LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS

AND PLANNING WITH CRIME

MAPPING
Arrest
1. General Guidelines

1. All arrests should be made only on the basis of a valid warrant of arrest issued by a judge,
except in instances where the law allows warrantless arrest.

2. No violence or unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest, and the person to be
arrested shall not be subjected to any restraint greater.

3. Arrests can be made on any day of the week and at any time of the day or night (The Revised
Rules of Criminal Procedure, rule 113 sec. 6).

4. If the accused is already in detention, a return, together with required documents, shall be
made for any standing warrants of arrest issued after the service.

5. A senator or member of the House of Representatives shall, in all offenses punishable by not
more than six years imprisonment, be privileged from arrest while the congress is in session. No member
shall be questioned nor be held liable in any other place for any speech or debate in the congress or in
any committee thereof (Const. (1987), art. VI sec. 11 (Phil.).

2. Authority of the Arresting Officer when Making an Arrest

1. A police officer making a lawful arrest may verbally summon as many persons as he/she
deems necessary to assist him/her in effecting the arrest (The Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, rule
113 sec. 10).

2. A police officer, in order to make an arrest with or without warrant, may break into a building
or enclosure where the person to be arrested is or is reasonably believed to be in, if he is refused
admittance thereto, after announcing his/her authority and purpose (The Revised Rules of Criminal
Procedure, rule 113 sec. 11).

3. Whenever a police officer has entered the building or enclosure to make an arrest, he/she
may break out therefrom, when necessary, to liberate him/herself (The Revised Rules of Criminal
Procedure, rule 113 sec. 12).

4. If a person lawfully arrested escapes or is rescued, any person may immediately pursue to
retake him/her without a warrant at any time and in any place within the Philippines (The Revised Rules
of Criminal Procedure, rule 113 sec. 13).

3. Duties of the Arresting Officer

1. In implementing the warrant of arrest, the arresting officers shall use at least one BWC and
one ARD, or a minimum of two devices, or such number as may be necessary. In case of unavailability of
BWCs, the arresting officers shall file an ex-parte motion before the court, requesting authority to use at
least two ARDS for justifiable reasons.
 2. The BWC/ARD shall be used and activated upon arrival at the place of arrest to capture and
record the relevant incidents during the execution of the warrant. The BWC/ARD shall be worn in a
conspicuous location and in a manner that maximizes the ability to capture a recording of the arrest. It
shall only be deactivated upon conclusion of the arrest and delivery of the person/s arrested to the
nearest police station or jail. The same shall be observed in cases of warrantless arrests, whenever
BWCS/ARDs were used.

3. It shall be the duty of the police officer implementing the Warrant of Arrest to deliver the
arrested person without delay to the nearest Police Station or jail (The Revised Rules of Criminal
Procedure, rule 113 sec. 3) to record the fact of the arrest;

4. At the time of the arrest, it shall be the duty of the arresting officer to inform the person
arrested of the cause of the arrest and the fact that a warrant had been issued for his/her arrest. The
arresting officer need not have the warrant in his/her possession at the time of the arrest but after the
arrest, if the person arrested so requires, the warrant shall be shown to him/her as soon as possible (The
Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, rule 113 sec. 7);

5. When a woman is arrested, a policewoman shall conduct the complete body search;

6. When a Child in Conflict with the Law (CICL) is arrested, he/she shall be processed by the
Women's and Children's Protection Desks (WCPD) officer and shall immediately be separated from other
adult suspects. He/she must be turned over to the LSWDO or other accredited NGOs within eight hours
after apprehension;

7. In case of arrest without a warrant, it shall be the duty of the arresting officer to inform the
person to be arrested of his/her identity, authority and the basis of the arrest except when
he/she flees or forcibly resists before the arresting officer has the opportunity to inform him/her
or when the giving of such information will imperil the arrest (The Revised Rules of Criminal
Procedure, rule 113 sec. 8).

8. The person arrested, with or without warrant, shall be informed of his/her constitutional right
to remain silent and that any statement he/she makes could be used against him/her. Also, that he/she
has the right to communicate with his/her lawyer or his/her immediate family and the right to physical
examination. It shall be the duty of arresting officer to subject arrested person with or without warrant
to a medical examination prior to temporary detention;

9. A person arrested without a warrant shall be immediately brought to the Police Station for
investigation without unnecessary delay. He/she shall be subjected to inquest proceedings within the
time prescribed in Article 125 of the Revised Penal Code (RPC);

10. No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free
will shall be used against an arrested person. The bringing of arrested persons to secret detention places,
solitary confinement and the like is prohibited;

11. The arresting officer shall ensure that the arrested person is free from torture or physical
abuse;
 13. If the person arrested without a warrant waives his/her right under the provisions of Art 125
of the Revised Penal Code, the arresting officer shall ensure that the former signs a waiver of detention
in the presence of his/her counsel of choice; and

14. If the person arrested waives his/her right against self-incrimination and chooses to give
his/her statement, the arresting officer shall ensure that the waiver is made in writing and signed by the
person arrested in the presence of a counsel of his/her own choice or a competent and independent
counsel provided by the government.

4. Arrest with Warrant

1. Warrant of Arrest The warrant of arrest is the written authority for the arresting officer when
making an arrest or taking of a person into custody in order that he/she may be bound to answer for the
commission of an offense. The head of the office to whom the warrant of arrest has been delivered for
implementation shall cause the warrant to be implemented within ten days from receipt. Within ten
days after the expiration of such period, the police officer to whom it was assigned for implementation
shall make a report to the judge who issued the warrant and in case of his/her failure to implement the
same, shall state the reasons thereof.

2. Procedures in Serving Warrant of Arrest

i. Verify the validity of the Warrant of Arrest;

ii. In serving the warrant, the police officer should introduce himself/herself and show proper
identification;

iii. The person/s arrested shall be notified as early as practicable, that the arrest is being
recorded with the BWC/ARD and that the arrest is by virtue of the warrant;

iv. Make a manifestation of authority against the person to be arrested

v. If refused entry, the police officer may break into any residence, office, building, and other
structure where the person to be arrested is in or is reasonably believed to be in, after announcing
his/her purpose;

vi. The police officer need not have a copy of the warrant in his/her possession at the time of the
arrest. If the person arrested so requires, the warrant shall be shown to the arrested person as soon as
possible;

vii. Secure the person to be arrested and use handcuffs for the protection of the arresting officer,
other individuals or the arrested person himself/herself;

viii. Conduct thorough search for weapons and other illegal materials on the person arrested and
surroundings within his/her immediate control;

ix. Inform the person to be arrested of his/her rights under the law (i.e. Miranda Warning and
Anti- Torture Warning);

x. No unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest;

 xi. Confiscated evidence shall be properly documented with the chain of custody of evidence
duly and clearly established;

xii. Bring the arrested person to the Police Station or office of the arresting unit for
documentation; xiii. Make a Return of Warrant to the court of origin;

xiv. Deliver the arrested person to the designated jail/prison facility immediately upon the
receipt of the commitment order from the court; and

xv. In case of failure to execute the warrant of arrest, the officer to whom it was assigned for
execution shall, within 30 days from such assignment, file a report stating the reasons for such failure.

5. Arrests without a Warrant

1. A peace officer or a private person may, without a warrant, arrest a person:

i. When, in his/her presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually

committing, or is attempting to commit an offense;

II. When an offense has just been committed and he/she has probable cause to believe,
based on personal knowledge of facts or circumstances, that the person to be arrested has
committed it;

1. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal
establishment or place where he/she is serving final judgment or temporarily confined while his/ her
case is pending, or has escaped while being transferred from one confinement area to another (The
Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, rule 113 sec. 5);

2. Where the accused released on bail attempts to leave the country without
court permission;

3. Violation of conditional pardon, punishable under Article 159 of the Revised

Penal Code as a case of evasion of service of sentence; and

4. Arrest following a Deportation Proceeding by the Immigration Commissioner

against illegal and undesirable aliens.

iii. Effecting Warrantless Arrest

1. Make use and activate the BWC/ARD if available and practicable. Notify the person/s arrested,
as early as practicable, that the arrest is being recorded with the BWC/ARD;

2. Freeze or restrain the suspect/s;

3. Make proper introduction as to identity and authority to arrest;

4. Inform the arrested person of the circumstances of his/her arrest and recite the Miranda
Warning and Anti-torture Warning to him/her;

5. Secure the person to be arrested and use handcuffs for the protection of the arresting officer,
other individuals or the arrested person him/herself;
 6. Conduct thorough search for weapons and other illegal materials on the person arrested and
surroundings within his/her immediate control;

7. Confiscated evidence shall be properly documented with the chain of custody of evidence
duly and clearly established;

8. No unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest; and

9. Bring the arrested person to the police station for further investigation and disposition.

6. Physical/Medical Examination of Arrested Person/Suspect. Before detention, the person arrested must
be physically/medically examined by a medical doctor preferably of his/her own choice. If the person
arrested is a female, she shall be attended to preferably by a female medical doctor.

7. Booking of Arrested Suspect. Booking of arrested suspects shall be undertaken to record and
document the Information surrounding the arrest of the suspect.

The following are the procedures, duties and responsibilities of personnel during the booking of
arrested suspects:

1. Arresting Officer (AO) shall:

a. Immediately bring the suspect/s to the police station and present him/her to the Desk Officer
(DO) for recording in the police blotter the circumstances of the arrest as well as his/her identity;

b. Conduct a more thorough body search of the suspect/s. When women and/or minors are
among those arrested, the duty WCPD officer shall do the thorough body search. Any deadly weapon
and illegal items found and seized shall also be recorded in the blotter. The AO shall indicate his/her rank
and name and duly sign in the blotter entry;

c. Request the DO to prepare the "Request for Medical Examination of the Suspect".

d. Bring/escort the suspects to the government hospital referred to in the request form for the
examination of the suspects;

e. After the physical/medical examination of the suspects, bring them back to the police station
and turn them over, with the results of the examination, to the Duty Investigator (DI); and;

f. Obtain the "Arrest and Booking Form" (Annex "G") and refer it to the DI so that they will
diligently accomplish it. The copy of the Arrest and Booking Form shall form part of the case folder and
be kept at the Investigation Section at the police station;

g. Prepare and file the corresponding report to the judge on the execution of the warrant. The
report shall be accompanied by affidavits of the PNP personnel whose BWCS/ARDS were used.

2. Desk Officer (DO) shall:

a. Log and record the details of the arrest made and assign a blotter entry number. It shall
include the name of the arresting officer and the five "W"s and one "H" (Who, What, Where, When, Why
and How) as well as the name of the government hospital to where the suspect/s will be referred to for
physical/medical examination; and
 b. Prepare or accomplish the "Medical Examination of the Suspects Request Form" to be signed
by the OD. In his/her absence, the DO may sign the request form himself/herself.

3. Duty Investigator (DI) shall:

a. Diligently accomplish the "Arrest and Booking Form" and "Medical Examination Result Sheet"
(Annex "I") with the AO and ensure that a copy of the results of the physical/ medical examination is
attached;

b. Conduct record check to determine if the arrested suspect/s have previous or existing cases
and/or standing warrant of arrest;

C. Ensure that Mug Shots of the suspects are taken in four different methods while standing
straight in front of the prescribed booking mug shot backdrop and holding the prescribed identification
board. The 4R mug shots shall be attached or printed in the "Booking Mug Shots" Form;

d. While completing the necessary documents for inquest, the arrested suspect shall be
temporarily turned- over to the jailer/custodial officer and covered by a "Turn-over of Arrested
Suspect/s" Form and a "Jailer's Receipt of Suspects" Form.

e. All personal valuables of the suspect that are not allowed to be brought inside the custodial
facility shall be collected by the Investigator and turned-over to the station Evidence/ Property
Custodian. The Investigator shall prepare a "Suspects Property Receipt" Form.

f. Ensure that the suspects' fingerprints and tenprints are taken only by a trained personnel using
both "Arrest and Booking Form" and the standard "Tenprint Card" PNPCL Form No 452-038 to ensure
that this will be readable by the Automated Fingerprint identification System (AFIS). The tenprint card is
considered as an integral part of the booking form;

g. Inform the Desk Officer and personnel in charge of the Next Generation Investigation Systems
(NGIS) of the status of the case and the suspect so that updates will be entered in the police blotter and
the NGIS;

h. Prepare the necessary documents such as but not limited to: affidavit of complaint; affidavit
of witness; booking and arrest report; photo copy of recovered evidence if any; and a letter of case
referral to the Prosecutor's Office that should be reviewed and signed by the COP/Station/Unit
Commander; and

i. Submit to the prosecutor conducting the inquest proceedings, the BWC/ARD recordings along
with the affidavit of arrest, in case of warrantless arrests.
Search and Seizure
Requisites for the Issuance of Search Warrant.

A search warrant shall be issued only upon probable cause in connection with one specific
offense to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the
complainant and the witnesses presented. The search warrant shall particularly describe the place to be
searched and the things to be seized which may be anywhere in the Philippines. It includes the order
requiring the use of at least one BWC and one ARD, or a minimum of two devices, or such number as
may be necessary to capture and record the relevant incidents during its execution.

1. The following properties may be the objects of a search warrant:

i. Properties which are the subject of the offense;

ii. Stolen, embezzled proceeds, or fruits of the offense; and

iii. Objects including weapons, equipment, and other items used or intended to be used as the
means of committing an offense.

2. Objects that are illegal per se, even if not particularly described in the search warrant, may be seized
under the plain view doctrine.

Validity of Search Warrant

1. The warrant shall be valid for ten days from date of issuance and may be served at any day within the
said period. Thereafter, it shall be void.

2. If, in the implementation of the search warrant, its object or purpose cannot be accomplished in one
day, the search shall be continued without let-up even if it exceeds one day or more until completed,
provided it is still within the ten-day validity period of the search warrant.

3. If the object or purpose of the search warrant cannot be accomplished within the ten-day validity
period, the responsible police officer conducting the search must file, before the issuing court, an
application for the extension of the validity period of said search warrant

Time of Search

The warrant should be served during daytime, unless there is a provision in the warrant allowing
service at any time of the day or night

Applications for Search Warrant

All approved applications shall be recorded in a logbook, duly maintained for the purpose,
indicating the name of the applicant, name of the respondent, nature of the offense, and date of the
application as required in the "Application for Search Warrant", "Joint Affidavit", and Deposition of
Witness.
Contents of the Application:

All applications for Search Warrant shall be approved for filing by the Chief of Office

The application shall indicate the following data:

1. Office applying for the Search Warrant;

2. Name of officer-applicant;

3. Name of the subject, if known;

4. Exact address/place(s) to be searched;

5. Specific statement of things/articles to be seized; and

6. Sketch and/or Picture, if available, of the place to be searched.

7. The availability or unavailability of BWCS to be used in the execution of the warrant. In case of
unavailability, request for authority to use ARDS

Authority of Police Officers when Conducting Search

The authority of the police officer in the conduct of search generally emanates from the Search
Warrant issued by the court. In warrantless searches, there should always be a prior valid arrest.

In the conduct of search, if after giving notice of his/her purpose and authority, the police officer
is refused admittance to the place of search, he may break open any outer or inner door or window or
any part of a house or anything therein to implement the warrant or liberate himself/herself or any
person lawfully aiding him/her when unlawfully detained therein.

Use of BWC During the Search

1. At least one BWC and one ARD or such number as may be necessary to capture and record the
relevant incidents during its execution shall be worn by members of the searching team. If BWCs are not
available, at least two ARDS must be used.

2. The member of the searching team with the device shall ensure that they are worn in a
conspicuous location and in a manner that maximizes their ability to capture a recording of the search.

3. The BWCS/ARDS shall be activated upon arrival at the place of search, and shall not be
deactivated until the search has been fully concluded and the searching team have left the premises and
returned to the police station.

Notification During the Search.

When conducting search by virtue of a warrant, the PNP personnel wearing the BWC/ARD shall,
as early as practicable, notify the lawful occupants of the premises to be searched that the execution of
the SW is being recorded and that the conduct of search is pursuant to a warrant issued by the court.
Prohibited Acts in the Conduct of Search by Virtue of a Search Warrant

1. Houses, rooms, or other premises shall not be searched except in the presence of the lawful
occupant thereof or any member of his/her family or, in the absence of the latter, in the presence of two
witnesses of sufficient age and discretion residing in the same locality.

2. Lawful personal properties, papers, and other valuables not specifically indicated or
particularly described in the search warrant shall not be taken.

Inventory and Delivery of Property Seized

1. The police officer who confiscates property under the warrant shall issue a detailed receipt of
property seized to the lawful occupant of the premises. In the absence of such occupant, the detailed
receipt shall be left in the place in which he/she found the seized property in the presence of at least
two witnesses of sufficient age and discretion residing in the same locality (The Revised Rules of Criminal
Procedure, rule 126 sec. 11);

2. The receipt shall likewise include items seized under the Plain View Doctrine;

3. The police officer must then leave a duplicate detailed receipt with any barangay official
having jurisdiction over the place searched following the "Receipt for Property Seized" and "Certification
of Orderly Search"; and

4. The police officer must make a return of the search warrant and forthwith deliver the property
seized to the judge who issued the warrant, together with an inventory thereof, duly verified under oath
following the forms on "Compliance/Return of Search Warrant" and "Verification".

Valid Search and Seizures Without Search Warrant

1. Search Made Incidental to a Valid Arrest. A person lawfully arrested may be searched for
dangerous weapons or anything which may be used, or which may constitute proof in the commission of
an offense, without a search warrant (The Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, rule 126 sec. 13). The
warrantless search and seizure as an incident to a lawful arrest may extend beyond the person of the
arrested to include the premises or surroundings under his/her immediate control.

2. Search of Moving Vehicles. If the police officers who will conduct the search have reasonable
or probable cause to believe, before the search, that either the motorist is a law offender or they will
find the instrumentality or evidence pertaining to a crime in the vehicle to be searched, the vehicle may
be stopped and subjected to an extensive search.

3. Seizure of Evidence in Plain View. Any object in the plain view is subject to seizure and may be
introduced as evidence. Requirements under the Plain View Doctrine are:

a. The police officer must have prior Justification for an intrusion or, otherwise, must be
in a position from which he/she can view a particular area;

b. The discovery of the evidence in plain view is unintentional; and

 c. It is immediately apparent to the police officer that the item he/she observes may be
evidence of a crime, contraband, or is a valid subject of seizure.

4. When there is a Waiver of Right or there is Consented Search. To constitute a waiver of this
constitutional right, it must appear, first, that the right exists; second, that the person involved had
knowledge, either actual or constructive, of the existence of such right; that said person had an actual
intention to relinquish the right.

5. Searches Under Stop and Frisk Rule. The police officer has the right to stop a citizen,
interrogate him/her, and pat him/her for weapons whenever he/she has genuine reason to believe,
based on experiences and the particular circumstances that a criminal activity may be afoot.

6. Emergency and Exigent Circumstances. A search warrant could be validly dispensed with in
cases of exigent and emergency situation, and the police officers have reasonable grounds to believe
that a crime is being committed, and they have no opportunity to apply for a search warrant from the
courts because the latter were closed.

Crime Scene Responders' Specific Functions, Responsibilities and

Procedures
The following are the functions and responsibilities of the different players during the crime
scene investigation as well as procedures to be observed based on PNP SOP Number ODIDM-2011-008:

1. First Responder/s (FRs)

a. The first police officers to arrive at the crime scene are the FRS who are dispatched by the
local police station/ unit concerned after receipt of incident/flash/alarm report;

b. Immediately, the FR shall conduct preliminary evaluation of the crime scene. This evaluation
should include the scope of the incident, emergency services required, scene safety concerns,
administration of life saving measures, and establishment of security and control of the scene;

c. The FR is mandated to save and preserve life by giving the necessary first aid measures to the
injured and medical evacuation as necessary. The FR shall likewise secure and preserve the crime scene
by cordoning the area to prevent unauthorized entry of persons:

d. The FR shall take dying declaration of severely injured person/s, if any. The FR shall make the
initial assessment on whether a crime has actually been committed and shall conduct the preliminary
interview of witnesses to determine what and how the crime was committed;

e. If and when there is a suspect present in the area, the first responder shall arrest, detain, and
remove the suspect from the area; and,

f. The FR, upon the arrival of Investigator-on-Case (IOC), turn-over the crime scene to the duty
investigator/ IOC after the former has brief the investigator of the situation. The FR shall prepare and
submit CSI Form "1" First Responders Report to the IOC and be prepared to assist the IOC.
 2. Investigator-on-Case/Duty Investigator

a. Upon arrival at the crime scene, the IOC shall request for a briefing from the FR and make a
quick assessment of crime.

b. At this stage, the IOC shall assume full responsibility over the crime scene and shall conduct a
thorough assessment of the scene and inquiry into incident. If necessary the IOC may conduct crime
scene search outside the area where the incident happened employing any of the various search
methods.

c. Based on the assessment, if the IOC determines that a SOCO team is required, he shall report
the matter to his/ her COP and request for a SOCO, otherwise, the IOC shall proceed with the CSI
without the SOCO team and shall utilize CSI Form "4"-SOCO Report Forms in the conduct of the CSI.

d. The IOC may by himself/herself if the situation so demand, conduct CSI if, there is no
Provincial Crime Laboratory Office/Regional Crime Laboratory Office in the province. The IOC must,
however, ensure that the correct procedures in the collection of evidence are observed to ensure the
admissibility of the evidence.

e. The Police Station Operation Center, upon directive of the COP, shall make the request for the
SOCO team through the Provincial /City Operations Center.

f. It shall be the responsibility of the Provincial/City Operations Center to facilitate the request
for the SOCO Team

g Upon the arrival of the SOCO Team, the IOC shall accomplish the CSI Form "2" Request for the
Conduct of SOCO and submit the same to the SOCO Team Leader. The SOCO team shall not enter the
crime scene unless the IOC makes the official written request wherein he assures the SOCO team of his
presence and support

h. The IOC shall brief the SOCO team upon their arrival at the crime scene and shall jointly
conduct the preliminary crime scene survey.

3. SOCO Team

a. The SOCO Team shall not join any operation conducted by the local police or accompany the
FRS or the IOC in going to the crime scene. They will only respond upon request through the Operations
Center and after the I0C has already made proper assessment of the crime scene

b. Upon receipt of the request of SOCO, the SOCO Team shall then conduct the scene of the
crime operations which include among other the narrative description of the crime scene, photography,
videography, crime scene search, crime scene sketch crime scene location sketch, physical evidence
recording and collection, and other procedures necessary.

c. In case the Team needs to temporarily suspend the processing, the Chief of Police shall be
primarily responsible and accountable for securing the crime scene and ensuring its integrity until the
return of SOCO Team and the conclusion of the CSI.

d. After the termination of the SOCO, the SOCO Team leader shall brief the IOC on the initial
result and thereafter conduct the final crime scene survey together with the I0C
 e. The SOCO Team shall accomplish the CSI Form "4" SOCO Report Forms and furnish the IOC of
copies of the same before leaving the crime scene.

Release of the Crime Scene

1) The IOC shall decide on the release of the crime scene upon consultation with the SOCO Team
Leader. He/she shall ensure that all pieces of potential evidence have been collected and appropriately
documented. Any re-entry of the IOC or other investigative units into the crime scene after its release to
the owner will require a Search Warrant issued by the Court;

2) The IOC shall accomplish the IOC/Investigator’s CSI form (Annex “LL”) before the cordon shall
be lifted;

3) The IOC or the COP shall turn-over the crime scene to the owner of the property or where the
crime scene is a public place, to any local person in authority using the Release of the Crime Scene Form
(Annex “MM”);

4) The IOC shall accomplish and submit the Investigator’s Report with all the required
attachments to the COP within two days if practicable from the date of incident; and

5) The CSI Report shall be the first entry in the Case Folder for the investigation of the incident.

Rules on Anti-Kidnapping Operations

The Anti-Kidnapping Group (AKG) is the PNP's lead unit in the conduct of anti-kidnapping
operations in close coordination with the LPU, other law enforcement agencies and the community.

Types of Kidnapping

1. Kidnapping by Organized Crime Group (OCG)/Criminal Group (CG)

2. Kidnapping by Terrorists Groups (TG)

3. Kidnapping by Other Individuals

Concept of Operation

Upon receipt of the kidnapping incident report at the police station, the Desk Officer shall record
the same in the blotter book. The COP and the investigator shall immediately make an initial assessment
of the reported incident.

If the initial assessment has been confirmed that it is indeed a kidnapping Incident, the case shall
be referred to the AKG, otherwise, the incident shall be handled by the concerned LPU.
 AKG will form an evaluation team composed of members of the quad staff and duty officer of
the day. They will assess and evaluate the complaint to determine the appropriate operational response.

1. Kidnapping by Organized Crime Group/Criminal Group

a. If it is assessed as a kidnapping incident by OCGS/CG, AKG will immediately activate the Anti-
Kidnapping Action Team (AKAT) which will handle the investigation, negotiation, operation and
intelligence aspect of the case.

b. The AKAT shall be supported by the concerned LPU and other units.

c. The AKAT will only be deactivated when the victim is rescued and a case is filed.

2. Kidnapping by Terrorists Groups

a. If the case is assessed as a kidnapping perpetrated by TGS, AKG will request for the activation
of the Critical Incident Management Task Group (CIMTG). In case the Joint PNPAFP Task force or Crisis
Management Committee (CMC), as the case maybe, is activated the PNP shall provide full support and
cooperation.

b. if the incident happens in Mindanao involving local TGs, the Special Task Force (STF) will be
activated with the Deputy Director of the concerned DIPO as the STF head. The STF shall serve as the
primary intelligence and operational arm of the PNP against KFR groups operating in Mindanao. It shall
establish coordinative line with the CMC.

3. Kidnapping by Other Individuals

a. If the alleged kidnapping incident, which is not within the AKG's mandate, is perpetrated by
other individuals, the concerned LPU shall take the appropriate operational response. Otherwise, the
AKG shall take cognizance of the incident and handle it accordingly.

b. If the kidnapping incident involves a foreign national as victim, the following shall be
undertaken:

I. By Local Police Unit:

1. Determine the nationality and other personal circumstances of the foreign kidnapped

victim;

2. Establish the identity and the relationship of the reportee to the kidnapped victim;

3. Notify the Bureau of Immigration (BI) and his/her embassy/consulate office, as the
case maybe, and request said office to provide assistance to their citizen like interpreters for
non-English speaking complainants, consular assistance etc; and
 4. Make a thorough assessment and determine if the complaint falls under the category
of a Kidnap-for-Ransom (KFR) case and refer it to the AKG if validated;

II. By AKG:

1. Record all complaints referred by other PNP units, Office of the CPNP and other law
enforcement agencies at the complaint section. The complaint will be attended by the Initial
Assessment Team;

2. Require the complainant to show proof of identity during the initial assessment and
properly record the documents presented;

3. Assist the complainant to secure the required documents from his/her embassy if the
required documents are missing; and

4. Inform the embassy of the victim and request their assistance.

CRIME MAPPING, PLACE, AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN, TYPES OF CRIME MAPPING AND CRIME
ANALYSIS, CRIME INCIDENTS SITUATION AND THE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION OF CRIMES.

Crime Mapping Definition

Crime mapping is a term used in policing to refer to the process of conducting spatial analysis
within crime analysis. It also refers to the process of mapping out the area or location where crimes
often committed or occurred.

Crime mapping is the process of using a geographic information system to conduct spatial
analysis of crime problems and other police-related issues.

Geographic Features

A geographic information system translates physical elements in the real world- such as roads,
buildings, lakes, and mountains-into forms that can be displayed, manipulated, and analyzed along with
police information such as crime, arrest, and traffic accident data. A GIS uses four types of features to
represent objects and locations in the real world; these are referred to as point, line, polygon, and image
features.

1. Point Features - a point feature is a discrete location that is usually depicted on a GIS-
generated map by a symbol or label. A point feature is analogous to a pin placed on a paper wall map. A
GIS uses different symbols to depict the locations of data relevant to the analysis, such as crimes, motor
vehicle accidents, traffic signs, buildings, police beat stations, and cell phone towers.

2. Line Features - a line feature is a real-world element that can be represented on a map by a
line or set of lines. Other types of line features include rivers, streams, power lines, and bus routes.
 3. Polygon Features - a polygon feature is a geographic area represented on a map by a
multisided figure with a closed set of lines. Polygons can represent areas as large as continents or as
small as buildings; in GIS-generated maps they may be used to depict county boundaries, city
boundaries, parks, school campuses, or police districts.

4. Image Features - an image feature on a GIS-generated map is a vertical photograph taken

from a satellite or an airplane that is digitized and placed within the appropriate coordinates. Such
photos, which may appear in black and white or color, show the details of streets, buildings, parking lots,
and environmental features (landscaping).

Types of Crime Mapping

Several types of mapping are used routinely in crime analysis. This section provides a brief
introduction to the various types of crime mapping to set the stage for the chapters that follow, which
discuss the creation of maps and their application to crime analysis in more detail.

1. Single-Symbol Mapping - in single-symbol maps, individual, uniform symbols represent

features such as the locations of stores, roads, or states. An important thing to keep in mind about
single-symbol maps is that a GIS places all points on such a map that share the same address directly on
top of one another, making it impossible for the map to show how many points there really are.

2. Graduated Mapping - crime analysts often use graduated maps-that is, maps in which
different sizes or colors of features represent particular values of variables. In a graduated size map, the
sizes of the symbols used for point and line features reflect their value. Analysts use graduated size maps
for this purpose, because these maps can account for multiple incidents at the same locations. However,
like single-symbol maps, graduated size maps are subject to overlapping points if too many data are
analyzed at once.

3. Chart Mapping - Chart mapping allows the crime analyst to display several values within a
particular variable at the same time (e.g., variable = crime, values = robbery, assault, and rape). There
are two types of chart mapping: pie and bar. In pie chart mapping, the relative percentages (represented
by slices of a pie) of values within a variable are displayed. In bar chart mapping, the relative frequencies
(represented by bars) of values within variables are displayed.

4. Density Mapping - In density mapping, analysts use point data to shade surfaces that are not
limited to area boundaries (as is the case in graduated color mapping) basic form, density maps are
shaded according to the concentration of incidents in particular areas. Such maps are used to compare
small variations in crime levels from one area to another rather than to compare levels of crime within
fixed artificial geographic boundaries, as in area maps.

5. Interactive Crime Mapping - rather than a type of mapping, the term interactive crime
mapping refers to simplified geographic information systems made available to novice users over the
Internet. Many police departments have interactive Web sites where citizens and police officers can
conduct basic crime mapping themselves. These applications typically are not flexible or sophisticated
enough to be useful to crime analysts.
• In tactical crime analysis, crime mapping is used to identify immediate patterns for crimes such
as residential and commercial burglary, auto theft, and theft from vehicles. For example, spatial analysis
of auto theft incidents may reveal clusters of activity at specific locations that might indicate a crime
pattern.

• In strategic crime analysis, crime mapping is utilized in long-term applications to analyze the
relationship between criminal activity and Indicators of disorder, such as a high volume of vacant
property or disorder calls for service; to assist in geographic and temporal allocation of resources, such
as patrol officer scheduling and determination of patrol areas; to examine patterns of crime at or around
specific locations, such as schools, bars, or drug treatment centers; to calculate crime rate information,
such as numbers of residential burglaries per household; and to incorporate crime data with qualitative
geographic information, such as information on teenage hangouts, student pathways to school, or drug
and prostitution markets.

• In administrative crime analysis, crime mapping is a valuable tool used by police, researchers,
and media organizations to convey criminal activity information to the public. Web sites operated by
police departments and news organization routinely post maps that depict areas of crime, along with
corresponding tables and definitions. For example, a police agency can reduce citizen requests for
neighborhood crime information by placing monthly or weekly crime maps on a Web site that members
of the public can access using computers in their homes or at the local library.

Crime Reporting (Crime Statistics)

Crime Statistics - is a science, which deals with the collection, interpretation, analysis and
presentation of quantitative crime data useful in police operational activities.

Index Crimes - are crimes which serious in nature and which occur sufficient frequency and
regularly such that they serve as an Index to the crime situation. We consider only the crimes of murder,
homicide, rape, physical injurie (serious and less serious), cattle rustling, robbery, and theft.

Non-Index Crimes - are those crimes not falling under the index crimes.

How to solve for the Crime Volume?

Crime Volume - the number of crime incidents committed in a given area over a period of time
which include the index and non-index crimes.

CV = Index Crimes + Non- Index Crimes

How to solve for the Crime Rate?

Crime Rate is the number of inhabitants in a given area. The figure to be used is the medium
assumption as per the records from the National Statistics Office (NSO) now called as the Philippine
Statistics Office.

Number of reported Crimes

Crime Rate = -------------------------------------------- x 100,000
 Total Population

How to solve for the Crime Solution Efficiency?

Crime Solution Efficiency is the percentage of solved cases out of the total number of crime
incidents handled by law enforcement agencies for a given period of time.

Solved Cases
CSE = ----------------------------------------- x 100%
Crime Volume

What is a solved case?

A case shall be considered solved when the following elements concur.:

1. The offender has been identified;

2. There is sufficient evidence to charge him;
3. The offender has been taken into custody; and
4. The offender has been charged before the prosecutor's office or court of appropriate
jurisdiction.

How to solve for the Crime Clearance Efficiency?

Crime Clearance Efficiency is the percentage of cleared cases out of the total number of crime
incidents handled by law enforcement agencies for a given period of time.

CC
CCE = ----------------------------------------- x 100%
CV
What is a cleared case?

A case shall be considered cleared when at least one of the offenders has been identified, there
is sufficient evidence to charge him, and he has been charged before the prosecutor's office or any other
court of appropriate jurisdiction. Included in this category are solved cases.

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