Vectors and Coordinate Geometry in 3-Space

Week 2, Tuesday

Dr. John Ogbemhe

Dr. P.S. Olayiwola
Dr. O.A. George

Department of Systems Engineering

University of Lagos

November 12, 2024

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 1 / 23
 Today’s Agenda

1 Analytic Geometry in Three Dimensions

2 Vectors

3 The Cross Product in 3-Space

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 2 / 23
 Euclidean n-Space

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 3 / 23
 Euclidean n-Space

Definition
Euclidean n-Space is a generalization of the three-dimensional Euclidean
space to an arbitrary number of dimensions n. It is denoted by Rn .

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 3 / 23
 Euclidean n-Space

Definition
Euclidean n-Space is a generalization of the three-dimensional Euclidean
space to an arbitrary number of dimensions n. It is denoted by Rn .

Each point in Rn is represented by an ordered n-tuple (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ).

Commonly used in various fields such as physics, engineering, and
computer science.

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 3 / 23
 Euclidean n-Space

Definition
Euclidean n-Space is a generalization of the three-dimensional Euclidean
space to an arbitrary number of dimensions n. It is denoted by Rn .

Each point in Rn is represented by an ordered n-tuple (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ).

Commonly used in various fields such as physics, engineering, and
computer science.
Examples:
R2 : Plane with coordinates (x, y )
R3 : Space with coordinates (x, y , z)
R4 : Four-dimensional space with coordinates (x, y , z, w )

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 3 / 23
 Describing Sets in the Plane, 3-Space, and n-Space

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 4 / 23
 Describing Sets in the Plane, 3-Space, and n-Space

Plane (R2 ):
Lines, circles, parabolas, etc.

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 4 / 23
 Describing Sets in the Plane, 3-Space, and n-Space

Plane (R2 ):
Lines, circles, parabolas, etc.
3-Space (R3 ):
Planes, spheres, cylinders, cones, etc.

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 4 / 23
 Describing Sets in the Plane, 3-Space, and n-Space

Plane (R2 ):
Lines, circles, parabolas, etc.
3-Space (R3 ):
Planes, spheres, cylinders, cones, etc.
n-Space (Rn ):
Hyperplanes, hyperspheres, and higher-dimensional analogs.

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 4 / 23
 Describing Sets in the Plane, 3-Space, and n-Space

Plane (R2 ):
Lines, circles, parabolas, etc.
3-Space (R3 ):
Planes, spheres, cylinders, cones, etc.
n-Space (Rn ):
Hyperplanes, hyperspheres, and higher-dimensional analogs.
Interactive Activity:
a. Identify the type of set described by x 2 + y 2 = 25 in R2 .
b. Describe the set x + y + z = 10 in R3 .

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 4 / 23
 Interactive Activity 1: Identifying Sets

Problem:
a. What type of set is described by x 2 + y 2 = 25 in R2 ?
b. Describe the set x + y + z = 10 in R3 .

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 5 / 23
 Interactive Activity 1: Identifying Sets

Problem:
a. What type of set is described by x 2 + y 2 = 25 in R2 ?
b. Describe the set x + y + z = 10 in R3 .
Solution:
a. A **circle** with radius 5 centered at the origin.
b. A **plane** in three-dimensional space.

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 5 / 23
 Definition: Vector Addition

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 6 / 23
 Definition: Vector Addition
Definition
Vector Addition is the operation of adding two vectors to produce a third
vector. If u = (u1 , u2 , . . . , un ) and v = (v1 , v2 , . . . , vn ), then:

u + v = (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 , . . . , un + vn )

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 6 / 23
 Definition: Vector Addition
Definition
Vector Addition is the operation of adding two vectors to produce a third
vector. If u = (u1 , u2 , . . . , un ) and v = (v1 , v2 , . . . , vn ), then:

u + v = (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 , . . . , un + vn )

Example:
u = (1, 2, 3), v = (4, 5, 6)
u + v = (1 + 4, 2 + 5, 3 + 6) = (5, 7, 9)

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 6 / 23
 Definition: Vector Addition
Definition
Vector Addition is the operation of adding two vectors to produce a third
vector. If u = (u1 , u2 , . . . , un ) and v = (v1 , v2 , . . . , vn ), then:

u + v = (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 , . . . , un + vn )

Example:
u = (1, 2, 3), v = (4, 5, 6)
u + v = (1 + 4, 2 + 5, 3 + 6) = (5, 7, 9)
Geometric Interpretation:
y

v
Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors
George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 6 / 23
 Definition: Scalar Multiplication

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 7 / 23
 Definition: Scalar Multiplication
Definition
Scalar Multiplication is the operation of multiplying a vector by a scalar
(real number). If u = (u1 , u2 , . . . , un ) and c is a scalar, then:

cu = (cu1 , cu2 , . . . , cun )

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 7 / 23
 Definition: Scalar Multiplication
Definition
Scalar Multiplication is the operation of multiplying a vector by a scalar
(real number). If u = (u1 , u2 , . . . , un ) and c is a scalar, then:

cu = (cu1 , cu2 , . . . , cun )

Example:
u = (2, −1, 3), c=4
4u = (4 · 2, 4 · (−1), 4 · 3) = (8, −4, 12)

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 7 / 23
 Definition: Scalar Multiplication
Definition
Scalar Multiplication is the operation of multiplying a vector by a scalar
(real number). If u = (u1 , u2 , . . . , un ) and c is a scalar, then:

cu = (cu1 , cu2 , . . . , cun )

Example:
u = (2, −1, 3), c=4
4u = (4 · 2, 4 · (−1), 4 · 3) = (8, −4, 12)
Geometric Interpretation:

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 7 / 23
 Vectors in 3-Space

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 8 / 23
 Vectors in 3-Space
Definition
A vector in 3-space is an ordered triplet v = (vx , vy , vz ) representing
magnitude and direction along the x, y , and z axes.

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 8 / 23
 Vectors in 3-Space
Definition
A vector in 3-space is an ordered triplet v = (vx , vy , vz ) representing
magnitude and direction along the x, y , and z axes.

Example:
v = (3, −2, 5)

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 8 / 23
 Vectors in 3-Space
Definition
A vector in 3-space is an ordered triplet v = (vx , vy , vz ) representing
magnitude and direction along the x, y , and z axes.

Example:
v = (3, −2, 5)
Graphical Representation:
y

x
z
Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors
George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 8 / 23
 Vectors in 3-Space
Definition
A vector in 3-space is an ordered triplet v = (vx , vy , vz ) representing
magnitude and direction along the x, y , and z axes.

Example:
v = (3, −2, 5)
Graphical Representation:
y

x
z
Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors
George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 8 / 23
 Interactive Activity 2: Vector Operations
Problem:
a. Plot the vector u = (2, 1, −3) in 3-space.
b. Find u + v where v = (1, −1, 4).

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 9 / 23
 Interactive Activity 2: Vector Operations
Problem:
a. Plot the vector u = (2, 1, −3) in 3-space.
b. Find u + v where v = (1, −1, 4).
Solution:
a. Plotting u:
y

x
Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors
George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 9 / 23
 Interactive Activity 2: Vector Operations
Problem:
a. Plot the vector u = (2, 1, −3) in 3-space.
b. Find u + v where v = (1, −1, 4).
Solution:
a. Plotting u:
y

x
Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors
George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 9 / 23
 Hanging Cables and Chains

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 10 / 23
 Hanging Cables and Chains

Catenary Curve:
Describes the shape of a hanging cable or chain under its own
weight.
Equation: y = a cosh xa , where a is a constant.

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 10 / 23
 Hanging Cables and Chains

Catenary Curve:
Describes the shape of a hanging cable or chain under its own
weight.
Equation: y = a cosh xa , where a is a constant.

Application:
Engineering structures like suspension bridges.

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 10 / 23
 Hanging Cables and Chains

Catenary Curve:
Describes the shape of a hanging cable or chain under its own
weight.
Equation: y = a cosh xa , where a is a constant.

Application:
Engineering structures like suspension bridges.
Interactive Question:
How does changing the constant a affect the shape of the
catenary?

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 10 / 23
 The Dot Product and Projections

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 11 / 23
 The Dot Product and Projections
Definition: The Dot Product of Two Vectors

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 11 / 23
 The Dot Product and Projections
Definition: The Dot Product of Two Vectors
Definition
The dot product of two vectors u = (ux , uy , uz ) and v = (vx , vy , vz ) is
defined as:
u · v = ux vx + uy vy + uz vz

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 11 / 23
 The Dot Product and Projections
Definition: The Dot Product of Two Vectors
Definition
The dot product of two vectors u = (ux , uy , uz ) and v = (vx , vy , vz ) is
defined as:
u · v = ux vx + uy vy + uz vz

Example:
u = (1, 3, −5), v = (4, −2, −1)
u · v = (1)(4) + (3)(−2) + (−5)(−1) = 4 − 6 + 5 = 3

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 11 / 23
 The Dot Product and Projections
Definition: The Dot Product of Two Vectors
Definition
The dot product of two vectors u = (ux , uy , uz ) and v = (vx , vy , vz ) is
defined as:
u · v = ux vx + uy vy + uz vz

Example:
u = (1, 3, −5), v = (4, −2, −1)
u · v = (1)(4) + (3)(−2) + (−5)(−1) = 4 − 6 + 5 = 3
Definition: Scalar and Vector Projections

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 11 / 23
 The Dot Product and Projections
Definition: The Dot Product of Two Vectors
Definition
The dot product of two vectors u = (ux , uy , uz ) and v = (vx , vy , vz ) is
defined as:
u · v = ux vx + uy vy + uz vz

Example:
u = (1, 3, −5), v = (4, −2, −1)
u · v = (1)(4) + (3)(−2) + (−5)(−1) = 4 − 6 + 5 = 3
Definition: Scalar and Vector Projections
Definition
Scalar Projection of u onto v:
u·v
compv u =
|v|

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 11 / 23
 The Dot Product and Projections
Definition: The Dot Product of Two Vectors
Definition
The dot product of two vectors u = (ux , uy , uz ) and v = (vx , vy , vz ) is
defined as:
u · v = ux vx + uy vy + uz vz

Example:
u = (1, 3, −5), v = (4, −2, −1)
u · v = (1)(4) + (3)(−2) + (−5)(−1) = 4 − 6 + 5 = 3
Definition: Scalar and Vector Projections
Definition
Scalar Projection of u onto v:
u·v
compv u =
|v|

Definition
Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors
George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 11 / 23
 The Dot Product and Projections
Definition: The Dot Product of Two Vectors
Definition
The dot product of two vectors u = (ux , uy , uz ) and v = (vx , vy , vz ) is
defined as:
u · v = ux vx + uy vy + uz vz

Example:
u = (1, 3, −5), v = (4, −2, −1)
u · v = (1)(4) + (3)(−2) + (−5)(−1) = 4 − 6 + 5 = 3
Definition: Scalar and Vector Projections
Definition
Scalar Projection of u onto v:
u·v
compv u =
|v|

Definition
Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors
George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 11 / 23
 Vectors in n-Space

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 12 / 23
 Vectors in n-Space

Definition
A vector in n-space is an ordered n-tuple v = (v1 , v2 , . . . , vn )
representing magnitude and direction along each of the n axes.

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 12 / 23
 Vectors in n-Space

Definition
A vector in n-space is an ordered n-tuple v = (v1 , v2 , . . . , vn )
representing magnitude and direction along each of the n axes.

Properties:
Can perform vector addition and scalar multiplication.
Dot product and cross product (only in 3-space).
Basis vectors in n-space.

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 12 / 23
 Vectors in n-Space

Definition
A vector in n-space is an ordered n-tuple v = (v1 , v2 , . . . , vn )
representing magnitude and direction along each of the n axes.

Properties:
Can perform vector addition and scalar multiplication.
Dot product and cross product (only in 3-space).
Basis vectors in n-space.
Example in 4-Space:
v = (1, 2, 3, 4)

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 12 / 23
 Vectors in n-Space

Definition
A vector in n-space is an ordered n-tuple v = (v1 , v2 , . . . , vn )
representing magnitude and direction along each of the n axes.

Properties:
Can perform vector addition and scalar multiplication.
Dot product and cross product (only in 3-space).
Basis vectors in n-space.
Example in 4-Space:
v = (1, 2, 3, 4)
Interactive Activity:
a. Define a vector in 4-space and perform scalar multiplication.
b. Compute the dot product of two vectors in 4-space.

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 12 / 23
 Definition: The Cross Product in 3-Space

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 13 / 23
 Definition: The Cross Product in 3-Space
Definition:
Definition
The cross product of two vectors u and v in 3-space, denoted by u × v, is
a vector perpendicular to both u and v.

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 13 / 23
 Definition: The Cross Product in 3-Space
Definition:
Definition
The cross product of two vectors u and v in 3-space, denoted by u × v, is
a vector perpendicular to both u and v.

i j k
u × v = ux uy uz
vx vy vz

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 13 / 23
 Definition: The Cross Product in 3-Space
Definition:
Definition
The cross product of two vectors u and v in 3-space, denoted by u × v, is
a vector perpendicular to both u and v.

i j k
u × v = ux uy uz
vx vy vz
Example:
u = (1, 0, 0), v = (0, 1, 0)
u × v = (0, 0, 1)

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 13 / 23
 Definition: The Cross Product in 3-Space
Definition:
Definition
The cross product of two vectors u and v in 3-space, denoted by u × v, is
a vector perpendicular to both u and v.

i j k
u × v = ux uy uz
vx vy vz
Example:
u = (1, 0, 0), v = (0, 1, 0)
u × v = (0, 0, 1)
Graphical Representation:
j

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 13 / 23
 Theorem: Components of the Cross Product

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 14 / 23
 Theorem: Components of the Cross Product
Theorem:
Theorem
If u = (ux , uy , uz ) and v = (vx , vy , vz ), then:

u × v = (uy vz − uz vy , uz vx − ux vz , ux vy − uy vx )

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 14 / 23
 Theorem: Components of the Cross Product
Theorem:
Theorem
If u = (ux , uy , uz ) and v = (vx , vy , vz ), then:

u × v = (uy vz − uz vy , uz vx − ux vz , ux vy − uy vx )

Example:
u = (2, 3, 4), v = (5, 6, 7)
u × v = (3 · 7 − 4 · 6, 4 · 5 − 2 · 7, 2 · 6 − 3 · 5)
u × v = (21 − 24, 20 − 14, 12 − 15) = (−3, 6, −3)

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 14 / 23
 Theorem: Components of the Cross Product
Theorem:
Theorem
If u = (ux , uy , uz ) and v = (vx , vy , vz ), then:

u × v = (uy vz − uz vy , uz vx − ux vz , ux vy − uy vx )

Example:
u = (2, 3, 4), v = (5, 6, 7)
u × v = (3 · 7 − 4 · 6, 4 · 5 − 2 · 7, 2 · 6 − 3 · 5)
u × v = (21 − 24, 20 − 14, 12 − 15) = (−3, 6, −3)
Graphical Interpretation:

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 14 / 23
 Properties of the Cross Product

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 15 / 23
 Properties of the Cross Product
Anticommutative:
u × v = −(v × u)

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 15 / 23
 Properties of the Cross Product
Anticommutative:
u × v = −(v × u)

Distributive over Addition:

u × (v + w) = u × v + u × w

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 15 / 23
 Properties of the Cross Product
Anticommutative:
u × v = −(v × u)

Distributive over Addition:

u × (v + w) = u × v + u × w

Scalar Multiplication:
(cu) × v = c(u × v) = u × (cv)

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 15 / 23
 Properties of the Cross Product
Anticommutative:
u × v = −(v × u)

Distributive over Addition:

u × (v + w) = u × v + u × w

Scalar Multiplication:
(cu) × v = c(u × v) = u × (cv)

Zero Vector:
u×u=0

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 15 / 23
 Properties of the Cross Product
Anticommutative:
u × v = −(v × u)

Distributive over Addition:

u × (v + w) = u × v + u × w

Scalar Multiplication:
(cu) × v = c(u × v) = u × (cv)

Zero Vector:
u×u=0
Interactive Question:
If u × v = 0, what can be inferred about u and v?

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 15 / 23
 Properties of the Cross Product
Anticommutative:
u × v = −(v × u)

Distributive over Addition:

u × (v + w) = u × v + u × w

Scalar Multiplication:
(cu) × v = c(u × v) = u × (cv)

Zero Vector:
u×u=0
Interactive Question:
If u × v = 0, what can be inferred about u and v?
Answer:
Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors
George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 15 / 23
 Determinants

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 16 / 23
 Determinants
Definition
The determinant of a square matrix provides important properties such as
invertibility and volume scaling.

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 16 / 23
 Determinants
Definition
The determinant of a square matrix provides important properties such as
invertibility and volume scaling.

Example:  
a b
A= ⇒ det(A) = ad − bc
c d

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 16 / 23
 Determinants
Definition
The determinant of a square matrix provides important properties such as
invertibility and volume scaling.

Example:  
a b
A= ⇒ det(A) = ad − bc
c d
3x3 Matrix Determinant:
 
a b c
B = d e f  ⇒ det(B) = a(ei − fh) − b(di − fg ) + c(dh − eg )
g h i

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 16 / 23
 Determinants
Definition
The determinant of a square matrix provides important properties such as
invertibility and volume scaling.

Example:  
a b
A= ⇒ det(A) = ad − bc
c d
3x3 Matrix Determinant:
 
a b c
B = d e f  ⇒ det(B) = a(ei − fh) − b(di − fg ) + c(dh − eg )
g h i
Geometric Interpretation:
Represents the scaling factor of the linear transformation described by
the matrix.
In 3-space, the absolute value of the determinant gives the volume
scaling.
Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors
George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 16 / 23
 Properties of Determinants

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 17 / 23
 Properties of Determinants
Multiplicative:
det(AB) = det(A) det(B)

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 17 / 23
 Properties of Determinants
Multiplicative:
det(AB) = det(A) det(B)

Invertible Matrix:
1
det(A−1 ) =
det(A)
Matrix A is invertible iff det(A) ̸= 0

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 17 / 23
 Properties of Determinants
Multiplicative:
det(AB) = det(A) det(B)

Invertible Matrix:
1
det(A−1 ) =
det(A)
Matrix A is invertible iff det(A) ̸= 0

Row Operations:
Swapping two rows changes the sign of the determinant.
Multiplying a row by a scalar multiplies the determinant by that
scalar.
Adding a multiple of one row to another row does not change
the determinant.

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 17 / 23
 Properties of Determinants
Multiplicative:
det(AB) = det(A) det(B)

Invertible Matrix:
1
det(A−1 ) =
det(A)
Matrix A is invertible iff det(A) ̸= 0

Row Operations:
Swapping two rows changes the sign of the determinant.
Multiplying a row by a scalar multiplies the determinant by that
scalar.
Adding a multiple of one row to another row does not change
the determinant.
Interactive Question:
If det(A) = 0, what can be said about matrix A?
Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors
George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 17 / 23
 Properties of Determinants
Multiplicative:
det(AB) = det(A) det(B)

Invertible Matrix:
1
det(A−1 ) =
det(A)
Matrix A is invertible iff det(A) ̸= 0

Row Operations:
Swapping two rows changes the sign of the determinant.
Multiplying a row by a scalar multiplies the determinant by that
scalar.
Adding a multiple of one row to another row does not change
the determinant.
Interactive Question:
If det(A) = 0, what can be said about matrix A?
Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors
George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 17 / 23
 The Cross Product as a Determinant

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 18 / 23
 The Cross Product as a Determinant
Connection Between Cross Product and Determinants:

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 18 / 23
 The Cross Product as a Determinant
Connection Between Cross Product and Determinants:
i j k
u × v = ux uy uz
vx vy vz

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 18 / 23
 The Cross Product as a Determinant
Connection Between Cross Product and Determinants:
i j k
u × v = ux uy uz
vx vy vz

Example:
u = (1, 2, 3), v = (4, 5, 6)
i j k
u × v = 1 2 3 = i(2 · 6 − 3 · 5) − j(1 · 6 − 3 · 4) + k(1 · 5 − 2 · 4)
4 5 6
= i(12 − 15) − j(6 − 12) + k(5 − 8) = −3i + 6j − 3k = (−3, 6, −3)

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 18 / 23
 The Cross Product as a Determinant
Connection Between Cross Product and Determinants:
i j k
u × v = ux uy uz
vx vy vz

Example:
u = (1, 2, 3), v = (4, 5, 6)
i j k
u × v = 1 2 3 = i(2 · 6 − 3 · 5) − j(1 · 6 − 3 · 4) + k(1 · 5 − 2 · 4)
4 5 6
= i(12 − 15) − j(6 − 12) + k(5 − 8) = −3i + 6j − 3k = (−3, 6, −3)
Geometric Interpretation:
The cross product vector is orthogonal to both u and v.
Its magnitude equals the area of the parallelogram spanned by u and
v.
Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors
George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 18 / 23
 Definition: Scalar Triple Product

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 19 / 23
 Definition: Scalar Triple Product
Definition:
Definition
The scalar triple product of three vectors u, v, and w is defined as:

u · (v × w)

It represents the volume of the parallelepiped formed by the three vectors.

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 19 / 23
 Definition: Scalar Triple Product
Definition:
Definition
The scalar triple product of three vectors u, v, and w is defined as:

u · (v × w)

It represents the volume of the parallelepiped formed by the three vectors.

Example:
u = (1, 0, 0), v = (0, 1, 0), w = (0, 0, 1)
u · (v × w) = (1, 0, 0) · (0, 0, 1) = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 19 / 23
 Definition: Scalar Triple Product
Definition:
Definition
The scalar triple product of three vectors u, v, and w is defined as:

u · (v × w)

It represents the volume of the parallelepiped formed by the three vectors.

Example:
u = (1, 0, 0), v = (0, 1, 0), w = (0, 0, 1)
u · (v × w) = (1, 0, 0) · (0, 0, 1) = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
Note: In this example, vectors are orthogonal and form a unit cube, so
the scalar triple product should be 1. Re-examining:
v × w = (1, 0, 0)
u · (1, 0, 0) = 1

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 19 / 23
 Definition: Scalar Triple Product
Definition:
Definition
The scalar triple product of three vectors u, v, and w is defined as:

u · (v × w)

It represents the volume of the parallelepiped formed by the three vectors.

Example:
u = (1, 0, 0), v = (0, 1, 0), w = (0, 0, 1)
u · (v × w) = (1, 0, 0) · (0, 0, 1) = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
Note: In this example, vectors are orthogonal and form a unit cube, so
the scalar triple product should be 1. Re-examining:
v × w = (1, 0, 0)
u · (1, 0, 0) = 1
Correct Scalar Triple Product: 1
Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors
George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 19 / 23
 Applications of Cross Products

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 20 / 23
 Applications of Cross Products
Finding Orthogonal Vectors:
Cross product yields a vector perpendicular to both input vectors.

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 20 / 23
 Applications of Cross Products
Finding Orthogonal Vectors:
Cross product yields a vector perpendicular to both input vectors.
Calculating Areas:
Area of a parallelogram: |u × v|
Area of a triangle: 12 |u × v|

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 20 / 23
 Applications of Cross Products
Finding Orthogonal Vectors:
Cross product yields a vector perpendicular to both input vectors.
Calculating Areas:
Area of a parallelogram: |u × v|
Area of a triangle: 12 |u × v|
Volume of Parallelepiped:
Volume: |u · (v × w)|

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 20 / 23
 Applications of Cross Products
Finding Orthogonal Vectors:
Cross product yields a vector perpendicular to both input vectors.
Calculating Areas:
Area of a parallelogram: |u × v|
Area of a triangle: 12 |u × v|
Volume of Parallelepiped:
Volume: |u · (v × w)|
Torque Calculation in Physics:
τ =r×F

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 20 / 23
 Applications of Cross Products
Finding Orthogonal Vectors:
Cross product yields a vector perpendicular to both input vectors.
Calculating Areas:
Area of a parallelogram: |u × v|
Area of a triangle: 12 |u × v|
Volume of Parallelepiped:
Volume: |u · (v × w)|
Torque Calculation in Physics:
τ =r×F
Interactive Example:
u = (2, 3, 4), v = (5, 6, 7)
u × v = (−3, 6, −3)
q √ √ √
|u × v| = (−3)2 + 62 + (−3)2 = 9 + 36 + 9 = 54 = 3 6
√
Area of parallelogram = 3 6
Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors
George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 20 / 23
 Lines in 3-Space

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 21 / 23
 Lines in 3-Space
Parametric Equations of a Line:

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 21 / 23
 Lines in 3-Space
Parametric Equations of a Line:
r(t) = r0 + td
where:
r0 = (x0 , y0 , z0 ): Position vector of a point on the line.
d = (a, b, c): Direction vector of the line.

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 21 / 23
 Lines in 3-Space
Parametric Equations of a Line:
r(t) = r0 + td
where:
r0 = (x0 , y0 , z0 ): Position vector of a point on the line.
d = (a, b, c): Direction vector of the line.
Example:
r(t) = (1, 2, 3) + t(4, 5, 6)

x = 1 + 4t

⇒ y = 2 + 5t

z = 3 + 6t


Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 21 / 23
 Lines in 3-Space
Parametric Equations of a Line:
r(t) = r0 + td
where:
r0 = (x0 , y0 , z0 ): Position vector of a point on the line.
d = (a, b, c): Direction vector of the line.
Example:
r(t) = (1, 2, 3) + t(4, 5, 6)

x = 1 + 4t

⇒ y = 2 + 5t

z = 3 + 6t


Graphical Representation:

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 21 / 23
 Lines in 3-Space
Parametric Equations of a Line:
r(t) = r0 + td
where:
r0 = (x0 , y0 , z0 ): Position vector of a point on the line.
d = (a, b, c): Direction vector of the line.
Example:
r(t) = (1, 2, 3) + t(4, 5, 6)

x = 1 + 4t

⇒ y = 2 + 5t

z = 3 + 6t


Graphical Representation:

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 21 / 23
 Lines in 3-Space
Parametric Equations of a Line:
r(t) = r0 + td
where:
r0 = (x0 , y0 , z0 ): Position vector of a point on the line.
d = (a, b, c): Direction vector of the line.
Example:
r(t) = (1, 2, 3) + t(4, 5, 6)

x = 1 + 4t

⇒ y = 2 + 5t

z = 3 + 6t


Graphical Representation:

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 21 / 23
 Distances

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 22 / 23
 Distances
Distance Between Two Points in 3-Space:

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 22 / 23
 Distances
Distance Between Two Points in 3-Space:
q
Distance = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 22 / 23
 Distances
Distance Between Two Points in 3-Space:
q
Distance = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2
Example:
Find the distance between A(1, 2, 3) and B(4, 6, 8)
q p √
Distance = (4 − 1)2 + (6 − 2)2 + (8 − 3)2 = 32 + 42 + 52 = 9 + 16 +

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 22 / 23
 Distances
Distance Between Two Points in 3-Space:
q
Distance = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2
Example:
Find the distance between A(1, 2, 3) and B(4, 6, 8)
q p √
Distance = (4 − 1)2 + (6 − 2)2 + (8 − 3)2 = 32 + 42 + 52 = 9 + 16 +
Distance from a Point to a Plane:

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 22 / 23
 Distances
Distance Between Two Points in 3-Space:
q
Distance = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2
Example:
Find the distance between A(1, 2, 3) and B(4, 6, 8)
q p √
Distance = (4 − 1)2 + (6 − 2)2 + (8 − 3)2 = 32 + 42 + 52 = 9 + 16 +
Distance from a Point to a Plane:
Given a plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 and a point P(x0 , y0 , z0 ),
|Ax0 + By0 + Cz0 + D|
Distance = √
A2 + B 2 + C 2

Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors

George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 22 / 23
 Distances
Distance Between Two Points in 3-Space:
q
Distance = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2
Example:
Find the distance between A(1, 2, 3) and B(4, 6, 8)
q p √
Distance = (4 − 1)2 + (6 − 2)2 + (8 − 3)2 = 32 + 42 + 52 = 9 + 16 +
Distance from a Point to a Plane:
Given a plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 and a point P(x0 , y0 , z0 ),
|Ax0 + By0 + Cz0 + D|
Distance = √
A2 + B 2 + C 2
Example:
Plane: 2x − 3y + 4z − 5 = 0, Point: P(1, 2, 3)
|2(1) − 3(2) + 4(3) − 5| |2 − 6 + 12 − 5| 3
Distance = p = √ =√
22 + (−3)2 + 42 4 + 9 + 16 29
Dr. John Ogbemhe Dr. P.S. Olayiwola Dr. O.A. Vectors
George and
(Department
CoordinateofGeometry
Systems Engineering University
November of 12,
Lagos)
2024 22 / 23