Thermodynamics

Introduction, 1st Law, Thermodynamic & Properties

Module 1
Prof. Anand Veeraragavan
anandv@uq.edu.au
Co-Director, Centre for Hypersonics
School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering

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 MECH3400 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Example 1.1
A flowerpot of mass 1 kg falls at terminal velocity of 100 km/h and hits the ground, at which point all its
kinetic energy is converted to heat. How much heat is generated by the impact?

Consider the process that the initial state is the pot is about to reach
ground, and the final state is the pot hits the ground and stops. There is no
Closed external work done on or by the system, internal energy and potential
system
energy do not change.

100 km/h ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝐸𝑘 + ∆𝐸𝑝

𝑄 − 𝑊 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝐸𝑘 + ∆𝐸𝑝
1 2 1 2
∆𝐸𝑘 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡
2 2
2
1 2 1 100
= 0 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡 =− × = −385.8 (𝐽) ∴ 𝑄 = −385.8 (𝐽)
2 2 3.6
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Example 1.2 – Piston System

A frictionless piston-cylinder contains 5 kg of steam at 400 kPa and 200°C, the
specific volume steam at this state is 0.53434 m3/kg. Heat is now transferred to
the steam until the temperature reaches 250°C, specific volume is 0.59520 m3/kg.
If the piston is freely moving and its mass is constant, determine the work done by
the steam during the process.
S1 S2 Consider that the process is from State 1 to State 2. “Piston free
moving” implies the pressure in cylinder is maintained.

𝑊𝑏 = 𝑃∆𝒱 = 𝑃(𝒱2 − 𝒱1 )
Heat
𝒱 = 𝑚𝓋

𝑚 = 5𝑘𝑔 ∴ 𝑊𝑏 = 𝑃 𝒱2 − 𝒱1 = 𝑚𝑃 𝓋2 − 𝓋1
𝑃2 = 400 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 5 × 400 × 0.59520 − 0.53434
𝑃1 = 400 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝓋2 = 0.5920 𝑚3/𝑘𝑔 = 122 𝑘𝐽
𝓋1 = 0.5343 𝑚3/𝑘𝑔
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Example 1.3 – Piston System

Air is contained at 2 bar inside a frictionless piston-cylinder. It is heated to expand
freely to twice its initial volume. Given an initial specific volume of 0.393 m3/kg,
and a heat input of 100 kJ/kg, what is the change in internal energy?

State 1 to State 2, total energy change due to heat

S1 S2
input and work done out

∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝐸𝑘 + ∆𝐸𝑝

2 bar 2 bar
𝑄 − 𝑊𝑏 − 𝑊𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝐸𝑘 + ∆𝐸𝑝
𝑞 = 100𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑞 − 𝑤𝑏 = ∆𝑢 𝑤𝑏 = 𝑃∆𝓋 = 200 × 0.393
𝓋 = 0.393 𝑚3/𝑘𝑔 𝑞 = 100 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 = 78.6 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

2 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ∴ ∆𝑢 = 100 − 78.6 = 21.4 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

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Example 1.4 – Energy transport by mass

Air flows steadily in a pipe at 300 kPa, 77°C, and 25 m/s at a rate of 18 kg/min.
Determine the specific flow work and the energy rate transported by flow mass. If
the specific volume and specific internal energy of air under this condition is known
as 0.3346 m3/kg and 252.33 kJ/kg.
Specific flow work is flow work per unit mass. According
to the definition of flow energy:
𝑤𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑃𝓋 = 300 × 0.3346 = 100.38 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝐸ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑚(𝑃𝓋
ሶ + 𝑢 + 𝑒𝑘 + 𝑒𝑝 ) We let 𝑒𝑝 = 0
18 𝑣 2 252
𝑚ሶ = 18 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑠 = 0.3 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑠 𝑒𝑘 = = = 312.5 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
60 2 2
𝑘𝐽
𝐸ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 0.3 × (100.47 + 252.33 + 0.3125) = 106 = 106𝑘𝑊
𝑠
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Example 1.5 – Flow work

A water pump increases the pressure from 101 kPa to 1000 kPa. Determine the
rate of flow work. If the density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
Determine CV. Let us assume:
1) no heat transfer into or out of the CV
CV 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 2) isothermal process
3) steady flow, incompressible.
∆𝐸 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 + 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ℎ + 𝑒𝑘 + 𝑒𝑝 𝑖𝑛
− 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ + 𝑒𝑘 + 𝑒𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡
=0
2 2
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 101 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛
work 𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ = 𝑚ሶ ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ℎ𝑖𝑛 + + 𝑔 𝑧𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑧𝑖𝑛
2
𝑊ሶ = −𝑚ሶ ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ℎ𝑖𝑛 = −𝑚ሶ 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝓋 + 𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝓋 − 𝑢𝑖𝑛
𝑊ሶ 1 −1
= − 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝓋 − 𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝓋 = − 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = × 1000 − 101
𝑚ሶ 𝜌 1000
𝑊ሶ
= −0.899 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Thermodynamics: Introduction, First Law and Properties 𝑚ሶ 6
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Example 1.6 – Pump

The pump for a fountain needs to be designed: it will take 2 L/s water from a
lake, and eject it out of a 20 m vertical pipe at 50 m/s. How much power will this
require? Consider the whole pump as a CV.
𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝐸
50 m/s 𝑧𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ + 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 ℎ + 𝑒𝑘 + 𝑒𝑝 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ + 𝑒𝑘 + 𝑒𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡
Assume: Steady-flow, Incompressible, Isothermal, No
heat loss, inlet water flow speed is very slow
2 2
𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
20 m 𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ + 𝑚ሶ [𝑢𝑖𝑛 − 𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑡 ] + 𝓋[𝑃𝑖𝑛 − 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 ] + + 𝑔[𝑧𝑖𝑛 − 𝑧𝑜𝑢𝑡 ] = 0
2
𝑊ሶ
0 0 0 0 0
𝑊ሶ + 𝑚ሶ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
2 Τ
2 + 𝑔𝑧𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0
502
∴ 𝑊ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 2 × + 9.8 × 20 = 2892 𝑊 = 2.89 𝑘𝑊
𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑖𝑛 2
2 L/s = 2 kg/s Note: by calling it 𝑊ሶ 𝑖𝑛 we are able make the sign positive. Else, we will estimate a
𝑧𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑖𝑛
Thermodynamics: Introduction, First Law and Properties negative work which indicates work is done to the system 7
 MECH3400 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Example 1.6 – Pump (method 2)

The pump for a fountain needs to be designed: it will take 2 L/s water from a
lake, and eject it out of a 20 m vertical pipe at 50 m/s. How much power will this
require? Select a section of water in the pipe with 1 kg, and consider this as a closed system
𝑧2 𝑉2 𝑢2 𝑞 − 𝑤 = ∆𝑢 + ∆𝑒𝑘 + ∆𝑘𝑝
50 m/s 𝑚ሶ
𝑊ሶ = 𝑤𝑚ሶ
Assumption: Steady-flow, Incompressible, Isothermal, No heat loss
𝑉22 −𝑉12
𝑞 + 𝑤𝑖𝑛 = 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 + + 𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
20 m 2
𝑊ሶ Note: we switch signs for the work by denoting it as 𝑤𝑖𝑛

𝑢2 = 𝑢1 𝑉1 = 0 𝑉2 = 50 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 20 𝑚
502 𝑤
𝑧1 𝑉1 𝑢1 𝑤𝑖𝑛 = + 9.8 × 20 = 1446 ( )
2 𝑘𝑔
2 L/s = 2 kg/s
Thermodynamics: Introduction, First Law and Properties
∴ 𝑊ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 2 × 1446 = 2892 𝑊 = 2.89 𝑘𝑊 8
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Example 1.7 – Filling steam into tank

A rigid, insulated tank is initially evacuated and connected to a steam line (at 1 MPa
and 300°C, specific enthalpy is 3051.6 kJ/kg). Steam is allowed to flow into the tank
slowly until the tank reaches 1 MPa. Determine the specific internal energy of
steam in the tank at this moment.
Strategy: Select the tank as a CV, the process is unsteady, uniform flow process
𝒅
𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ + 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 ℎ + 𝑒𝑘 + 𝑒𝑝 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ + 𝑒𝑘 + 𝑒𝑝 = (𝒎𝟐 𝒆𝟐 − 𝒎𝟏 𝒆𝟏 )𝒔𝒚𝒔
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝒅𝒕
𝑄 − 𝑊 + 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ℎ + 𝑒𝑘 + 𝑒𝑝 𝑖𝑛
− 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ + 𝑒𝑘 + 𝑒𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡
= (𝒎𝟐 𝒆𝟐 − 𝒎𝟏 𝒆𝟏 )𝒔𝒚𝒔

0 0 0 0 0 0

𝑚𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚2 𝑢2 ∵ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚2

∴ 𝑢2 = ℎ𝑖𝑛 = 3051.6 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

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Example 1.8 – Applications of Property tables

1. A rigid tank contains 50 kg of saturated liquid water at 90°C,
determine the pressure in the tank and the tank volume.

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 @90℃ = 70.183 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝓋 = 𝓋𝑓 @90℃ = 0.001036 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

⇒ 𝒱 = 𝑚𝓋 = 50 × 0.001036 = 0.0518 𝑚3

2. Piston-cylinder device contains 0.06 m3 of saturated water

vapor at 350 kPa pressure, determine the temperature and mass
of vapor in the cylinder.
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 @350 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 138.86℃ 𝓋 = 𝓋𝑔 @350 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.52442 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
𝒱 0.06
⇒ 𝑚= = = 0.114 𝑘𝑔
𝓋 0.52442

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Example 1.8 – Applications of Property tables

3. An 80 L vessel contains 4 kg of R-134a at a pressure of 160 kPa, determine the
temperature, the quality, the enthalpy, and the volume occupied by the vapour phase.

𝓋𝑓 @160 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.0007435

𝒱 0.08
൝
𝓋= = = 0.02 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 ⇒ 𝓋𝑓 < 𝓋 < 𝓋𝑔
𝓋𝑔 @160 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.12355 𝑚 4

⇒ Saturated liquid-vapor mixture ⇒ 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 @160 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = −15.6 ℃

𝓋 − 𝓋𝑓 0.02 − 0.0007435
𝓋 = 𝓋𝑓 + 𝑥𝓋𝑓𝑔 ⇒ 𝑥= = = 0.157
𝓋𝑓𝑔 0.12355 − 0.0007435

⇒ ℎ = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 31.18 + 0.157 × 209.96 = 64.10 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

⇒ 𝒱𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔 𝓋𝑔 = 𝑥𝑚𝓋𝑔 = 0.157 × 4 × 0.12355 = 0.0775 𝑚3

Discussion: if a state is not given, determine the state using properties against
sat. liquid and sat. vapor (e.g. Tables A-4 or A-5).
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Example 1.8 – Applications of Property tables

4. Water inside a container is at a pressure of 0.5 MPa and an enthalpy of 2890 kJ/kg.
Determine the temperature of water.
Strategy: Do not know what exact state the water is in. So, check the
corresponding saturated values first.
ℎ𝑓 @0.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 640.09 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
൝ ⇒ ℎ > ℎ𝑔
ℎ𝑔 @0.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 2748.1 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Therefore, it is in superheated vapor state.

Check Table A-6. The temperature is
between 200°C and 250°C. Table A-6

Conduct a linear interpolation:

𝑇 − 200℃ (2890 − 2855.8) 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 Discussion: what happens if the
= ⇒ 𝑇 = 216.25℃ given enthalpy is 338.2 kJ/kg?
250℃ − 200℃ (2961.0 − 2855.8) 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
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Example 1.9 – Temperature rise in tyres

A car tyre is measured to have gauge pressures of 210 kPa before a trip and
220 kPa after the trip at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa.
Assume the volume of the tyre remains nearly constant and the air temperature
before the trip is 25°C, determine the air temperature in the tyre after the trip.
Assume: the air is ideal gas, and the air volume in the tyre remains constant
210 kPa
25°C 𝑃1 𝒱1 𝑃2 𝒱2
S1
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝒱1 = 𝒱2 𝑃1 = 210 𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 95 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 305 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑃2 = 315 𝑘𝑃𝑎
305 315
220 kPa =
25 + 273.15 𝑇2
S2 ? °C
𝑇2 = 307.8 𝐾 = 34.8℃

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Example 1.10 – Heating of air in a cylinder

An air-fuel mixture in a car cylinder is ignited and, at constant pressure, increases in
temperature from 30°C to 900°C. Determine the heat input based on mean heat
capacity and property tables, treating the mixture as consisting of only air.
Closed system, energy conserved (1st law) , change of specific volume ∆𝓋
∆𝑒𝑠𝑦𝑠 = ∆𝑢 + ∆𝑒𝑘 + ∆𝑒𝑝 = 𝑞 − 𝑤 𝑤 = 𝑃∆𝓋 ∆𝑒𝑘 = ∆𝑒𝑝 = 0

𝑞 = ∆𝑢 + 𝑤 = ∆𝑢 + 𝑃∆𝓋 = ∆ℎ = 𝒄𝑷,𝒂𝒗𝒈 (𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 )

𝑐𝑃,𝑎𝑣𝑔 =1.084 kJ/kg k @ 738 K, (Table A-2)

𝑞 = 1.084 × 900 − 30 = 942.58 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑞 = ∆ℎ = ℎ2 − ℎ1 Check Table A-17 and linear interpolate:

ℎ1 = 303.2 ℎ2 = 1246.1

Thermodynamics: Introduction, First Law and Properties

𝑞 = 1246.1 − 303.2 = 942.9 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 14
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Example 1.11 – Air compressor

Air is compressed from 100 kPa and 30°C to 400 kPa and 150°C. The flow-rate
of air in is 5 litres per second, and there is a heat flow of 430 J/s out of the walls
of the compressor. Determine the work input.
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 =?
Assume the air is ideal gas, the enthalpy is a function of only temperature.
𝑑𝐸
= −𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 ℎ + 𝑒𝑘 + 𝑒𝑝 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ + 𝑒𝑘 + 𝑒𝑝 =0
400 kPa 𝑑𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡
100 kPa
30°C 150°C 𝑊ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑚(ℎ
ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ℎ𝑖𝑛 )

Check Table A-17 and linear interpolate:

𝑄ሶ = 430 𝐽/𝑠 ℎ𝑖𝑛 = 303.2 kJ/kg @ 30°C ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 424.311 kJ/kg @ 150°C

𝑣ሶ = 5 𝐿Τ𝑠 𝑊ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 0.43 + 0.006125 × 424.311 − 303.2 = 1.172 𝑘𝑊

∴ 𝑚ሶ = 0.005 × 1.225 = 0.006125 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
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