(BSc.

Mechanical Engineering UET, Lahore (City Campus))

(MSc. Thermal Power Engineering UET, Lahore (City Campus))
 Laboratory Manual

Engineering Drawings & Graphics

Prepared by

Engr. Sheeraz Ali

 List of Instruments
1. Drawing Board
2. T-Square
3. Set- Square
4. Drawing Templates
5. Compass for Engineering Drawing
6. Lead Pencils
7. Eraser
8. Sharpener
9. Sand Paper
10. Adhesive Tape
11. Pointer (0.1 mm)

General Instructions for all drawing sheets

1) Bring all the mentioned equipment in each lab session.
2) Clean the drawing board by using the duster.
3) Place the drawing sheet correctly straight on the drawing board by the help of T-square.
4) Paste the drawing sheet on the drawing board by suing adhesive tape or drawing pins, make
sure the adhesive tape or pins are only 10 mm away from each corner and side of drawing
sheet.
5) Before any drawing make sure the drawing pencil is sharp and during drawing any line keep
the pencil rotating so that the thickness of line remain same.
6) Draw the boarders on the drawing sheet 20 mm from the left side and 10 mm from top, bottom
and right sides.
7) Draw the title block on the right bottom corner of sheet, having length 180 mm and height 65
mm, and divide the title block into 6 horizontal rows, each having 10 mm spacing.
8) Measure the total length and width of the drawing sheet and the object which is required to be
drawn, within the boarders drawn.
9) Calculate the horizontal margins for all orthographic drawings by subtracting the total length +
Width of the object from the total length of the sheet and dividing it by 3, similarly in case of
vertical margins the height + Width of object will be subtracted from the height of sheet and
divided by 3.
10)For erasing any unnecessary or mistakenly drawn lines use erasing shield.
11)Use duster for removing any rubber residues, left on the sheet rather using your hands.
12)Use drawing template for drawing any circle having radius smaller than 5 mm.
13)After completing the drawing carefully remove the tape or pins and store it safely in file.
 List of Drawing Sheets
1. Lettering Practice (Alphabets & Digits).
2. Draw the orthographic Projection (2d views) (Front, Top & side Views) of U – Block from its
isometric (3d) view.
3. Draw orthographic Projection (2d views) (Front, Top & side Views) of Part of rolled steel joist
(I-Section) from its isometric (3d) view.
4. Draw orthographic Projection (2d views) (Front, Top & side Views) of Gland for stuffing box
from its isometric (3d) view.
5. Draw orthographic Projection (2d views) (Front, Top & side Views) of Pair of Brasses from its
isometric (3d) view.
6. Draw orthographic Projection (2d views) (Front, Top & side Views) of Monkey for scribing
block from its isometric (3d) view.
7. Draw orthographic Projection (2d views) (Front, Top & side Views) of Cutting planes from its
isometric (3d) view.
8. Draw orthographic Projection (2d views) (Front, Top & side Views) of a Bearing from its
isometric (3d) view.
9. Draw orthographic Projection (2d views) (Front, Top & side Views) of Journal Bearing from its
isometric (3d) view.
10. Draw orthographic Projection (2d views) (Front, Top & side Views) of Open Bearing from its
isometric (3d) view
11. Draw orthographic Projection (2d views) (Front, Top & side Views) of given 3D object from
its isometric (3d) view
12. Draw orthographic Projection (2d views) (Front, Top & side Views) of given 3D object from
its isometric (3d) view
13. Draw orthographic Projection (2d views) (Front, Top & side Views) of given 3D object from
its isometric (3d) view
14. Draw orthographic Projection (2d views) (Front, Top & side Views) of given 3D object from
its isometric (3d) view.
15. Draw orthographic Projection (2d views) (Side Views) of Thread (Whitworth, Square, ACME)
from its isometric (3d) view.
16. Draw orthographic Projection (2d views) (Side Views) of Whitworth Threads from its
isometric (3d) view.
17. Draw orthographic Projection (2d views) (Front, Top & side Views) of Bolt and Nut from its
isometric (3d) view
18. Draw orthographic Projection (2d views) (Front, Top & side Views) of Key and Cotter from its
isometric (3d) view.
Sheet 1: “Lettering Practice”
(Small things make perfection, but perfection is no small thing)

Objectives:
Lettering is one of the “small things” which make the appearance & usefulness of a
drawing. The objective should be to employ uniform letters & figures which can be
produced with reasonable rapidity & which will ensure good & legible reproductions
from either pencil or ink originals. Plain broad letters & figures facilitate rapid reading,
& prevent costly errors.
Single-stroke Lettering:
Lettering is done usually in single-stroke, i.e. single thickness lettering, calls first for
uniformity. Whether an upright or sloping style is preferred, it must be uniformly upright
or sloping throughout. Whether it be broadened or contracted in width, it must be of
uniform width throughout. In Fig. 1, we have upright & sloping single-stroke letters.
Sloping or upright letters & figures are suitable for general use. However, vertical
characters are recommended for drawing numbers, titles & reference numbers.

Procedure:
Start by drawing horizontal dim lines (on half-sheet of drawing), to make many rows of
generally 10 mm height each. Now, begin Lettering in first row keeping size (height) of
each letter as 8 mm. For this, keep a space of about 1 mm above & below each letter, In
order to make alignment among all the letters in the row. This is a good habit of aligning
letters. While doing this, keep horizontal Space b/w every two letters of about 2 mm.
Complete the first row & continue the lettering till the end of last row.

ABCDEFGHI ABCDEFGHI
JKLMNOPQR JKLMNOPQR
STUVWXYZ& STUVWXYZ&
1234567890 1234567890

Fig. 1: Single-stroke Lettering

 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

Theory:
Representation of 3-Dimensional Object on Plane surfaces:
Fig. 2 gives easily understood pictorial view of U-shaped block. For the complete
description of three dimensional object, at least two or three views are required.

Orthographic projection:
The more important standard method is Orthographic projection. In orthographic
projection, an object is represented by two or three views on the mutually perpendicular
projection planes (a plane has length and breadth, but no thickness). Each projection
view represents two dimensions of an object.
The problem which confronts us is how best to show a solid object, i.e. a three-
dimensional object on a plane surface.

Front view and Plan:

See Fig. 3 (a) to (c). Imagine two flat drawing boards hinged at right angles to each
other as at (a). Surface of the upright board we call the vertical plane (V.P), and that of
the other the horizontal plane (H.P). Jointly these planes are called principle planes of
projection. Now imagine that the shaped block shown as Fig. 2 is situated in space
above the H.P and in front of V.P as shown at (a). One typical view would be that from
directly in front. We should call it the front view or front elevation. At (a), this front
view is clearly shown projected on to the V.P by the simple process of drawing
perpendiculars from the object to V.P.

Fig. 2: U-Block Isometric View

Another aspect or viewpoint would be from directly above the object. This view is
projected on to the H.P by means of perpendiculars. It is called the plan.
Suppose we removed the shaped block and drew the front view and the plan upon the
appropriate planes. Then, as shown at (b), we could fold the H.P down through 90° so
that both H.P and V.P lie in the same plane, and so have what is shown at (c) viz. two
views of the object in orthographic projection. Note that the two planes intersect in a
line. We call it the XY line.
Additional Views—Side Views:
Now, also we may show any other face by the simple process of projecting it on to a
plane and then revolving the plane away from the object into the plane of the drawing
paper.
See Fig. 4 (a) and (b). Here we have the U-shaped block suspended in space above the
H.P and in front of the two vertical planes A and B. It will not be difficult to see that by
means of the projectors (broken lines) shown, view 3 (the plan) is seen on looking in

HORIZONTAL PLANE

Fig. 2 (a, b, c): The Reference Planes or Planes of Projection: First angle method

The direction of arrow No. 3. Again, view 1 is obtained on looking in the direction
of arrow No. 1. If only remains to say that the side view (No. 2) is projected on to
V.P B by looking in the direction of arrow No. 2. If we now "spread the planes out
flat" on a smooth surface, we shall have the three views in orthographic projection,
as shown at (b). The intersection of V.Ps A and B is called the auxiliary XY line and
written X'Y’.
 Fig. 3 (a, b): Three views in First angle projection

First angle projection:

In 1st angle projection, the object comes between the eye of observer and the plane
of projection. Thus the object is present in the space of 1st-quadrant of the principal
planes.
Third angle projection:
In 3rd angle projection, the plane of projection comes between the eye of observer
and the object. Thus the object is present in the space of 3rd-quadrant of the
principal planes.

Fig. 4 (a): First angle projection VS third angle projection Method of drawing
Fig. 4 (b): First angle projection VS third angle projection Method of drawing
Sheet 2: “U-Block”
Aim:
To understand the conversion of 3 dimensional views into 2 dimensional views.

Objective:
Draw the orthographic Projection (Front, Top & side Views) of U – Block from its
isometric (3d) view.

Apparatus:
Drawing Instruments

Instructions:
1) Fig.5 (a) shows an isometric view of an object.
2) Fig.5 (b) shows an orthographic view of an object.
3) Do apply suitable scaling if required.
4) Apply 1st or 3rd angle projection method, unless you are asked specifically to use any
one of these.

Fig. 5: U-Block (a) Isometric View, (b) Orthographic View

Hint:
Draw neat and clean orthographic views of:
 Front view from ‘X’/ Arrow Head ;
 Side view from left;
 Top view.
Sheet 3: “Part of Rolled Steel Joist”
Aim:
To understand the conversion of 3 dimensional views into 2 dimensional views.

Objective:
Draw the orthographic Projection (Front, Top & side Views) of Part of rolled steel joist
(I-Section) from its isometric (3d) view.

Apparatus:
Drawing Instruments

Instructions:
1) Fig.6 shows an isometric and orthographic view of an object.
2) Do apply suitable scaling if required.
3) Apply 1st or 3rd angle projection method, unless you are asked specifically to use any.

Fig. 6: Orthographic views and a pictorial view of the Part of rolled steel joist (I-section)
Hint:
Draw neat and clean orthographic views of:
 Front view from ‘X’/ Arrow Head ;
 Side view from left;
 Top view.
Sheet 4: “Gland for Stuffing Box”
Aim:
To understand the conversion of 3 dimensional views into 2 dimensional views.

Objective:
Draw the orthographic Projection (Front, Top & side Views) of gland for stuffing box
from its isometric (3d) view.

Apparatus:
Drawing Instruments

Instructions:
1) Fig.7 (a) and 7 (b) shows an isometric and orthographic view of an object.
2) Do apply suitable scaling if required.
3) Apply 1st or 3rd angle projection method, unless you are asked specifically to use any
one of these.

Fig. 7: (a) Orthographic views and a pictorial view of the gland for stuffing box

Fig. 7: (b) Orthographic views and a pictorial view of the gland for stuffing box
Hint:
Draw neat and clean orthographic views of:
 Front view from ‘X’/ Arrow Head ;
 Side view from left;
 Top view.
Sheet 5: “Pair of Brasses”
Aim:
To understand the conversion of 3 dimensional views into 2 dimensional views.

Objective:
Draw the orthographic Projection (Front, Top & side Views) of Pair of Brasses from its
isometric (3d) view.

Apparatus:
Drawing Instruments

Instructions:
1) Fig.8 shows an isometric and orthographic views of an object.
2) Do apply suitable scaling if required.
3) Apply 1st or 3rd angle projection method, unless you are asked specifically to use any
one of these.

END VIEW (SIDE VIEW) SECTION CP

PLAN ISOMETRIC VIEW

Fig. 8: Orthographic views of a pair of brasses and isometric view of the lower brass
Sheet 6: “Monkey for Scribing Block”
Aim:
To understand the conversion of 3 dimensional views into 2 dimensional views.

Objective:
Draw the orthographic Projection (Front, Top & side Views) of Monkey for scribing
block from its isometric (3d) view.

Apparatus:
Drawing Instruments

Instructions:
1. Fig. 9 shows an isometric and orthographic view of an object.
2. Do apply suitable scaling if required.
3. Apply 1st or 3rd angle projection method, unless you are asked specifically to use
any one of these.

Fig. 9: Orthographic and isometric view of the Monkey for scribing block

Hint:
Draw neat and clean orthographic views of:
 Front view from ‘X’/ Arrow Head ;
 Side view from left;
 Top view.
Sheet 7: “Cutting Planes”
Aim:
To understand the conversion of 3 dimensional views into 2 dimensional views.

Objective:
Draw the orthographic Projection (Front, Top & side Views) of Cutting Planes from its
isometric (3d) view.

Apparatus:
Drawing Instruments

Instructions:
1. Fig.10 shows an isometric and orthographic views of an object.
2. Do apply suitable scaling if required.
3. Apply 1st or 3rd angle projection method, unless you are asked specifically to use
any one of these.

Fig. 10: Orthographic and isometric view of the Cutting Planes

Hint:
Draw neat and clean orthographic views of:
 Front view from ‘X’/ Arrow Head ;
 Side view from left;
 Top view.
Sheet 8: “Bearing”
Aim:
To understand the conversion of 3 dimensional views into 2 dimensional views.

Objective:
Draw the orthographic Projection (Front, Top & side Views) of Bearing from its
isometric (3d) view.

Apparatus:
Drawing Instruments

Instructions:
1. Fig.11 (a) shows an isometric view of an object.
2. Fig.11 (b) shows an orthographic view of an object.
3. Do apply suitable scaling if required.
4. Apply 1st or 3rd angle projection method, unless you are asked specifically to use
any one of these.

Fig. 11: (a) Isometric and (b) Orthographic view of a Bearing

Hint:
Draw neat and clean orthographic views of:
 Front view from ‘X’/ Arrow Head ;
 Side view from left;
 Top view.
Sheet 9: “Journal Bearing”
Aim:
To understand the conversion of 3 dimensional views into 2 dimensional views.

Objective:
Draw the orthographic Projection (Front, Top & side Views) of Journal Bearing from its
isometric (3d) view.

Apparatus:
Drawing Instruments

Instructions:
1. Fig.12 (a) shows an isometric view of an object.
2. Fig.12 (b) shows an orthographic view of an object.
3. Do apply suitable scaling if required.
4. Apply 1st or 3rd angle projection method, unless you are asked specifically to use
any one of these.

Fig. 12: (a) Isometric view of a Journal Bearing

 Fig. 12: (b) Orthographic view of a Journal Bearing

Hint:
Draw neat and clean orthographic views of:
 Front view from ‘X’/ Arrow Head ;
 Side view from left;
 Top view.
Sheet 10: “Open Bearing”
Aim:
To understand the conversion of 3 dimensional views into 2 dimensional views.

Objective:
Draw the orthographic Projection (Front, Top & side Views) of Journal Bearing from its
isometric (3d) view.

Apparatus:
Drawing Instruments

Instructions:
5. Fig.13 (a) shows an isometric view of an object.
6. Fig.13 (b) shows an orthographic view of an object.
7. Do apply suitable scaling if required.
8. Apply 1st or 3rd angle projection method, unless you are asked specifically to use
any one of these.

Fig. 13 (a): Isometric view of an Open Bearing

 Fig. 13 (b): Orthographic view of an Open Bearing

Hint:
Draw neat and clean orthographic views of:
 Front view from ‘X’/ Arrow Head ;
 Side view from left;
 Top view.
Sheet 11: “Isometric View of a 3d Object”
Aim:
To understand the conversion of 3 dimensional views into 2 dimensional views.

Objective:
Draw the orthographic Projection (Front, Top & side Views) of an object from its
isometric (3d) view.

Apparatus:
Drawing Instruments

Instructions:
1. Fig.14 (a) shows an isometric view of an object.
2. Fig.14 (b) shows an orthographic view of an object.
3. Do apply suitable scaling if required.
4. Apply 1st or 3rd angle projection method, unless you are asked specifically to use
any one of these.

Fig. 14 (a): Isometric view

 Fig. 14 (b): Orthographic view

Hint:
Draw neat and clean orthographic views of:
 Front view from ‘X’/ Arrow Head ;
 Side view from left;
 Top view.
Sheet 12: “Isometric View of a 3d Object”
Aim:
To understand the conversion of 3 dimensional views into 2 dimensional views.

Objective:
Draw the orthographic Projection (Front, Top & side Views) of an object from its
isometric (3d) view.

Apparatus:
Drawing Instruments

Instructions:
1. Fig.15 (a) shows an isometric view of an object.
2. Fig.15 (b) shows an orthographic view of an object.
3. Do apply suitable scaling if required.
4. Apply 1st or 3rd angle projection method, unless you are asked specifically to use
any one of these.

Fig. 15 (a): Isometric view

 Fig. 15 (b): Orthographic view

Hint:
Draw neat and clean orthographic views of:
 Front view from ‘X’/ Arrow Head ;
 Side view from left;
 Top view.
Sheet 13: “Isometric View of a 3d Object”
Aim:
To understand the conversion of 3 dimensional views into 2 dimensional views.

Objective:
Draw the orthographic Projection (Front, Top & side Views) of an object from its
isometric (3d) view.

Apparatus:
Drawing Instruments

Instructions:
1. Fig.16 (a) shows an isometric view of an object.
2. Fig.16 (b) shows an orthographic view of an object.
3. Do apply suitable scaling if required.
4. Apply 1st or 3rd angle projection method, unless you are asked specifically to use
any one of these.

Fig. 16 (a): Isometric view

 Fig. 16 (b): Orthographic view

Hint:
Draw neat and clean orthographic views of:
 Front view from ‘X’/ Arrow Head ;
 Side view from left;
 Top view.
Sheet 14: “Isometric View of a 3d Object”
Aim:
To understand the conversion of 3 dimensional views into 2 dimensional views.

Objective:
Draw the orthographic Projection (Front, Top & side Views) of an object from its
isometric (3d) view.

Apparatus:
Drawing Instruments

Instructions:
1. Fig.17 (a) shows an isometric view of an object.
2. Fig.17 (b) shows an orthographic view of an object.
3. Do apply suitable scaling if required.
4. Apply 1st or 3rd angle projection method, unless you are asked specifically to use
any one of these.

Fig. 17 (a): Isometric view

 Fig. 17 (b): Orthographic view

Hint:
Draw neat and clean orthographic views of:
 Front view from ‘X’/ Arrow Head ;
 Side view from left;
 Top view.
Sheet 15: “Thread sections of Whitworth, Square and Acme
threads”
Introduction:
Screw bolts, spindles etc., consist essentially of cylinders or cores, round & along which
a projection or thread winds its way. The cross-section chosen for a thread varies
according to its use. The two main kinds are square & “V”.

Important terms:

Pitch:
Pitch is defines as the distance from a point on one thread to the corresponding point on
the next, in an axial direction.
Pitch is determined by,
Pitch = 1/No. of t.p.i
Lead:
Lead is the axial advance per rotation of the moving member of the screwed pair.
Most screw threads are single-start. On single-start threads pitch & lead are the same.
On double-start threads lead is twice the pitch & so on.
Slope:
Slope equals half lead. On single-start threads this is same as saying that slope equals
half pitch.
Hand:
When a clockwise rotation of a nut screws it on a bolt, it is said to be right-handed.
When a clockwise rotation screws it off a bolt, the thread is said to be left-handed.

Whitworth Thread Section: [Fig. 18 (a)]

Instructions:
Draw the section of a Whitworth thread of 3 in. pitch.

Fig. 18 (a): Whitworth thread section

How to draw the Whitworth Section: (Fig. 16)
1) Draw vertical center lines “pitch apart”, i.e, 3 in. apart.
2) Draw horizontals to indicate theoretical depth, i.e, 2.88 in. apart.
3) Cut off one-sixth of the theoretical depth at the top and bottom.
4) Draw the slanting lines representing the sides of thread.
5) Draw the fillet for each crest and valley. For this, at each center line, place the tip of
compass and draw the fillet curve (joining the actual depth line and slanting lines for a
thread), for each crest.
Similarly, place the tip of compass at the imaginary center line b/w the two
center lines of two consecutive threads and draw the fillet curve (joining the actual
depth line and slanting lines for a thread), for each valley. This method necessitates
bisecting the angle of thread.
6) Hatch and dimension, as shown in fig. The characteristic outline of the
thread should be the most prominent feature of drawing. Hatching, dimension &
construction lines are all to be lighter than the outline.

Square Thread Section: [Fig. 18 (b)]

Instructions:
Draw the section of a Square thread taking pitch 2 in.

Fig. 18 (b): Square thread section

Hints on drawing the Square thread Section:

The first step is to draw two horizontals 1in. apart and then a number of
perpendiculars 1 in. apart so as to have a row of squares. The true shape of the section
is clearly shown at fig. 11.

Acme Thread: [Fig. 18 (c)]

Instructions:
Draw section of an Acme thread taking pitch 2 in.
 Fig. 18 (c): Acme thread section

Hints on drawing the Acme Section:

This exercise is left to be worked by the student. A set-square having protector in it is a
valuable aid to make angle of 14½° in this exercise.

Thread Comparison in Outline:

The main groups are square and vee. Of the two, vee threads are the stronger, but as
their faces are inclined to the line of thrust (i.e. to the axis of the bolt, in general) the
frictional resistance to motion is greater. This high frictional resistance is
advantageous in many instances, for it helps to prevent a nut from slackening back.
Vee threads tend to burst their nuts. Square threads are mostly used for power
transmission, but are now to some extent being superseded by Acme threads which are
more readily cut in thread milling machines.
 Sheet 16: “Whitworth Threads”
Instructions:
To draw by a conventional method a right-handed and a left-handed Whitworth threaded
piece, 4 in. diameter, 6 in. long, and ½ in. pitch (Fig. 13).

Hints on Method:
1. Draw two rectangles 4 in. x 6 in.
2. Dealing with the right-hand thread at (a), mark off ½ in. spaces along the bottom of
rectangle.
3. Mark off ¼ in. for the first division at the top left-hand end of the rectangle, and make all the
other spaces ½ in. along the top. Join the points as shown. Slope of each line= ¼ in.
4. The depth of thread = 0.64 x P = 0.64 x 0.5 = 0.32 in. Therefore draw very light lines 0.32
in. in from the top and bottom of the rectangle to indicate depth.
5. Draw the dark lines (representing the valleys) midway between the light sloping lines indicating
crests.
6. This is the usual method of indicating a Whitworth thread.
7. At (b) we have joined the lines representing the crests and the valleys and so obtained the
"vees ".

Fig. 19: WHIT-WORTH THREAD EXERCISE. Valley lines to be bold.

Depth = 0.64P; Slope = 0.5P
Sheet 17: “Bolt and Nut”
Instructions:
To draw the three views of a 2 in. diameter hexagon-headed bolt and nut [Fig. 14 a) & b)].

How to Draw these Views, using rule, Flats = 1½D + ⅛ in.:

8. Draw the center line of the front view and about it draw the rectangle 2 in. x 8 in.,
leaving room at left for the bolt head and at the right for the end view of nut.
9. The size across flats of both the bolt head and nut will be 3⅛ in. (D is the major dia. of
bolt). Therefore describe a circle in the end view of 3⅛ in. diameter, and about it
circumscribe a regular hexagon (using the tee-square and 60° set-square for the purpose).
10. Anywhere on the bolt but at right-hand of it, draw the front view of the nut outline,
projected from the end view, and add, similarly, the outline bolt head at the left.
11.The edges in these front views are projected across from the corners of the nut in end
view.
12.Chamfering and threading is done. We take pitch = ¼ in. for simplicity.
(Chamfering: Hexagon bolt heads, set-screw heads, and nuts have a chamfer of
approximately 30° on their upper faces, and all B.S lock nuts are chamfered on both
faces.)
13. Height (thickness) of nut is 0.9D to D. Note that bolt heads are not usually as thick as
nuts. They are usually ⅔D to D.
14. Beneath the front view draw a plan. Both bolt head and nut will be two-face views and
will not require chamfering.
Fig. 20: Bolt and Nut