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Circles - Short Notes

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48 views

Circles - Short Notes

Uploaded by

ved77779
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mathematics

Short Notes
Circles

Circle
A circle is the locus of a point which moves in
such a way that it is always at the constant
distance from a fixed point in the plane.
The fixed point ‘O’ is called the centre of the
circle. The constant distance ‘OA’ between the
centre (O) and the moving point (A) is called the
Radius of the circle.

Circumference
The distance round the circle is called the
circumference of the circle.
2 = circumference of the circle
= Perimeter of the circle.
= boundary of the circle
r is the radius of the circle.

Chord
The chord of a circle is a line segment joining any
two points on the circumference. AB is the chord
of the circle with centre ‘O’. In the figure, AB is
the chord of the circle.

Diameter
A line segment passing through the centre of the
circle and having its end points on the circle is
called diameter. If r is the radius of the circle then
the diameter of the circle is twice the radius i.e., d
= 2r
AOB is a diameter of the circle whose centre is ‘O’
AOB = OA + OB = r + r + 2r.
Arc.
A continuous piece of a circle is called an arc.
Let A, B, C, D, E, F be the points on the circle. The circle is divided into different pieces. Then, the
pieces AB, BC, CD, DE, EF etc. are all arcs of the circle.

Let P,Q be two points on the circle. These P, Q divide the circle into two parts. Each part is an arc.
These arcs are denoted in anti-clockwise direction from P to Q as and form Q to P as . The
counter clockwise direction distinguishes between these two arcs and .

Concentric Circles.
Circles having the same centre and different radius are said to be concentric circles.

Congruent circles. Two circles are said to be congruent if and only if, one of them can be superposed
on the other, so as the cover it exactly. It means two circles are congruent if and only if, their radii
are equal. i.e., C (O, r) and C (O′ , r) are congruent if only if r = s.

Congruent arcs : Two arcs of a circle are congruent, if either of them can be superposed on the
other, so as to cover it exactly. It is only possible, if degree measure of two arcs are the same.

IMPORTANT THEOREMS

1. Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre.

Given. Chord AB = chord CD in a circle with centre O.


To prove. ∠ AOB = ∠ COD
2. Conversely, if the angles subtended the by chords at the centre of a circle
are equal, then the chord are equal.
Given: Two chords AB and CD subtend equal angles ∠AOB and ∠COD
at the centre ‘O’.
To prove. AC = CD

3. The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.

Given: OC is perpendicular to a chord AB in a circle with centre ‘O’.


To prove. AC = CB

4. Conversely, the line draw through the centre of a circle to bisect a chord
is perpendicular to the chord.

Given: AB is a chord and C is the mid-point of AB. O is the centre of the


circle.
To prove. OC is ⊥ to AB

5. Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles)


are equidistant from the centre(s).

Given: Two chords AB and CD are equal in a circle with centre O.


To prove. OM ⊥ AB = ON ⊥ CD

6. Conversely, chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) that are


equidistant from the centre(s) are equal.

Given: Two chords AB and CD are equidistant from the centre O of a


circle,
i.e., OM (⊥ AB) = ON (⊥ AB).
To prove. AB = CD

7. The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is double the angle subtended by it at any point
on the remaining part of the circle.

Given: Let an arc in a circle with centre O and there is a point C in


the alternate segment.
To prove. ∠AOB = 2∠ACB
8. Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.

Given: Two angles ∠ACB and ∠ADB subtended in the same segment AB.
To prove. ∠ACB = ∠ADB.

9. If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other points lying on the
same side of the line containing the segment, the four points lie on a circle.

Given: Two angles ∠ACB and ∠ADB are subtended by the line segment AB are equal
∠ACB = ∠ADB.
To prove. A, B, C, D lie on a circle.

10. Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.

Given: ABC is a semi-circle with centre ‘O’.


To prove. ∠ACB = 90°

CYCLIC QUADRILATERALS

● A quadrilateral ABCD is called cyclic if all the four vertices of it lie on a circle.

● The sum of the either pair of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°.
● If a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is supplementary then the quadrilateral is
cyclic.

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