See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/325579023

Renewable Energy Systems

Book · January 2017

CITATIONS READS
2 1,128

1 author:

Sandip A Kale
Technology Research and Innovation Centre India
90 PUBLICATIONS 396 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Sandip A Kale on 15 June 2018.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Table of Contents
Preface

Chapter 1 pp. 1-38. Exploring the Fundamentals of Solar Photovoltaic Technology and its
Modelling
(Amevi Acakpovi, Mathias Bennet Michael, Nana Yaw Asabere, and Japhet Honvo,
Electrical/Electronic Engineering Department, Accra Polytechnic, Ghana, and others)

Chapter 2 pp. 39-52. Emerging Solar PV Technologies: A Paradigm Shift

(Sarita Baghel and Nandini Sharma, Physics Department, Shivaji College, University of Delhi,
Delhi, India, and others)

Chapter 3 pp. 53-66. Study of Performance Analysis of Modern Materials for Transparent
Thin Film Solar Cells
(Abhishek S.Oswal, Mahasidha R. Birajdar, Mohammed Hussien Rady, and Sandip A. Kale,
Trinity College of Engineering & Research, Pune, Savitribai Phule Pune University, India, and
others)

Chapter 4 pp. 67-84. Performance Evaluation of a Domestic Passive Solar Food Dryer
(Collins N. Nwaokocha, Oguntola J. Alamu, Olayinka Adunola, Solomon O. Giwa, and
Adeyemi A. Adeala, Mechanical Engineering Department, Olabisi Onabanjo University,
Ibogun Campus, Nigeria, and others)

Chapter 5 pp. 85-100. Different Techniques for Prediction of Wind Power Generation
(Azim Heydari and Farshid Keynia, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Kerman Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran, and others)

Chapter 6 pp. 101-114. Performance Evaluation of Wind Farm Clusters – A

Methodological Approach
(Rajakumar D.G., Nagesha N. and Mallikarjune Gowda M.C., Mechanical Engineering
Department, Visvesvaraya Technological University, India, and others)

Chapter 7 pp. 115-146. Dynamic Analysis of a Weak Grid Supplied from Diesel and Wind
Generator
(A. N. Safacas and E. C. Tsimplostephanakis, Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, Electromechanical Energy Conversion Laboratory, University of Patras, Greece)

Chapter 8 pp. 147-162. Structural Analysis of Multistorey Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Using Finite Element Method
(Abhijeet M Malge and Prashant M Pawar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT
Academy of Engineering, Pune, India, and others)

Chapter 9 pp. 163-180. Physical Properties of Biodiesel: Density and Viscosity

(Narayan Gaonkar and R. G. Vaidya, Department of Physics, University College of Science,
Tumkur University, Tumkur, India, and others)
Chapter 10 pp. 181-194. Investigation on a Low Heat Rejection Engine using Neem Kernel
Oil and its Methyl Ester as Fuel
(Basavaraj M Shrigiri, Omprakash D Hebbal, and K Hema Chandra Reddy, JNT University
Anantapur, Andra Pradesh, India, and others)

Chapter 11 pp. 195-224. Renewable Energy Conversion and Waste Heat Recovery Using
Organic Rankine Cycle
(Alberto Benato, Anna Stoppato and Alberto Mirandola, Giorgio Levi Cases Interdepartmental
Centre for Energy Economics and Technology, University of Padova, Italy, and others)

Chapter 12 pp. 225-258. Renewable Energy Technologies in Nigeria: Challenges and

Opportunities for Sustainable Development
(Sunday O. Oyedepio and P.O. Babalola, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant
University, Ota, Nigeria)

Index
CHAPTER 1

EXPLORING THE FUNDAMENTALS OF SOLAR

PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY AND ITS
MODELLING

Amevi Acakpovi1, Mathias Bennet Michael2, Nana Yaw

Asabere3, Japhet Honvo4
Electrical/Electronic Engineering Department, Accra Polytechnic, Ghana
1,2
3
Computer Science Department, Accra Polytechnic, Ghana
4
Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic Montreal, Montreal, Canada

ABSTRACT
Despite the progressive adoption of solar technology as a reliable alternative
power supply, there is a lack of expertise in handling solar systems installation
and even understanding the basic concepts on the operation of solar photovoltaic
technology. This chapter presents the basic concepts of solar energy and the
availability of the solar resource; it also describes the concept of PV cells,
modules, array with their characteristics and provides a technique for modelling
PV cell operation under Matlab/Simulink. Furthermore, the chapter explains
essential parameters to consider when selecting a PV module for a specific
application. This chapter demystifies the myth on solar photovoltaic technology
and provides all needed information on the basics of solar technology and its
modelling in a very simple manner.

Keywords: photovoltaic, PV cell module and array, PV cell modelling,

characteristics of PV modules


E-mail: acakpovia@gmail.com
CHAPTER 2

EMERGING SOLAR PV TECHNOLOGIES:

A PARADIGM SHIFT

Sarita Baghel 1 and Nandini Sharma2

1
Physics Department, Shivaji College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
2
Research Lab for Energy Systems, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology,
Delhi, India

ABSTRACT
To meet ever growing global energy requirements, solar energy is a readily
available renewable energy resource possessing both scalability and
technological maturity. With 43% rise in cumulative installed capacity in the
world, Solar Photovoltaics (PV) emerges as the most widely used technology
to harness sunlight. For decades crystalline Silicon (c-Si) based solar cells
have dominated the PV market. Now with the emergence of latest PV
technologies due to cutting edge research in new materials, the dominance of
c-Si is being questioned. This chapter reviews the current scenario of rapidly
developing technologies which can be close competitors to Si solar cell,
revolution arising the current market dynamics. Materials are analyzed on the
basis of their large scale applicability together with cross industry synergistic
potential. Top four technologies are identified as the front-runners namely
perovskites, multijunction concentrator photovoltaics, quantum dot
photovoltaics and graphene. These photovoltaics show potential to displace
and disrupt the traditional PV if provided with sufficient financial and
academic investments.

Keywords: photovoltaic, renewable, efficiency, hybrid


E-mail: nsitsarita@gmail.com
CHAPTER 3

STUDY OF PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF

MODERN MATERIALS FOR TRANSPARENT
THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS

Abhishek S.Oswal1, Mahasidha R. Birajdar 2, Mohammed Hussien

Rady3, Sandip A. Kale4
Trinity College of Engineering & Research, Pune, Savitribai Phule Pune
1,2,4

University, India
3
College of Engineering, Wasit University, Iraq

ABSTRACT
The photovoltaic effect principle is the best possible option for conversion of
solar energy into electricity. The solar power generation depends upon factors
like material of thin film, the intensity of solar rays, angle of incidence
between solar rays and cells, surface coating for the cells, etc. Among these,
the material of a thin transparent film plays important role in the conversion
of solar energy into electricity. The material of transparent thin film, which
gives better result should be selected for solar power generation. This chapter
presents the properties of different materials for transparent thin film solar
cells. The materials are selected based on performance parameters such as
transmittance, current density, voltage and efficiency and other properties like
thermal stability, non-toxicity, mobility, reflection, etched texture, band gap,
crystalinity. In this chapter the recent transparent thin film materials such as
Ga-doped ZnO thin film, W-doped In2O3 thin film, ZnMgO/ITO multilayer
thin film and CdTe thin film are analyzed and their performance is compared.

Keywords: glass substrates, thin film solar cells, transparent conductive films


E-mail: abhioswal5395@gmail.com
CHAPTER 4

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A DOMESTIC

PASSIVE SOLAR FOOD DRYER

Collins N. Nwaokocha 1, Oguntola J. Alamu2, Olayinka

Adunola3, Solomon O. Giwa4 and Adeyemi A. Adeala4
Mechanical Engineering Department, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ibogun
1,4

Campus, Nigeria
Mechanical Engineering Department, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
2

Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,

3

Nigeria
Mechanical Engineering Department, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark,
5

South Africa

ABSTRACT
The use of solar energy in Nigeria is very favourable. Nigeria, located
between latitude 4⁰16"N and 13⁰32"N, is endowed with abundant sunshine all
year round, with daily sunshine hours in the southern part averaging about 8
hours during dry season and about 4hours during wet season. On this premise,
a domestic passive solar food dryer was designed. The design was based on
the geographical location which is Abeokuta and meteorological data were
obtained for proper design specification. Locally available materials were
used for the construction, chiefly comprising of wood (gmelina),
polyurethane glass, mild steel metal sheet and net cloth for the trays. The
result obtained from the testing showed that a temperature of 60⁰C (which is
the designed optimum temperature) is attainable and that the highest
temperature 60⁰C recorded was at 2.00pm. An average temperature of 52.8⁰C,
was obtained for a typical sunshine day, which is suitable as the drying
temperature for most food crops. 4kg of sweet pepper (Capsicum spp.) and
8kg of yam chips and peelings (Discorea spp.) were dried and the percentage
moisture removed was 78.6% and 64% respectively.

Keywords: Solar energy, moisture content, peelings, solar dryer.


E-mail: collinsnwaokocha@gmail.com
CHAPTER 5

DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR PREDICTION OF

WIND POWER GENERATION

Azim Heydari1, Farshid Keynia2

1
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Kerman, Iran
2
Energy Research Institute, Institute of Science and High Technology and
Environmental Science, Graduate University of Advanced Technology,
Kerman, Iran

ABSTRACT
The prediction of wind power has become so important due to the rapid
advances in wind energy production. Also, wind power is believed to be a
complicated signal for modeling and production. Looking at previous studies
done in this field, an efficient method is needed for wind power. In this study,
two new methods are used to predict wind power: 1. MGDM neural network
combined with Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (MGDM-PSO), 2.
MGDM neural network combined with Genetics Algorithm (MGDM-GA).
The proposed prediction method's effectiveness is the prediction of wind
power output of wind farms. The obtained results indicate that the proposed
methods are better than other methods used in previous researches.

Keywords: ANOVA, MGDM-GA method, MGDM-PSO method, MGDM

network, neural network, wind power


E-mail: azim_heydari@yahoo.com
CHAPTER 6

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WIND FARM

CLUSTERS –A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH

Rajakumar D.G.1, Nagesha N 2, Mallikarjune Gowda M.C.3

1, 2
Mechanical Engineering Department, VTU, India
Gamesa Wind Turbines Private Limited, India
3

ABSTRACT
Energy is an essential input for the financial and societal development of any
nation. Both conventional and nonconventional sources of energy contribute
the total requirement of the economy as a whole. As an affordable and
sparkling energy source, energy derived from wind resource is one of the
world’s greatest upward nonconventional energy sources. Despite the fact
that, there are a number of wind turbine clusters producing energy at different
geographical locations, analyzing their performance is bit difficult task and
not much of information is available in this area. In view of this, a
methodological approach is made in the present study to estimate the
performance of a wind turbine cluster with the aid of an indicator called
Cluster Performance Index (CPI) which uses a multi-criteria approach. The
proposed CPI comprises four criteria viz., Technical Performance Indicators
(TePI), Economic Performance Indicators (EcPI), Environmental
Performance Indicators (EnPI), and Sociological Performance Indicators
(SoPI). Under each criterion a total of ten parameters are identified with five
prejudiced and five intention oriented responses. The methodology is
implemented by the method collecting raw data from two wind turbine
clusters situated at Chitradurga and Gadag in the southern Indian State of
Karnataka. Totally fifteen different stakeholders are interacted through a set
of prearranged researcher administered questionnaire to gather the significant
data in each wind farm clusters. Stakeholders involved engineers working in
wind farms, wind farm developers, Government officials from energy
department and a few selected residential people near the wind farms. The
results of the study revealed that Chitradurga wind farm performed much
better with a CPI of 45.267 as compared to Gadag (CPI of 28.362) wind
farms.
Keywords:Wind turbine cluster, Performance Evaluation, Multi-criteria approach


E-mail: rajakumardyl@gmail.com
CHAPTER 7

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A WEAK GRID

SUPPLIED FROM DIESEL AND WIND
GENERATOR

A. N. Safacas1 and E. C. Tsimplostephanakis2

1, 2
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Electromechanical Energy Conversion Laboratory
University of Patras, Greece

ABSTRACT
In this chapter a detailed analysis of the dynamic behavior of a weak
hybrid power system supplied by a Diesel and a wind generator is presented.
This dynamic energy system has been simulated by means of a developed
general dynamic mathematical model based on a system of differential
equations which analytically describes the electric subsystems using the Park
transformation for the generators. The grid consists of a Diesel motor –
synchronous generator and the necessary control systems of the frequency
and the rms value of the voltage and a wind generator, including an
asynchronous generator and the necessary controller for the safe and optimal
operation. This dynamic model was used as basis for a general simulation
program, which can be used for the study of the static and dynamic behavior
of any system of the form assumed in our study. The simulation program can
be employed for the determining the parameters of an under construction
weak power system that lead to safe operation, satisfactory power supply
(deviation of voltage and frequency under limits), and optimal exploitation of
the wind potential. We used this program to investigate the dynamic behavior
of the variables of a weak power system in transient phenomena. Using this
model the dynamic analysis of the effects caused by the penetration of wind
energy in a weak grid can be in detail investigated. Due to the developed
software, some crucial transient conditions, such as the connection and the
disconnection of the WECS to the weak energy grid, the wind velocity
variations, three phase short circuit at the load and short circuit at the S.G.’s
excitation, have been studied. Using this developed model, instead to use the
Μatlab software, one can check the system behavior move in details. So, we
have the opportunity to study effects inside the systems components taking in
account special operation conditions.

Keywords: Weak grid, Wind Energy Conversion System, control, modeling,

dynamic simulation, transient analysis.


E-mail: a.n.safacas@ece.upatras.gr
CHAPTER 8
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF MULTISTOREY
VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE USING FINITE
ELEMENT METHOD

Abhijeet M Malge1, Prashant M Pawar2

1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT Academy of Engineering,
Pune, India 2Department of Civil Engineering, SVERI’s College of
Engineering, Pandharpur, India

ABSTRACT
Multi storey Vertical Axis wind turbine of 100 W capacity for standalone
domestic applications has been designed and developed for better self-
starting at low wind speed and coefficient of power. The correct estimation
of stress, strain and deformation values induced in the wind turbine
components are necessary for ensuring satisfactory performance against
extreme wind load. In this chapter structural aspects of the turbine has been
analyzed. The turbine has been subjected to Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
studies for assessment of turbine at high wind speed. The influence of
dynamic velocity fluctuations of wind loads for these structures is
determined using Gust Factor Method. The thickness of the turbine
components was varied and stress, strain and deformation are estimated. It
has been found that the turbine having thickness of 2mm is the optimum
thickness having stress strain values within acceptable range considering
weight to power ratio. This work further provides insight on Eigen values,
Eigen vectors at different tip speed ratios.

Keywords: VAWT, Static load, dynamic load, Eigen values, Eigen vectors.


E-mail: abhi.malge@gmail.com
CHAPTER 9

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL:

DENSITY AND VISCOSITY

Narayan Gaonkar1, R. G. Vaidya2,

1
Department of Physics, University College of Science, Tumkur University,
Tumkur, India
2
Department of Studies and Research in Physics and C.E.I.E., Tumkur
University, Tumkur, India

ABSTRACT
This century has witnessed the beginning of new era in the discovery of
renewable and eco-friendly energy resources. Among the biofuels, biodiesel
is one of the renewable energy resources found to have a potential to replace
conventional petroleum fuels. This chapter briefly reviews the characteristic
physical properties – density and viscosity –of biodiesels. The models and
equations which describe the variation of density and viscosity of biodiesel
as a function of temperature and blend percent are reviewed. The models and
equations are used to predict the density and viscosity of biodiesel and are
compared with available experimental data. An effort is made to present
elaborate analysis of the predictive capability of new models using statistical
tools. The variation of density and viscosity of biodiesel blends as a
simultaneous function of temperature and blend volume percent is also
discussed.

Keywords: renewable energy, biofuel, biodiesel, physical properties


E-mail: ratnakarvaidya@gmail.com
CHAPTER 10
INVESTIGATION ON A LOW HEAT REJECTION
ENGINE USING NEEM KERNEL OIL AND ITS
METHYL ESTER AS FUEL

Basavaraj M Shrigiri 1, Omprakash D Hebbal 2, K Hema

Chandra Reddy3
JNT University Anantapur, Andra Pradesh, India
1

PDA College of Engineering, Kalburgi, Karnataka, India

2

3
JNTUA College of Engineering, Anantapur, Andra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
The concept of the low heat rejection (LHR) is to suppress the heat
rejection to the coolant and recovering this heat energy into useful work. In
this study, cylinder head, exhaust and inlet valves of a CI engine are coated
with metal matrix composite materials by plasma spray technique. The neem
kernel oil is selected as fuel, which has high viscosity, low volatility. Neem
kernel oil (NKO) is converted into neem kernel oil methyl ester (NKOME)
by transesterification process. Initial investigations are conducted on a single
cylinder, water cooled, direct injection, four stroke CI engine without coating
using diesel as fuel. Further experiments are conducted on the CI engine for
NKO and NKOME with coatings on cylinder head, valves and the results are
compared with uncoated engine using diesel as fuel. Reduced brake thermal
efficiency and increased brake specific fuel consumption, as well as
increased NOx emission along with slight increase in CO, HC and smoke
emissions are observed for NKO and NKOME used in coated engine
compared with uncoated engine using diesel as fuel. From the combustion
analysis, it is observed that the cylinder pressure for NKOME in coated
engine is near to diesel fuel in uncoated engine.

Keywords: Neem kernel oil, Neem kernel oil methyl ester, Coated engine,
Uncoated engine, Emission


E-mail:bshrigiri@gmail.com
CHAPTER 11

RENEWABLE ENERGY CONVERSION AND

WASTE HEAT RECOVERY USING ORGANIC
RANKINE CYCLES

Alberto Benato1,2, Anna Stoppato2, Alberto Mirandola2

1
Giorgio Levi Cases Interdepartmental Centre for Energy Economics and
Technology, University of Padova, Italy
2
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Italy

ABSTRACT
The world energy balance could be remarkably improved by increasing
the use of renewable sources and recovering the big amounts of waste heat
released by a lot of industrial processes. In this scenario, an important
contribution can be offered by the use of Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs),
particularly when dealing with medium and low temperature heat sources.
For this reason, in the present chapter a literature survey analyzes the
research and technical activities performed by many scientists and
researchers throughout the world in this field with the aim of evaluating the
present state of the art and the future developments. Many different
technologies have been presented, depending on the kind and nature of the
energy source, its availability within the various contextsand its
characteristics (temperature level, etc.). The ORCs coupled with solar energy
collectors, geothermal sources, ocean thermal energy, biomass exploitation
plants through firing, gasification or anaerobic digestion, heat recovery
systems, etc.have been presented and discussed. As a result of this survey, it
is possible to conclude that ORCs are worth to be used whenever a medium
and low temperature heat source is available and can be recovered to get
mechanical (electrical) energy and/or thermal energy for suitable
applications.

Keywords: Organic Rankine Cycle, Waste Heat Recovery, Renewable Energy

Sources


E-mail: alberto.benato@unipd.it
CHAPTER 12

RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES IN

NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sunday O. Oyedepio1, P.O. Babalola2
1, 2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

ABSTRACT
Access to substantial quantity and quality energy infrastructures is
essential to rapid and sustainable economic development. Availability of
modern energy services directly contributes to economic growth and poverty
reduction through the creation of wealth. With its fast growing population,
energy need per person, poor technology and fast growing urbanization,
Nigeria has been one of the countries with fast growing modern energy
(electricity) needs in the world over the last two decades. Development and
economic growth continue to affect the growing demand of energy
consumption in Nigeria. The crucial challenge faced by power sector in
Nigeria currently is the issue of sustainability. The acute electricity supply
hinders the country’s development, notwithstanding the availability of vast
natural resources in the country. Nigeria is endowed with abundant energy
resources but the existing electric energy infrastructures are unable to meet
the energy demands of teeming population. There is imbalance in energy
supply and demand in the country. Over the period of 2000 to 2014, there
was an average of about 2.35 billion kWh of energy gap between energy
production and energy consumption. Also, the highest electricity
consumption per capita so far recorded was 156 kWh in 2012. This makes
Nigeria one of the country with the lowest electricity consumption on a per
capita basis in the world. Nigeria is blessed with abundant renewable energy
sources that can promote economic growth and provide sufficient capacity to
meet up with the future electricity demand. In view of this, this article
presents a critical review on the current energy scenario in Nigeria and
explores the alternative energy like solar, wind, biomass and mini-hydro
energy to ensure reliability and security of energy supply in the country. This
paper as well evaluates the progress made in renewable energy (RE)
development in Nigeria with the roadmaps for future implementation. In
conclusion, the adoption of renewable energy technologies in a decentralized
energy manner, especially for rural communities in hybrid and in stand-alone
applications is considered to improve electricity supply and enhance the
overall economic development.
Key words: Sustainable energy, renewable energy technologies, decentralized
energy system, economic growth, poverty reduction, energy infrastructures


E-mail: sunday.oyedepo@covenantuniversity.edu.ng
View publication stats