA are gene sequences that code for mRNA, and are expressed
as functional polypeptides.
Non-coding DNA are sections of DNA that do not code for functional
polypeptides.
Some sections of non-coding DNA have functions such as:
Controlling gene expression: Some base sequences, such as promoter
regions, are sites where regulatory proteins bind. These proteins may
promote or inhibit the transcription of genes.
Genes for tRNA and rRNA: Transcription of these genes produces tRNA
and rRNA (ribosomal RNA).
HL Content Only

Non-Coding Sequences of DNA

Telomeres: are repetitive base sequences at
the ends of the chromosomes.
When eukaryotic DNA is replicated, the ends
of the molecule cannot be copied, so a short
section of the base sequence is lost.
The presence of telomeres at either end of
the DNA molecule prevents important genes
from being lost.
The length of the telomeres limit the number
of possible cell cycles. Telomeres
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0fRAr-ZHCo
HL Content Only

Non-Coding Sequences of DNA

Genes consist of introns and
exons.
Introns are sections of DNA
or RNA that do not code for a
protein, and interrupt the
gene sequence.
Exons are sections of DNA or
RNA that do code for a
protein.
Introns are removed from Introns and Exons

mRNA after transcription.

HL Content Only
From
D1.2.15: Post-transcriptional modification in the IB

eukaryotic cells

Include removal of introns and splicing together of exons to form

mature mRNA and also the addition of 5' caps and 3' polyA tails to
stabilize mRNA transcripts.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoSRu15VtdM
HL Content Only

Introns and Exons

After transcription
mRNA contains
exons and introns.

❓ Explain how
mRNA is
processed to
remove the
introns.
HL Content Only

Post-Transcriptional Modification of mRNA

When a gene is transcribed in
eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA
contains introns and exons.
The exons code for a polypeptide,
but the introns need to be
removed from the RNA molecule.
A cap is added to the 5’ end of the
mRNA and a poly-A tail is added to
the 3’ end of the mRNA to stabilize Introns are removed from pre-mRNA to produce
mature mRNA
the mRNA.
HL Content Only

Post-Transcriptional Modification of mRNA

Spliceosomes attach to both ends
of an intron .

The spliceosomes cut out the

intron.
The exons are spliced together to
form mature mRNA.
The mature mRNA is translated
into a polypeptide by a ribosome. Introns are removed from pre-mRNA to produce
mature mRNA
HL Content Only
From
D1.2.16: Alternative splicing of exons to the IB

produce variants of a protein from a single

gene
Students are only expected to understand that splicing together
different combinations of exons allows one gene to code for different
polypeptides.
Specific examples are not required.
HL Content Only

Splicing of Exons
Exons from one mRNA can be spliced together in different
combinations.
One gene may code for different proteins, based on how the exons are
spliced together.

Alternative splicing of exons produces variants of a protein

produced from a single gene
HL Content Only
From
D1.2.17: Initiation of translation the IB

Include attachment of the small ribosome subunit to the 5' terminal of

mRNA, movement to the start codon, the initiator tRNA and another
tRNA, and attachment of the large subunit.
Students should understand the roles of the three binding sites for tRNA
on the ribosome (A, P and E) during elongation.
HL Content Only

Ribosome Binding Sites

The small ribosomal subunit has

a binding site for mRNA.
The large ribosomal subunit has
three binding sites for tRNAs:
● A Site (Aminoacyl Site)
● P Site (Peptidyl site)
● E Site (Exit site)
There are three tRNA binding sites on the large subunit
HL Content Only

tRNA Binding Sites

The functions of the tRNA binding sites on the large ribosomal subunit
are:
A Site (Aminoacyl Site): The tRNA brings a new amino acid into the
ribosome to be added to the elongating polypeptide chain.
P Site (Peptidyl site): Holds tRNA with the growing polypeptide chain.
A peptide bond forms between the amino acid held in the A site and P
site. This bonding releases the tRNA into the E site.
E Site (Exit site): After the tRNA enters the E site, it is released from the
ribosome.
HL Content Only

Translation
Translation involves three
stages:
● Initiation
● Elongation
● Termination
HL students require more
detail than SL students if they
are asked to explain
translation
Translation
HL Content Only

Translation: Initiation
The small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA at the
start codon (AUG).
A tRNA molecule with the anticodon complementary to the
start codon binds to the mRNA .
The large ribosomal subunit binds to the small ribosomal
subunit.
The tRNA is in the P site. A second codon enters the A site.
A tRNA with the complementary anticodon
(complementary to the second codon) enters the A site.
A peptide bond forms between the two amino acids. Initiation of Translation
HL Content Only

Translation: Elongation
The elongation of the polypeptide
involves a repeated cycle of events:
● The ribosome moves (translocates)
along the mRNA by three bases
towards the 3’ end of the mRNA.
Moving one tRNA into the E site,
which exits the ribosome.
● A new tRNA is in the P site. A new
tRNA (with the anticodon
Elongation of Polypeptides
complementary to the codon) with
amino acid enters the A site.
HL Content Only

Translation: Elongation
● The two neighbouring amino acids
bond, resulting in a growing
polypeptide chain.

● The process repeats from the 5’ to

the 3’ of mRNA until a stop codon
enters the A site.

Elongation of Polypeptides
HL Content Only

Translation: Termination
A stop codon enters the A site, then:
● No tRNA is available to enter the A site, causing the release of the
polypeptide from the P site.
● The tRNA detaches from the ribosome.
● The mRNA detaches from the ribosome.
● The large subunit and small subunit separate.
The polypeptide may need to be modified after translation to become a
functional protein.
HL Content Only
From
D1.2.18: Modification of polypeptides into the IB

their functional state

Students should appreciate that many polypeptides must be modified

before they can function.
The examples chosen should include the two-stage modification of pre-
proinsulin to insulin.
HL Content Only

Modification of Polypeptides
Many Review the information below the linked image.
polypeptides
must be modified
after translation
before they can
function.

❓ Explain how
pre-proinsulin
is modified to
form insulin.
HL Content Only

Modification of Pre-Proinsulin
Pre-proinsulin is formed by transcription and
translation.
Pre-proinsulin is converted to functional insulin
in two steps:
Formation of Proinsulin:
A signal peptide is removed from preproinsulin
within the rough endoplasmic reticulum to form
proinsulin.

Modification of Pre-Proinsulin
HL Content Only

Modification of Pre-Proinsulin
Formation of Insulin:
Proinsulin is sent to the Golgi apparatus, and is
packaged into a secretory vesicle.
Within the secretory vesicle, a protein chain is
removed from proinsulin to form an alpha chain
and a beta chain.
The alpha and beta chains join by disulfide
bonds to form functional insulin.
Insulin is secreted into the bloodstream by
exocytosis. Modification of Pre-Proinsulin
HL Content Only
From
D1.2.19: Recycling of amino acids by the IB

proteasomes
Limit to the understanding that sustaining a functional proteome
requires constant protein breakdown and synthesis.
HL Content Only

Proteasomes
A proteome is the entire complement of proteins that is expressed by a
cell or organism.
The cell synthesizes all of the proteins required by the cell.
Proteins which are no longer required are broken down to amino acids
by proteasomes.
Proteasomes are large protein complexes which break down unneeded
proteins to amino acids through hydrolysis reactions.
The amino acids are recycled to synthesize proteins that are required by
the cell.
HL Content Only

HL Only Key Terms

5’ to 3’ Exons
Promoter Post-Transcriptional Modification of mRNA
Initiation of Transcription 5’ Cap
Transcription Factors 3’ Poly A Tail
Gene Expression Spliceosome
Non-Coding DNA A Site (Aminoacyl Site)
Telomeres P Site (Peptidyl Site)
Introns
HL Content Only

HL Only Key Terms

E Site (Exit Site)

Pre-Proinsulin
Proinsulin
Proteome
Proteasomes
SL and HL Content
From
D1.2 Protein Synthesis - IB Linking the IB

Questions

How does the diversity of proteins produced contribute to the

functioning of a cell?
What biological processes depend on hydrogen bonding?
 See My Other Resources
IBDP Biology IB MYP Science
First Exams 2025 - New Course General Resources

Criterion A Resources
Final Exams 2024 - Current Course
Criteria B and C Resources
● Complete IB Biology Higher Level + Option D Bundle

● Complete IB Biology Standard Level + Option D Bundle Criterion D Resources

For more quality IB MYP Science and IB Diploma Biology

resources, visit my TpT store.
 Thank You!
Thank you for purchasing this product - I hope you find it useful in your classroom.
Please only use it in your own classroom with your own students. I retain the copyright and reserved all
rights to this product.

Stealing is not nice. Thank you for being an Academic Honesty role model for your students and colleagues.

You may:
Use free or purchased resources for your own classroom use.
Share the link to my TPT store so that your colleagues can access my products

You may not:

Claim this work as your own, or remove my name/copyright notice or watermarks.
Sell or give away the files, or combine them with others to sell/give away.
Make copies of items, other than for your own classroom use. This is a violation of the TOU/law.
For more quality IB MYP Science and IB Diploma Biology
resources, visit my TpT store.