Module 3a

15
ARC 5.3 ELECTRICAL SERVICES & ILLUMINATION
BUILDING SERVICES-‐ II
• ELECTRICAL SERVICES & ILLUMINATION

MODULE 3-‐ Electrical Services – Protection Systems
SREERUPA DEB
15 ARC 5.3 ELECTRICAL SERVICES & ILLUMINATION
CONTACT PERIODS: 3 (Lecture) per week THEORY MARKS: 100

PROGRESSIVE MARKS: 50
DURATION OF EXAM: 3 Hrs
OBJECTIVE: To introduce students to electrical services and illumination and to sensitize them with respect to their integration into
Architectural Design.
MODULE 1
Electrical Services -‐ Electricity Generation; Transmission and Distribution
1.Introduction to Electrical Services: Introduction to commonly used terminology – Voltage, Current, Power, Connected Load, Max.
Demand, Load Factors, Diversity Factor Etc.; Importance of Electrical Services and Its implications on building design; Introduction to
Codes and Standards like National Building Code, National Electric Code, IS Rules, State Electricity Board and Chief Electrical Inspectorate
Guidelines.
2.Supply and distribution of electricity to buildings: Brief introduction to various Sources for Electricity generation. Introduction to
Transmission and Distribution system (from generation to Building’s main) -‐ Cables–HT/LT, Voltage Levels, Sub-‐Stations, Ring Main Units,
Metering Panels, HT Panel, Transformers, Generators, LT Panels.
MODULE 2
Electrical Services -‐ Internal Electrical distribution systems and Renewable Energy Systems
3.Residential Building internal electrical distribution system & Commercial Building internal electrical distribution system: Power
Requirement, Incoming Power Source Voltage, RMU, Transformers, HT Metering & Sub Metering Panels, Rising Mains, Sub-‐Mains, Circuit-‐
Mains, UPS requirements, Server power requirements, Point Wiring, Point Matrix, Utility Loads, Wiring Systems, Wiring Installation
systems.
4.Introduction to Renewable Energy Systems (On-‐Site and Off-‐Site): Solar, Wind, Bio-‐Mass, Achieving Net Zero Building design through
utilization of above natural resources; Energy Conservation techniques in Electrical systems.
7/17/17 Syllabus 2
MODULE 3
Electrical Services -‐ Protection Systems
5.Switchgear & Protection Devices – Fuses, Breakers: Miniature Circuit Breakers; Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers; Moulded Case Circuit
Breakers & Air Circuit Breakers and Protection Relays.
6.Earthing & Lightning Protection System: Definition, Purpose; Types of Earthing Systems, Factors affecting selection and system
specification -‐ Type of Soil, water table, soil resistivity etc. Brief about new advances in earthing systems; Lightning system design -‐ Factors
affecting the system specification, basic rules as per NBC and other relevant codes.
MODULE 4 ILLUMINATION:
7. Fundamentals: Quality & Quantity of Lighting; Recommended Lux Levels; Type of Lamps – Incandescent, Discharge Lamps, Fluorescent,
CFL, LED and OLED. Integration of Day lighting with Artificial Lighting, Control Systems, Laws of illumination.
8. Techniques, Principles and Applications: Lighting Methods -‐ Ambient, Task & Accent lighting; Systems of Luminaries -‐ Up-‐Lighting,
Down-‐Lighting, Spot Lighting etc.; Street Lighting, Façade Lighting, Landscape Lighting, Architectural Typologies; Preparation of Lighting
Layout.
MODULE 5
EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEMS AND LOAD ESTIMATION
9. Extra Low Voltage systems: Telephone; Data & Cable TV Networking; Service provider requirements; Point matrix for Individual
residential / Apartment.
10. Electrical Layout Design and Load Estimation: Residential Electrical Layout Design (using symbols as per IS codes), Compliance to local
building codes; and Electrical Load Calculations.
7/17/17 Syllabus 3
SCHEME OF EVALUATION

Internal Assessments and Project Assignments 40 Marks
Study Portfolio/Quizzes/Class Participation 10 Marks
REFERENCE BOOKS AS PER SYLLABUS:

1. L.Uppal ; Electrical Wiring, Estimating & Costing.
2. Aly. S. Dadras (1995), Electrical Systems for Architects by N.G.A.R.B. McGraw-‐Hill.
3. Anwari ; Basic Electrical Engineering.
4. National electric Code, Indian Electricity Rules 1956, Energy Conservation and Building Code.
4. Handbook of Lighting Design by Ruediger Ganslandt, Harald Hofmann; ERCO Edition
5. Fundamentals of Lighting by Susan M. Winchip.
6. National Building Code, 2016 – Part 8 (Section 1, 2, 6).
7. Code of Practice for Interior Illumination (IS 3646-‐1 (1992); Indian Standard -‐ BIS.
7/17/17 Scheme of Evaluation & References 4

PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL SERVICES
Electricity is extremely useful to us but can also be dangerous and cause accidents.
The main aim of electrical designer’s task is to prevent accidents and if it happens, how to minimize their effects.
Principle of protection is -‐ faulty circuit should be cut off from the supply and isolated until the fault is found and
repaired.
Dangers to be prevented are

• Fire
• Electric shock to people and living things.
In an electric power system, a fault or fault current is any abnormal electric current. For example, a short circuit is
a fault in which current bypasses the normal load.
Faults from which these dangers can arise are
• Short circuit
• Current overload
• Fault to earth
9/14/17 5
SHORT CIRCUIT
Due to a fault in the wiring or an appliance the line or phase and the neutral get connected and current starts to flow
in both.
A faulty or accidental connection between two points of different potential in an electric circuit, bypassing
the load and establishing a path of low resistance through which an excessive current can flow. It can cause damage
to the components if the circuit is not protected by a fuse.
The current that flows through the conductors is short circuit current – this current is very high and can burn the
insulation. The conductors can come in touch with the metal conduit and give electric shock to anyone touching the
same.
7/17/17 6
CURRENT OVERLOAD
• Excessive mechanical load on electrical motors can necessitate higher current in the circuit than it is designed for
causing current overload.
• A fault in the internal wiring of a motor can also cause it to draw more current
EARTH FAULT
A fault to earth occurs if through some defect the line conductor becomes connected to earthed metal work. It
raises the conductive metal parts above zero potential.
In order to protect the appliances and living beings from the above mentioned faults, various protective devices are
located in the circuits.
These protective devices are fuse – rewireable & cartridge , MCB, MCCB, ELCB etc.
7/17/17 7
MAIN FEATURES OF A GOOD PROTECTIVE DEVICE

• SENSITIVITY– to operate at low values of fault current
§ SELECTIVITY – Select correctly the faulty part and disconnect, without disturbing the rest of the system
• RELIABILITY – should operate definitely under pre-‐determined conditions
• QUICKNESS – work quickly to ensure safety of personnel and protection of appliances
§ NON INTERFERENCE WITH FUTURE EXTENSION – scope for future expansion without interfering the original
installation
THE VARIOUS PROTECTIVE DEVICES ARE

• FUSES – rewireable and cartridge
• MCB – Moulded Circuit breakers
• ELCB – Earth leakage circuit breakers
• MCCB – Moulded case circuit breakers
• ACB – Air circuit breakers
• PROTECTION RELAYS
7/17/17 8
FUSE
Fuse – protective device in a circuit against damage from an excessive
current flowing in it. Protects by melting the fuse-‐element by excessive
current and thus disconnecting the circuit.
They are cheap.

Fuse element may be lead for small current and tinned copper for large
currents.
Upto 3 amp of current lead fuse wires are used, upto 15 amp of current
alloy of lead and tin is used and above 15 amperes tinned copper wires are
used.
• Protects against short circuit excess current.

• Protects against overload when extra appliances are connected to one
circuit, excess current is drawn , more than what the circuit is designed
for , can lead to wires being burnt and appliances damaged. In such cases
also the fuse can disconnect and protect the devices.
7/17/17 9
ADVANTAGES OF REWIRABLE FUSE

• Cheapest form of operation
• Requires minimum time to replace
• Requires no maintenance
• Has current limiting effect (Current limiting is the practice in electrical or electronic circuits of imposing an upper limit on
the current that may be delivered to a load with the purpose of protecting the circuit generating or transmitting the current from
harmful effects due to a short-‐circuit or similar problem in the load).
• Affords current limiting effect under short circuit conditions due to cut off.
DISADVANTAGES OF REWIRABLE FUSE
• Unreliable operation
• Lack of discrimination (Electrical discrimination occurs when a protective device near a fault or short comes on and
keeps the other circuits working properly. Discrimination can either partially block a fault from disrupting other systems or
completely block it, depending on the type of protection device that is installed).
• Small time lag
• Misuse
• Low rupturing capacity
7/17/17 10
CHARACTERISTICS OF FUSE MATERIAL

The material used for fuse wires must have the following characteristics
1.Low melting point
2.Low ohmic losses (Loss of electric energy when a current flows through a resistance due to conversion into heat.
Also known as ohmic loss).
3.High conductivity
4.Lower rate of deterioration
Different types of fuses:
•Re-‐wirable or kit -‐kat fuses: These fuses are simple in construction, cheap and available up-‐to a current rating of
200A. They are erratic in operation and their performance deteriorates with time.
•Plug fuse: The fuse carrier is provided with a glass window for visual inspection of the fuse wire
•Cartridge fuse: Fuse wire usually an alloy of lead is enclosed in a strong fiber casing. The fuse element is fastened to
copper caps at the ends of the casing. They are available up-‐to a voltage rating of 25kV. They are used for protection
in lighting installations and power lines.
7/17/17 11
•Miniature Cartridge fuses: These are the miniature version of the higher rating cartridge fuses, which are extensively
used in automobiles, TV sets, and other electronic equipments.
•Transformer fuse blocks: These porcelain housed fuses are placed on secondary of the distribution transformers for
protection against short circuits and overloads.
•Expulsion fuses: These consist of fuse wire placed in hollow tube of fiber lined with asbestos. These are suited only
for out door use for example, protection of high voltage circuits
•Semi-‐enclosed re-‐wirable fuses: These have limited use because of low breaking capacity.
•Time-‐delay fuse: These are specially designed to withstand a current overload for a limited time and find application
in motor circuits.
7/17/17 12
HRC CARTRIDGE FUSE

The high rupturing capacity or (HRC) fuse consists of a heat
resistant ceramic body. Then silver or bimetallic fuse element is
welded to the end brass caps. The space surrounding the fuse
element is filled with quartz powder. This filler material absorbs the
arc energy and extinguishes it.
When the current exceeds the rated value the element melts and
vaporizes. The vaporized silver fuses with the quartz and offers a
high resistance and the arc is extinguished.
Advantages:
1.Fast acting
2.Highly reliable
3.Relatively cheaper in comparison to other high current interrupting device
Disadvantages:
1.Requires replacement
2.The associated high temperature rise will affect the performance of other devices
7/17/17 13
TERMS RELATED WITH FUSES

Rated current: It is the maximum current, which a fuse can carry without undue heating or melting. It depends on the
following factors:
1.Permissible temperature rise of the contacts of the fuse holder and the fuse material
2.Degree of deterioration due to oxidation
Fusing current: The minimum current at which the fuse melts is known as the fusing current. It depends on the
material characteristics, length, diameter, cross-‐sectional area of the fuse element and the type of enclosure used.
Fusing Factor: It is the ratio of the minimum fusing current to the rated current. It is always greater than unity.
7/17/17 14
MCB – Miniature Circuit Breaker

MCBs are electromechanical devices which protect an electrical circuit from an
overcurrent. The overcurrent, in an electrical circuit, may result from short circuit,
overload or faulty design. An MCB is a better alternative to a Fuse since it does not
require replacement once an overload is detected. Unlike fuse, an MCB can be easily
reset and thus offers improved operational safety and greater convenience without
incurring large operating cost.
MCB’s are normally used when in case of a fault they operate automatically and break
the faulty circuit
Rated for current not more than 100A.
Mostly used in domestic applications.
7/17/17 15
Main functions of MCB
• On 5% -‐ 20% excessive overloads they operate

• They operate to cut off the circuit even on small overload current flow
• Direct indication of faulty circuit is provided by the switching knob
• Though the initial cost is more than re-‐wireable kit kat fuse unit but it is trouble free and gives safe
protection.
• It can be operated easily as no tools are required to revive the circuit.
7/17/17 16
MCCB – Moulded Case Circuit Breaker
MCCB moulded case circuit breaker is thermal operated for over load current and
magnetic operation for instant trip in short circuit condition.
Normally it is used where normal current is more than 100A.
Rated current up to 1000 A.

Trip current may be adjustable
Mostly used in commercial and industrial applications.
7/17/17 17
ELCB – Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
ELCB are devices designed to provide protection against accidents by rapidly
interrupting dangerous contact voltages which may be present in the faulty
electrical equipments as a result of ground faults, insufficient insulation,
insulation failure or misuse and sabotage.
ELCBs are of 2 types
Voltage operated ELCB
Current operated ELCB
Characteristics
•Phase (line), Neutral and Earth wire connected through ELCB.
•ELCB is working based on Earth leakage current.
7/17/17 18
ACB -‐ Air Circuit Breakers
Air Circuit Breaker is a device used to provide Overcurrent and

Short Circuit Protection for circuits ranging from 800 Amps to
10000 Amps. Air Circuit Breakers are usually used in low
voltage applications below 450 volts.
ACB is the household electric switch and MCBs, which is a kind
of circuit breaker and use the air as an arc quenching medium.
Application and Uses of Air Circuit Breaker:

•It is used for protection of plants
•It is used for common protection of electrical machines
•It used for protection of transformers, capacitors and generators.
•Air circuit breaker is also used in Electricity sharing system
7/17/17 19
Protective Relays
The protective relay is defined as an electrical device connected between the main
circuit and the circuit breaker in such a way that if any abnormality acts on the relay
in the circuits, it causes the breaker to open and the faulty element is isolated.
Thus the circuit equipments are saved from any damage being caused by the fault.
In electrical engineering, a protective relay is a relay device designed to trip a
circuit breaker when a fault is detected.
The first protective relays were electromagnetic devices, to provide detection of
abnormal operating conditions such as over-‐current, over-‐voltage,
reverse power flow, over-‐frequency, and under-‐frequency.
Microprocessor-‐based digital protection relays now emulate the original devices,
as well as providing types of protection and supervision impractical with
electromechanical relays. Electromechanical relays provide only rudimentary
indications of involved phase and zone targets.
Applications -‐protecting transmission lines and electrical .
Important transmission lines and generators have cubicles dedicated to protection,
with many individual electromechanical devices, or one or two microprocessor
relays
7/17/17 20

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15

ARC 5.3 ELECTRICAL SERVICES & ILLUMINATION

• ELECTRICAL SERVICES & ILLUMINATION

CONTACT PERIODS: 3 (Lecture) per week THEORY MARKS: 100

SCHEME OF EVALUATION

REFERENCE BOOKS AS PER SYLLABUS:

7/17/17 Scheme of Evaluation & References 4

PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL SERVICES

Dangers to be prevented are

MAIN FEATURES OF A GOOD PROTECTIVE DEVICE

THE VARIOUS PROTECTIVE DEVICES ARE

They are cheap.

• Protects against short circuit excess current.

ADVANTAGES OF REWIRABLE FUSE

DISADVANTAGES OF REWIRABLE FUSE

CHARACTERISTICS OF FUSE MATERIAL

HRC CARTRIDGE FUSE

TERMS RELATED WITH FUSES

MCB – Miniature Circuit Breaker

Rated for current not more than 100A.

Mostly used in domestic applications.

Main functions of MCB

• On 5% -­‐ 20% excessive overloads they operate

MCCB – Moulded Case Circuit Breaker

Rated current up to 1000 A.

Mostly used in commercial and industrial applications.

ELCB – Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker

ACB -­‐ Air Circuit Breakers

Air Circuit Breaker is a device used to provide Overcurrent and

Application and Uses of Air Circuit Breaker:

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• On 5% -‐ 20% excessive overloads they operate

ACB -‐ Air Circuit Breakers