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Ptd111 Lecture Notes 4 Projection

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41 views9 pages

Ptd111 Lecture Notes 4 Projection

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bldrasladan96
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROJECTION

The technique of representing an object in a drawn form is referred to as projection. Projection


can be divided into pictorial (3- dimensional) projection and orthographic (2-dimensional)
projection. Pictorial projection is further divided into isometric, oblique and perspective
projections; while the orthographic projection is divided into 1st angle and 3rd angle projection.
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
Isometric is a mathematical method of constructing a three dimensional (3D) object without
using perspective. Isometric was an attempt to make drawings more and more realistic. The
mathematics involved mean that all lengths when drawn at 30 degrees can be drawn using their
true length. An isometric drawing shows two sides of the object and the top or bottom of the
object (Fig.1). All vertical lines are drawn vertically, but all horizontal lines are drawn at 30
degrees to the horizontal. Isometric is an easy method of constructing reasonable 3D images.

(FIG.1)

HOW TO DRAW IN ISOMETRIC PROJECTION


To draw in isometric, you will need a 30/60 degree set square. Follow the steps below to draw a
box in isometric.

1.Draw the Front vertical edge of the cube 2. The sides of the box are drawn at 30 degrees

to the horizontal to the required length.


3.Draw in the back verticals. 4. Drawn in top view with all lines
drawn 30 degrees to the horizontal.

Note: All lengths are drawn as actual lengths in standard isometric.


TASK SHEET
Figures T7.1 to T7.4 shows four (4) isometric pictorial drawing of components, study the
drawing and by using proper drawing tools and scale 1:1 re-draw the isometric pictorial
drawings.
Note: All dimensions are in mm

Fig.T7.1 Fig.T7.2

Fig.T7.3 Fig.T7.4
OBLIQUE PICTORIAL PROJECTION
Oblique projection is another method of pictorial drawing. It is simpler than isometric but it does
not present so realistic a picture. Figure ( 2) shows a shaped block drawn in oblique projection.
There are three drawings of the same block in fig 2. They all show the front face of the block
drawn in the plane of the paper and the side and top faces receding at 30o, 45o and 60o on the
three drawings. An oblique line is one which is neither vertical nor horizontal, and the receding
lines in oblique projection can be at any angle other than 0o or 90o as long as they remain
parallel in any one drawing. In practice, it is usual to keep to the set square angles and of the
three to choose from, 45o is the most widely used.
If you check the measurement on the oblique drawings with those on the isometric sketch, you
will find that the measurements on the front and oblique faces are all true lengths. This gives rise
to a distorted effect. The drawings of the block in the oblique view appear to be cut out of
proportion, particularly when compared with the isometric view.

Figure (2)
ORHTOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Orthographic projection is a mean of representing a three-dimensional object (Fig.3.0) in two
dimensions (2D). It uses multiple views of the object, from points of view rotated about the
object's center through increments of 90°. Any object can be viewed from six mutually
perpendicular directions (top, bottom, left, right, front and back). The views are positioned
relative to each other according to either of two schemes:
o First Angle (1st Angle) or European projection.
o Third Angle (3rd Angle) or American projection.

FIG.3
FIG.4

FIG.5
The Differences between 1st & 3rd Angle Projection
o First-angle projection
In first-angle projection, each view of the object is projected in the direction (sense) of sight of
the object, onto the interior walls of the box Figure (6).

(Fig. 6)

A two-dimensional representation of the object is then created by "unfolding" the box, to view
all of the interior walls Figure (6.1)

(Fig.6.1)
(Fig. 6.2)

In third-angle projection, each view of the object is projected opposite to the direction (sense)
of sight, onto the (transparent) exterior walls of the box Figure (7).

(Fig 7) (Fig 7.1)

A two-dimensional representation of the object is then created by unfolding the box, to view all
of the exterior walls Figure (7.3).
(Fig.7.4)

TASK SHEET

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