RIFT VALLEY UNIVERSITY BISHOFTU CAMPUS

Research Title:- Small plow machine

BY:-Temesgen Erena Gidi

Supervisor:- Ketema.B

Hosting company:- Ethio-engineering group Metal fabrication

industry

Department: Mechanical Engineering

Month, 2017 E.C

Bishoftu
 Table of Contents
Contents --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pages
Student Declaration--------------------------------------------------------------
Acknowledgement-----------------------------------------------------------------
Executive Summary ---------------------------------------------------------------
Abbreviations-----------------------------------------------------------------------
List of figures----------------------------------------------------------------------
List of Tables-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter One
1. Company profile---------------------------------------------------------------
1.1 Brief history of the company---------------------------------------------------
1.2 Mission, Vision, and Goal of the Company------------------------------------------
1.2.1 Mission of the Company------------------------------------------------
1.2.2 Vision of the company -----------------------------------------------------
1.2.3 Goal of the company
1.3 Main Product of the Company ----------------------------------------------------------
1.4 End Users of the Company’s product----------------------------------------
1.5 Overall Organizational structure-------------------------------------
1.6 Man power and equipment description------------------------------------------
1.6.1 Man power Description----------------------------------------
1.6.2 Machineries and Equipment of the company-------------------------------
1.7 General workflow of the company--------------------------------------------
Chapter Two------------------------------------------------
2. Overall Internship Experience---------------------------------------
2.1 Brief how I get into the company----------------------------------
2.2 Section of the company I have been working----------------------------
2.3 Workflow in the section-----------------------------------------------
2.4 Activities that I have been executing ----------------------------------
2.5 Major Challenges encountered -------------------------------------------------
2.6 Solutions for the challenges-------------------------------------------------------
Chapter Three-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Overall Benefits I gained from the Internship--------------------------------
3.1 Benefits I gained in terms of improving my practical skills--------------------------------
3.2 Benefits I gained in terms of upgrading my theoretical knowledge-----------------
3.3 Benefits I gained in terms of my interpersonal communication skills--------------------
3.4 Benefits I gained in terms of improving my leadership skills-----------------------------
3.5 Benefits I gained in terms of understanding work ethics related issues-----------------------
Chapter Four----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Conclusion and Recommendation-------------------------------------------------------
4.1 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.2 Recommendation------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.2.1 Recommendation to the company------------------------------------------------
4.2.2 Recommendation to the University----------------------------------------------------
Chapter-1 LITERATURE REVIEW------------------------------------------------------------

1.1 Literature Review at International Level--------------------------------------------

1.2 Literature Review at National Level------------------------------------------------------

1.3 Brief Summary of literature review indicating the research gap-------------------------

Chapter-2 MATERIALS AND METHODS (METHODOLOGY)

Chapter-3 DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS

Chapter-4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Chapter-5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE

RESEARCH WORK

References

Appendixes

44
 CHAPTER ONE

1. NTRODUCTION

1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY

Metal Fabrication industry was established in april,2009. By the council of minister regulation
182/2009.
At present, metal fabrication industry is one of the industries under Ethio Enginering Group, it is an
industy that excels in steel structure sector,Equipment manufacturing and welding technology.
In addition, the industry that does it work efficiently by using qualified manpower and Machineries.

1.2 mission

To develop and transfer Technologies that accelerates the growth of the manufacturing industry and
services sector
To substitute import items by producing products which are associated with demanding market gap,

plea large foreign currency and have decisive role in the nation’s economy.

1.3 vision

Ethio- engineering Group aspirates to be a dependable manufacturing hub of excellence in the sector.

1.4 Main products and services of MFI

The products produced are as follows:-

 Steel structural workshop/warehouse design,production erection.

 Prefabricated steel building
 Steel bridge design and manufacturing.
 Manufacturing power substation enclosures.
 Boat production.
 Piping production, design and installation.

 Hydro power and irrigation dam gate.

55
 Agricultural machinery equipment product.

 Industrial and medical equipment production.

 Van shop and tipper body.
 Tower crane & Elevator

 Lattice & Monopole tower production

 Tanker

 Trailer

1.2.3 Value
 Customer focus
 Quality
 Integrity
 Teamwork
 Efficiency
 Innovation
 Effectiveness
 Timely

1.6 Main customers of MFI

 Ethiopian Electric power
• Ethic telecom
• Ethiopian Industrial Input Development Enterprise (EIIDE)
• Addis Ababa Transport City Bus Enterprise
• Kunifira Agro Processing plc
• Azila Electronics
• Regional state government
• Ethiopian Sugar Industry Group
•FDRE ministry of Defense

66
1.7 Over all Organizational structure of MFI

77
88
99
 CHAPTER THREE

3. THE OVERALL INTERNSHIP BENEFITS

During in my stay of this internship I have been gained the prominent things that
used for the student who is under graduate. Therefore the benefits that I gained or
improved are:-
3.1 Improving practical skill
Basically improving practical skills is made from participating in every of the
activities performed or done. In my stay in this company I have improved my
practical skill in terms of digging out the problems that company faced as well as
giving the solution for the problems that I gained from the company and also by
working together with factories workers and the production planning and control, the
quality control, the maintenance group, the store room, design and development with
them it made very confident. The activities naturally employed in the manufacturing
facilities in production process and the system design in order to obtain substantially
demand through system knowledge and practical skills. For efficient handling of
assigned work in the field of production planning or others like operational
managements as well as in producing products the practical skill is very important.

Besides the technical department I trained how the machines are upgraded to
computerized numerically controlled system and also with maintenance department
team and subordinates provided me with opportunities to understand and gate
experience how and when the maintenance activities done. In addition to this I gained
the relevant experience on the store room arrangements. And therefore I saw the
operational management system by itself worth knowing skills that shows the key
activities in the planning, scheduling, work initiation, work order generation,
prioritization, execution, recording, and demonstration, documentation, procedures
carried out on periodic basis.
In general, it was an effective experience in improving my practical skills in varies
aspects during the internship program.
3.2 Upgrading theoretical knowledge skill
One of the aims of this internship program is to develop the theoretical knowledge in
to practical one also encourages the theory that I have learnt. Therefore in my stay in
the company I develop the knowledge that I know in theory with the participating in
operational system of the company as well as in the factory’s working condition of the
production planning, in design and development, in quality control, store system, and
also in maintenance activity besides this I gathered the relevant information which is
important to understand the theory for practical application.

In addition to this I improved the practical skill in theory that is I understood the
working environment of the company as well as the factory by facing the challenges
which is seen as technically and scientifically. And also I upgraded my theoretical
knowledge in different ways like in the operating system of the machines and the
upgrading of the CNC machines and how the raw material moves also how the
finished products inspected and arranged in the store. In the field of acquiring
applicable knowledge with regard to the theoretical knowledge along with the
employment and putting into effect of facilities at the industries, associated on
operational technical, and system manuals have been provided and kept in order for
reference and training purpose. These were the primary resources I referred to as a
new way to enhance and get acquainted with theoretical particularities of the specific
systems in addition to the discussions held with engineers on the underlying basic
principles. Basically the theoretical knowledge that I managed to exploit from the
available sources is considerable and determined through the background in the
system. Moreover, steps and techniques in planning and scheduling, applicable
procedure, and regulation in the manufacturing industry and such development have
been very crucial in maximizing my scope of knowledge in manufacturing industry
field and general outstanding knowledge of the company. Therefore generally
acquire to upgrade my theoretical skill in different ways of situations and participation
in the factory.

Identify the challenges seen in the industry. Dealing with the problem solving I
effectively offered the capability to identify the problems in every industries as well.
Fortunately this internship program made me a good listener and a problem identifier
in any situation to meet the problems in contact to reducing their consequences and
challenges for the bottleneck effect in production system. In conclusion I was an
effective experience in improving of my capability of solving the industrial problems
in varies aspects.

3.3 Improving interpersonal communication skill

When I was in the internship session I did too many formal and informal
communications with the company manager and the personnel’s and the workers of
the company, production managers, quality heads, shift leaders and as well as the
factory team leaders that could help me to develop my communication skills very
well.
Any duties and responsibilities assigned to performers in the research and
development in the conventional manufacturing factory core process are usually
accomplished in a crew or individual consisting of low level workers to highly
experienced technician. The tasks strongly demand to process appreciable
communication ability and cooperation is needed in order to meet goals and
satisfactory results. During the work order flow I saw from initiation to approval and
execution, the process incurs involvement of expertise from multiple sectors. Besides
this I improved my interpersonal communication skill and knowledge in my stay in
the company

3. 4 improving team playing skill

In my stay in the company I would collected the relevant information sharing and the
data from different areas of the company as well as on different experience
concerning to get a well background of how achieving a team playing skill which is
open mindedness, sharing ideas and practical skill sharing or contribution it helps me
to increase the working environment experience on completion of this internship
program and finally I have capable of to increase the social understanding and
practical skill in the work environment of the company. Therefore the team playing
skill made me to integrate all the activities of planning, scheduling and controlling
materials from design through production and including delivery to customer. In
addition to this the team playing skill is important in participating and understanding
of the knowledge that I have learned to share the data that I collected indifferent areas
of the company.

3.5 Improving leadership skill

Leader ship is one of the important management systems in every organization so I

followed how the massive labor force can be controlled in a single purpose managing
of the overall coordination in the factory. And also I understood which area can be
controlled in order of more productive and reliable for easiness of the of the work
flow in the factory. Moreover I made contacts to the manager for to understand the
leading condition of one’s company. And I have learned mostly during the regulation
takes place in the industry. Generally it made me more confident whenever making a
leadership to the future in any organization or an industry.

3.6 In understanding about work ethics related issues

When I was in company I have been experienced the ethics of work, rules of
governing one’s self in the work place with briefly identifying the principles and
ethics of work like punctuality for the work and in the work place, tolerance with
concerning to every one in every where or in every jobs, and the capability being
committed for the work in any situation in the work place.

In addition to this I understood the how looks like the area of the industry and its
manufacturing area. And also I observed the industry location, its contribution and its
major application for this purpose this internship made me an experienced man for to
understand the overall industrial psychology in every aspects or situation.

Dealing to the related issues it offered me a well trained man through which ideally
identifying the way of eliminating any problems and challenges made in any related
issues.
3.7 Gaining of entrepreneurship skill
When I have been doing my project work the potentials and how to reform once self
is designed out inside me to re habilitate in the future for job creation opportunities
being an entrepreneur person. And also I come up with the new ideas alternatives to
improve production and minimization of costs and avoidance of wastage happened
during production system. Therefore intermesh of gaining the entrepreneur skills this
internship program made me confident and prudent for the work.

3.8 Improving interpersonal communication

When I was in the internship session I did too many formal and informal
communications with the company manager and the personnel’s and the workers of
the company, production managers, quality heads, shift leaders and as well as the
factory team leaders that could help me to develop my communication skills very
well.

Any duties and responsibilities assigned to performers in the research and

development in the conventional manufacturing factory core process are usually
accomplished in a crew or individual consisting of low level workers to highly
experienced technician. The tasks strongly demand to process appreciable
communication ability and cooperation is needed in order to meet goals and
satisfactory results. During the work order flow I saw from initiation to approval Sand
execution, the process incurs involvement of expertise from multiple sectors. Besides
this I improved my interpersonal communication skill understanding and knowledge
in my staying company.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4. 1 GENERAL CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATION

5.1 CONCULUSION
Each shop makes different material. When I was spend four month internship helps
for how to improve practical skill, understanding about work ethics, improving
interpersonal communication skill, gaining entrepreneurship skill.

4.2 Recommendation
My recommendation is made for which the company faced the challenges and
the problems with respecting to assist and encompassed in to account for the
solution is: -
 The company should have avoids the design error as well as the finished
product rejection
 The company should use as a team cooperation for to make a system easy and
proper
 And also the company should use a proper inventory for raw material as
well as for the finished product
 Concerning to the conventional manufacturing factory there should be
a proper use of resources

4.2.1 Recommendation to the company

 The management of Girma Alemar of metal fabrication industry should buy more facilities such
as computers, vehicles so as to enable smooth running of the company‟s activities and
respond to the dynamic competition environment and globalization. This technological
advancement will
enable the organization to change from manual to computerized methods of processing
documents and proper record keeping. And the vehicles play role on giving transportation
services for the workers of the company.

Reliability and giving more careers to

interns:
I would suggest the Organization to continue giving intern-ship placements to as many
students as they can because some miss this experience which is also important
requirement of the university.

4.2.2 Recommendation to the university.

Constant supervision of
students:
The intern recommends the university to carry out constant supervision and monitoring
of students during the internship training so as to encourage them to perform the duties fully
and also accurately. This will also put a close link between the academic supervisors and the
field supervisors so as to foster appropriate assessment of what the interns are doing in the field.
Secure internship placements for students:
The university should help students to secure intern-ship positions according to their respective
programs undertaken at the university through giving students recommendations in order to ease
their training periods and also avoid the ache gotten by students in search of intern-ship
placements.

Should continue this

program:

This is because it helps to prepare the students for their careers in future and also enable the
students to practice the theoretical knowledge obtained during class be exercised practically. It
also helps to develop students understanding of work ethics, employment demands,
responsibilities and opportunities.
Curriculum should be
revised:
Courses that should be pre-given before the intern-ship program did not taught, and that made us
not to compete and be a student that a company relies on.

Part Ⅱ:- Project

Title:- Small plow machine
 CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction

Agriculture has been the backbone of Ethiopian economy and it will continue to
remain for a long time. Mostly Maize, Teff and Wheat are the new targets in
agriculture where still, not many researchers and manufacturers participate.
This field faces some problems such as how to maximize the profit, how to
increase productivity and how to reduce the cost. Generally in Ethiopia, two
types of agricultural equipment are used, manual method (conventional
method) and mechanized type, Ethiopia, farmers use traditional techniques for
ploughing land still now a day due to lack of properly fitting machine with them
economy or economical capacity and lack of skill to operates machine as result
there is insufficient way to plough the land Which is time taker, tedious,
consumption of human labour and ox, donkey labor. Our main objectives are
design and fabricate of agricultural plough machine it made from local material,
and it never required skill to operate that will help to reduce the time, reduces
of the ox and human labor, increase the productivity, maximize the profit, and
reduce the cost. This project‘s title is design and fabrication of simple plough
machine. Simple plough machine are suitable for small-scale farmers. Those
with an affordable initial cost. In addition to these, small-scale farmers'
cultivation is conducted in short periods of time due to the short rainy season,
which requires them to complete field preparation in a few possible days. The
small-scale power tiller can help in reducing the risks associated with late
planting and make the cost of cultivation affordable.

1.1 Back ground of the project

Farming to feed families is becoming increasingly difficult, time-
consuming and labor-intensive in village communities. With difficulty in
obtaining and carrying equipment to the field, farmers are reliant on using
traditional hand equipment which is laborious and time consuming. To help
overcome this problem, we want to introduce a light, simple structure,
inexpensive metal plough ‘Portable Plough’. The machine uses the small petrol
engine as its power for labelling and ploughing. The objective of this project is to
transit from traditional hand equipment to modern approach of farming. To help
overcome this problem, we want to introduce a light, simple structure,
inexpensive metal plough ‘Portable Plough. The machine uses the small petrol
engine as its power for ploughing.
The most time-consuming area is ploughing the field because of traditional
methods. Modern machines are huge and cannot reach the hilly and
mountainous areas and are expensive. Introduction of a portable plough will be
a cost effective efficient farm tool which will save time in production of crops for
peasants. The agricultural industry is going at a fast pace around the world but
in Ethiopia seems to be left behind on the advancement. Ethiopia is an
agricultural country but the people are still dependent on traditional hand tools
for their daily use. The advancement of technology has not reached in the
mountainous and hilly rural areas. People use beast of burden like ox, donkey,
etc. to plough the field with traditional tools which is laborious and time
consuming. The efficiency of production declines and the farmers will always get
less for what they have produced. Thus, farmers need to move from traditional
tools to modern tools which are accessible to them in order to have efficiency in
production and a stable economic standard. Portable plough will help to bring
efficiency in the field at a low cost and small size. This is not a permanent
solution but a step to bring agricultural revolution in the rural areas
1.2 Statement of Problem

The main problem that made to start the project are labor wastage,
traditional techniques that the farmer are follow now a day and also not
sufficient way to plow the land which is time taker, tedious, it consuming of
human and ox labor. Generally, the plough processes in Ethiopia are so
backward. It takes much time to plough, it takes much power of the farmers and
families, and it produces more fatigue on their oxen.
 We have no any methodology to use simple plough system
 It use High purchasing cost
 There is no infrastructure in rural area.
  More than above 80% of our farmers follow traditional method. This
lead to small production of foods.
 Lack of mechanization in farming
 Required excess efforts for different process.
 Required more man power.

1.3 Objective of the study

1.3.1 General objective
The main objective of the project is design, fabricate and test of simple
agricultural plough machine within a specified procedures.

1.3.2 Specific objective

The purpose of this project is to develop a simple plough machine which

can be manufacture using available expertise, materials and technology at a
reasonable cost affordable for each farmer. The specific objectives of the
research project are;

 Manufacture and deliver simply simple plough machine to the target

farmers.
 To introduce new agricultural technology in villages
 To minimize the farmers tiredness
 Manufacturing easy technology and testing procedures of the designed as
mini plough machine according to locally available resources.
 To manufacture and sell with minimum economic cost
 To transit from traditional hand equipment to modern approach of
farming.

1.4 Significant
Simple plough machine provides unique benefits, rarely found in other
countries. Portable plough will be easy to use and saves a lot of time on
the field. Learning how to use a plough proved a productive, rewarding
skill. This will help people become familiar with new technology. With
increased yield and productivity, quality of life of the farmers improves.
Saving sufficient time in plough, the individuals will have time to
participate in other activities or produce different crops for them to sell.
Not only with increased yield, but also increased time to spend with their
 children and increased funding in order to give their children a good. The
possibilities for a better future are easy to see.
1.5 Scope of study
To do this project we start by collecting relevant/necessarily information’s
needed using different data gathering methods like observing and looking from
farm land with farmers, such as the size and dimension of traditional plough and
other tools. The scope of our work includes construction (design, manufacturing,
assembly) and preventive maintenance of simple plough machine.
1.6 Limitation
 We resisted by different problems during prepare this project.
 Internet access not sufficient in our office.
 Not available relevant book in library and book store,
 There are no gathered data and information about our country
farmers in our industry.
 I have not enough information and knowledge about simple plough
machine before starting the project.
 Power interruption.
 CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW AT NATIONAL LEVEL
 Even though many scholars made different agricultural machinery our
farmers unable to use these machinery because of the economical capacity
of our farmer is poor so our aim is to enhance the farmer to use new
agricultural machinery since this machine is cost effective because it made
from local material, labour cost of our country is low and also it has no
foreign currency
 Shared experiences in developing machines for small farmers and reviewed
and evaluated the results. After presentation of papers, the main activity in
this project entailed literature search material and technology survey,
designing, manufacturing and performance testing. In order to understand
and obtain useful information in the project area various literature in simple
plough machine. Accordingly method, strategy and techniques for developing
this machine. The outcome of this stage gives use full information that
forming basis for the follow up studies. Generally it is cost effective machine
so it will solve the especially Ethiopia farmers’ problem.
 Agriculture is one of the oldest activities that served humans in establishing and maintaining their
livelihoods and it has been a backbone of most civilization’s economies, and this phenomenon
has hardly changed today. It is still the foundation to the economy of many developing countries.
With about 83.9% of exports and 80% of total labor force employed under it, agriculture proves
its undeniable importance in Ethiopia’s economy. Ethiopia is recognized as one of the earliest
nations to practice farming as a primary food source. Considering the long history of agriculture
in Ethiopia, farming methods are still the same as when it was started a few thousand years ago.
Most tools used are made from different wood materials and animal force (mostly oxen in
Ethiopia) is used to perform land tilling. This traditional method is time consuming and a very
tiring experience for the common farmer. Most crops produced in Ethiopia are grown in a
relatively dry land. Thus, softening the land is required before sowing, which may take several
months. The difficulty in ploughing large amount of land, for months, using old and traditional
 methods can be imagined. Shortening the time and reducing the effort required to plough a land is
then the primary aim of this project. Affordability is also an important requirement to consider.
 Agriculture in Ethiopia began more than 7,000 years ago. After long time of period, the use of
animal drawn tillage implements began. It has been conjectured that Ethiopians inhabiting the
northern cereal growing highland area of the country where introduce to the ard, this is between
1000 to 400 BC. The use of the maresha might not have been associated with one specific group
of people. It may have probably been dependent on the physical environment of a particular
region that could support animal capable of pulling the implement. Regardless of who introduced
the maresha or its prototype into Ethiopia, the acceptance and utilization of an implement that
was powered by animals have contributed towards developing crop-livestock integration
currently existing in the country. There are different development stages in the progress of history
of plow

3. Literature review at international level

Cultivators are machines in the agriculture industry that are used to break up soil. Cultivators are
generally used before plows to till the soil and prepare it for the dispersing of seeds and can be used
before and after the crops are sowed. They can provide other functions, such as removing and
destroying weeds, as well as fertilizing the soil and covering seeds with soil.When we look back at
the emergence/introduction of cultivators, ancient farmers use animals like horse, donkey or oxen in
addition hoes/sticks to prepare a seedbed to plantation. Gradual improvement in innovation of
cultivators brings us new and modified machineries like motor automated and tractors. The Horse-
drawn Cultivator (backward method) Before there were cultivators, hoes or sticks were used to break
up the soil. This arduous method was improved upon slightly with the development of the harrow. To
make it easier to pull, the harrow was designed in a triangular shape and persisted until the 1850s
when the first horse-drawn cultivator was made. Development and Expansion As the agriculture
industry grew, more manufacturers began producing cultivators during the 1880s. They expanded
from one-row cultivators, to two-rows, riding cultivators, and shovel and straddle-row cultivators.
One factor that played a salient role in the expansion of cultivators was the concept of planting seeds
by row rather than broadcasting or scattering them randomly. This made it easier to dig out the
vegetables when they had grown and the cultivator became a very efficient tool for doing this
accurately and quickly. As well, the better that soil was crumbled, the more effective it would be in
the growth of crops. Cultivators were so effective that they even began to replace harrows for bigger
jobs during the late 18th century. Tractors Replace Animals Very little changed over time, with only
small variations being added to the cultivator after the 1940s. Instead of using animals and horse
shafts, cultivators used tractors and tractor drawbars. Additional changes included the power take-off
and the concept of the three-point linkage system on farm tractors.

Material and technology survey

The purpose of this project is to come up with a simple plough machine
fabricated. We select Low carbon steel or mild steel material, due to low
economic considerations, availability of raw materials, machinability and ability
to weld easily and it has 0.15% to 0.45% carbon which enables it ductile. So
mild steel (frame) has the following property.
 Ultimate strength is 560 Mpa.
 Yield strength is 320Mpa.
 Ultimate shear strength is 180 Mpa.
 It has good strength and availability
 Availability of the materials,
 Suitability of the materials for the working conditions in service,
 The cost of the materials

The list of material with Cost Analysis that will require for fabrication of simple
plough machine is as shown below in the table:

required items Specification quantity Unit price Total

price

Engine Model 170F/170FD Single-Cylinder,Air- 1 48-72 USD

cooling,4-stroke

Shafts bearing 1 UCP 204 2 1-5 USD 500

Shafts bearing 2 UCP 203 2 1-5 USD 500

Ø200*8mm 2 327.76 655.52

Sprocket (gear)
Ø80*8mm 2 52.44 104.88

Shaft 1 Ø30*600mm 1 553.09 553.09

Shaft 2 Ø35*600mm 1 752.81 752.81

Brace (መወጠሪያ) M20x80 1 70 70

(teranty)
Round bar Ø20*200mm 1 81.94 81.94

150*30*10 1 58.71 58.71

Plow (ማረሻ)
Blade 100*100*5mm 1 65.24 65.24

Sprocket Chain Normal 2

CHS Ø30*3000mm 1 3,518.37 3,518.37

 Ø20*300mm 1 122.67 122.67

SHS 40*40*3*6000 1.4 13,343.7

13,343.74
4

Angle iron 40*5*2000mm 1 614.20 614.20

Plate 1000*1000*5mm 1 6,523.80 6,523.80

Wheel
Angle iron 20*70*3 6 58.84 353.04

M20x30 20 20 400
Bolt with
M10x80 20 70 1400
Total cost of the complement
 The total manufacturing cost will be the sum of all the five costs.
 Direct material cost. Birr 29,618.01
 Labour cost (direct, indirect and overhead). 1,351.15
 Machine overhead cost. Birr 1,116.05
 Tools and consumable cost. Birr 370.07925
 Contingency cost. Birr 324.55
 Manufacturing cost and design cost. Adding a contingency cost of 10%:
 Total cost = (29,618.01 + 1,351.15 + 1,116.05 + 370.079
+324.55) = 32,779.84 birr.
 CHAPTER THREE
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Data collection

Methodology is a general guideline to achieve our objective. We use the

following way.
 Primary data collection method by asking mates and engineers.
 Secondary data collection method such as;
 Gathering and collecting relevant information from farmers by looking
there.
 Gathering and collecting relevant information from different internet
websites
 Detail introduction and literature review about the project.
 Identify the problem statement.
 Setting general and specific objectives.
 Do the design analysis for all parts.
3.2 Data analysis

During data analysis we described the collected data and our explanation
depend on the following methods
Before analysis our gathered data we attempt to understand all data by reading,
asking and we attempt to find their meanings.
 We used to our simple language.
 We helped by discussion from different mates, engineers and
our team members.
 We used to our previous and current knowledge
 We combined the different collected data and organized and
then try to done our project
 Chapter four
4 data analysis and interpretations

4.1 Result and discussion

 It was observed that when the water is released at the beginning when the
tank is full the turbine speed measured by using hand tachometer, when the
amount of water the tank get reduced the speed of the turbine is reduced
this is due to the fact that the water flow rate reduce due to the amount of
water in the tank. This means the amount of water supplied is small
compared to that discharged this arrangement was then changed and the
second arrangement made by connecting the turbine to the pump directly
utilizing the direct pump flow.

Engine

The gearbox of the machine is directly incorporated into the engine to

vary the operational speed. There is also an acceleration wire connected to the
governor for speed variation. It is a walking type power tiller which is controlled
by two steering handles

Shafts
Shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit power from
engine to plow. Two mild steel round bars of 30 mm diameter and 412 mm
length (intermediate shaft II) and 35 mm diameter and 650 mm length. Were
used for the fabrication of the shafts. The shafts were suitably turned on the

lathe machine and finished to accommodate the traction wheels and bearings .

Bearing

We select rolling radial ball bearing because rolling contact bearing has the
following advantages
Over sliding contact bearing
 Low starting and running friction except at very high speed.
  Ability to withstand momentary shock loads and Accuracy of shaft
alignment.
 Low cost of maintenance as no lubrication is required while in service and
Cleanliness.
 Small overall dimensions and Reliability of service.
 Easy to mount and erect.

Frame

 It uses to carry the weight of the engine and subjected to bending forces
which comes from plough because it holds plow holder frame and using
bending of the plough stress formula we can determine the required
dimension.

Sprocket (Gear)
 The steel is used for high strength gears and steel may be plain carbon steel
or alloy steel. The steel gears are usually heat treated in order to combine
properly the toughness and tooth hardness. Since our working condition is
required high strength so we e select mild steel.

Wheel

 Wheel is a part the machine which is used to carrying and move the whole
part of the machine.
 Strength both to bending and torsional
  The weight of the wheel should not be high since it result increase
in overall weight of the machine
 The material of the wheel should not be expensive.

CHAPTER FIVE

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
 Simple Plough machine can be successfully used for farming because of
the following reasons.
 Simple, and modified plough version
 Easy to operate
 Light in weight, minimum repairs which saves time during operations
 The cost of the equipment is reasonable compared to the technologies
available in the market.
 We believe that this can replace the traditional ploughing system used in
the village areas. And, can be improved as well.
 Further modification can be done to improve this design like using new
engine system and hydraulic adjustment system for the plough
  Also optimizing the design is a good challenge.
5.2 Recommendation
 It is recommended to run the system in average speed to communicate
both time and durability
 The machine is not work on land that has more bush and stone because
the root of the bush and stone may shear the blade of the machine.
Reference
1. Srivastava and Dubey (1985). Two row planter seed-cum-fertilizer drill.
2. Farm Power and Machinery ICAR e-Course for B.Sc. (Agriculture) and
B.Tech (Agriculture).
3. A Textbook of Machine Design by R.S.KHURMI AND J.K.GUPTA
4. J. E. Shigley (2006) Mechanical Engineering Design: 8th Ed. New York:
McGraw- Hill
5. Academic Press (2001) Mechanical Engineer’s Handbook: (Dan B.
Marghishu,Ed.) Academic Press series in engineering. New York: Academic
Press