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Physics Lab Manual

Physics Lab Manual12
11

LATEST-SyLLAbuS
Practical Syllabus (2022-23)
General Instructions 5. To determine the mass of two different objects using a
SECTION–A 3. beam
To assemble
balance. a household circuit comprising
The record, to be submitted by the students, at the time of
three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and
Experiments
their annual examination, has to include: 6. To find the weight of a given body using parallelogram
a power source.
• 1. To determine
Record resistivity
of at least 15 Experiments of [with
two /a three wires
minimum of 6by law of vectors.
4. To assemble the components of a given electrical
plotting a graph for potential difference
from each section], to be performed by the students. versus 7. Using a simple pendulum, plot its L-T2 graph and use it to
circuit.
current.
• Record of at least 5 Activities [with a minimum of 2 each
5. find the effective length of second's pendulum.
To study the variation in potential drop with
2. To section
from find resistance
A and sectionofB],atogiven wire / standard
be demonstrated by the 8. To study of
length variation
a wireoffor
time period ofcurrent.
a steady a simple pendulum of
resistor using metre bridge.
teachers.
6. aTogiven
drawlength
thebydiagram
taking bobs
of ofa same
givensize but different
open circuit
• 3. To verify
Report the laws
of the project to beofcarried
combination (series) of
out by the students. masses and interpret
comprising at leastthe result. resistor/rheostat,
a battery,
resistances using a metre bridge. kestudy
y, amme ter andbetween
voltme ter. Mark the
Evaluation 9. To the relationship force of limiting
ORScheme components that are not connected in properof
Time Allowed: Three hours Max. Marks: 30 friction and normal reaction and to find the co-efficient
To verify the laws of combination (parallel) of order and correct the circuit and also the circuit
friction between a block and a horizontal surface.
Tworesistances
experiments one from each
using section
a metre bridge. 8+8 Marks diagram.
10. To find the downward force, along an inclined plane,
Practical
4. record (experiment
To determine and activities)
resistance 6 Marks by
of a galvanometer SECTION-B
acting on a roller due to gravitational pull of the earth
half-deflection
Investigatory Project method and to find its figure
3 Marks of
Experiments
and study its relationship with the angle of inclination θ
merit.
Viva on experiments, activities and project 5 Marks 1. by
Toplotting
find the value
graph of v for
between different
force and sinθ.values of u in
5. To convert the given galvanometer 30 (ofMarks
known
Total case of a concave mirror and to find the focal
resistance and figure of merit) into a voltmeter Activities length.
(for the purpose of demonstration only)
of desired range and to verify the same. 1. To make a paper scale of given least count, e.g., 0.2cm, 0.5 cm.
SECTION–A OR
2. To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using
2. To determine mass of a given body using a metre scale by
a convex lens.
Experiments
To convert the given galvanometer (of known 3. principle
To find ofthe moments.
focal length of a convex lens by
1. Toresistance and figure
measure diameter of merit)
of a small into an ammeter
spherical/cylindrical body plotting
3. To graphs
plot a graph for between
a given setuofand
data,v or between
with 1/u
proper choice
andoftodesired
measurerange
internaland to verify
diameter and the same.
depth of a given and 1/v.
of scales and error bars.
6. To find the frequency
beaker/calorimeter using Vernierof AC mains
Callipers with
and hence finda 4. Tomeasure
4. To find thethefocal
forcelength of afriction
of limiting concave for lens,
rollingusing
of a
itssonometer.
volume. a convex lens.
roller on a horizontal plane.
2. To measure diameter of a given wire and thickness of a 5. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a
Activities 5. To study the variation in range of a projectile with angle
given sheet using screw gauge. given prism by plotting a graph between angle
1. To measure the resistance and impedance of an of projection.
of incidence and angle of deviation.
3. To determine volume of an irregular lamina using screw 6. To study the conservation of energy of a ball rolling down
inductor with or without iron core. 6. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using
gauge. on an inclinedmicroscope.
plane (using a double inclined plane).
2. To measure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), current a travelling
4. To determine radius of curvature of a given spherical
(AC) and check continuity of a given circuit using 7. To
7. Tostudy
finddissipation of energy
the refractive of a simple
index pendulum
of a liquid by
using
surface by a spherometer.
multimeter. plotting
convex alensgraph
andbetween
planesquare
mirror. of amplitude and time.
 2  Physics Lab Manual (Class 12)

8. To find the refractive index of a liquid using a (a) T he power of the incandescent lamp, used to
concave mirror and a plane mirror. ‘illuminate’ the LDR (keeping all the lamps at
9. To draw the I-V characteristic curve for a p-n a fixed distance).
junction diode in forward and reverse bias. (b) the distance of a incandescent lamp (of fixed
Activities power) used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR.
1. To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a 3. To find the refractive indices of (a) water (b)
capacitor from a mixed collection of such items. oil (transparent) using a plane mirror, an
2. Use of multimeter to see the unidirectional flow equiconvex lens (made from a glass of known
of current in case of a diode and an LED and refractive index) and an adjustable object
check whether a given electronic component needle.
(e.g., diode) is in working order. 4. To investigate the relation between the ratio of
3. To study effect of intensity of light (by varying (i) output and input voltage and (ii) number of
distance of the source) on an LDR. turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of
4. To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a a self-designed transformer.
beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab. 5. To investigate the dependence of the angle of
5. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit. deviation on the angle of incidence using a
6. To study the nature and size of the image formed hollow prism filled one by one, with different
by a (i) convex lens, or (ii) concave mirror, on transparent fluids.
a screen by using a candle and a screen (for 6. To estimate the charge induced on each one
different distances of the candle from the lens/ of the two identical Styrofoam (or pith) balls
mirror). suspended in a vertical plane by making use of
7. To obtain a lens combination with the specified Coulomb’s law.
focal length by using two lenses from the given 7. To study the factor on which the self-inductance
set of lenses. of a coil depends by observing the effect of this
Suggested Investigatory Projects coil, when put in series with a resistor/(bulb) in
1. To study various factors on which the internal a circuit fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable
resistance/EMF of a cell depends. frequency.
2. To study the variations in current flowing in a 8. To study the earth’s magnetic field using
circuit containing an LDR because of a variation a compass needle -bar magnet by plotting
in magnetic field lines and tangent galvanometer.

Important Information
According to the latest syllabus as prescribed by CBSE, one Investigatry Project has been added.
To study the earth’s magnetic field using a compass needle -bar magnet by plotting magnetic field lines.
Investigatory Project
Objective
To study the earth’s magnetic field using a compass needle-bar magnet by plotting magnetic field lines.

Materials Required
A bar magnet, a drawing board, a magnetic needle compass, a paper sheet and drawing pins.
Conceptual Knowledge Required
Magnet: A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field is invisible but it
is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet-a force that pulls on other magnetic materials, such as
iron, steel, nickel, cobalt etc. and attracts or repels other magnets.
A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is magnetised and creates its own persistent
magnetic field.
Natural Magnet: A natural magnet is a magnet that occurs naturally in nature. All natural magnets are
permanent magnets, i.e., they will never lose their magnetic power. The strongest natural magnetic material is
lodestone, also called magnetite.
Artificial Magnet: Magnets which are made by man
artificially and have a stronger magnetic field are called
artificial magnets. Some examples of artificial magnets
are horse shoe magnet, magnetic compass, magnetic
S N
needle, bar magnet etc.
Bar Magnet: A rectangular piece of an object made of
steel, iron or any type of magnetic substance is known
as a bar magnet. It is a permanent magnet. It has two
poles—one is known as north p ole and the other one is
Fig. 1: Magnetic field lines around a bar magnet
known as south pole. The magnetic field lines around a
bar magnet are shown in the figure alongside.
Magnetic Field of Earth: The Earth acts like a very big but weak magnet. Earth’s magnetic field is mostly
caused by electric currents in the liquid outer core, which is composed of conductive, molten iron. Loops of
currents in the constantly moving, liquid iron create magnetic field. Earth’s geographical north pole is actually
the south pole of the magnetic field and Earth’s geographical south pole is the north pole of the magnetic field.
Geographic North Pole (Earth)

Line of uniform
magnetic field of
earth

Geographic South Pole (Earth)

   Fig. 2: Earth as a Magnet
 4  Physics Lab Manual (Class 12)

Magnetic Meridian: The vertical plane passing through the magnetic axis of a freely suspended small magnet
is called magnetic meridian. The Earth’s magnetic field acts in the direction of the magnetic meridian. The
magnetic meridian is an equivalent imaginary line connecting the magnetic south and north poles and can be
N
taken as the horizontal component of magnetic field lines along the surface of the Earth.
Magnetic Needle Compass: Magnetic needle compass is an instrument for determining N

direction on the surface of earth by means of a magnetic pointer that align itself with W E
S
Earth’s magnetic field. A magnetic compass has a flat circular aluminium box, at the base
of which are marked directions like north, south, east and west. A suspended magnetic
S
needle is placed in the centre which can rotate freely.
Fig. 3: Magnetic compass

Procedure
1. Take a sheet of peper and fix it on the drawing board by using drawing pins.
2. Take a magnetic needle compass and place it on the sheet. Mark two points against north and south ends
of its needle.
3. Replace the magnetic needle compass and mark north pole again in such a way that it lie at previously
marked south pole.
4. Again, mark a point near the north pole for the new position of the needle compass and repeat the same
process for 5-6 times.
5. Join all the marked points with a straight line and repeat the above steps to draw more lines parallel to the
first line. These parallel lines represents the magnetic field lines of the Earth.
S N
S N
S N
S N
Fig. 4: Magnetic field lines of Earth
6. Now, draw a line parallel to these magnetic field lines in the middle of the sheet. This line shows the direction
of the magnetic meridian.
7. Now, take a bar magnet and place it on the sheet along this line in such a way that north pole of the bar
magnet lies in the north direction.
8. Draw the outline of bar magnet and place the needle compass near the north pole of the bar magnet. Mark
points at the ends of the needle.
9. Replace the magnetic needle compass and mark north pole again in such a way that it lie at previously
marked point.
10. Again, mark a point for the new position of the needle compass and repeat the same process for 5-6 times.
S N S
N
S
S
N N
Compass needle
S N
N S

Bar magnet
S N
N S

Fig. 5: Magnetic field around a bar magnet

11. Join all the points with a smooth curve and indicate an arrow to show the direction of the magnetic field
line.
 Investigatory Project  5
12. Repeat the above steps to draw many lines on both sides of bar magnet as shown in figure.
North pole

South pole

Fig. 6: Magnetic field lines around a bar magnet

13. Now, draw a line perpendicular to the axis of the bar magnet, bisecting it.
14. Place the needle compass on this line. You will find one point on each side of the bar magnet on this line,
where the needle will appear to become free and it takes a complete round. Mark these points as M and N.
These points are known as neutral points (see Fig. 7)
North pole

N
M,N : Neutral Points

M N
S

South pole
Fig. 7: Magnetic field lines around a bar magnet with its north pole pointing north of the Earth

result 
The pattern of magnetic field lines (shown in fig. 7) represents the combined magnetic field of the Earth and
the bar magnet. This combined magnetic field of the Earth and the bar magnet is:
(i) strongest near the poles of the bar magnet,
(ii) very weak, but not zero at points, very far from the magnet,
(iii) zero at the neutral points M and N.
 6  Physics Lab Manual (Class 12)
Precautions
1. Mark all the points with sharp pencil.
2. There should not be any other magnetic substance or device near the bar magnet during drawing the
magnetic field lines.
3. A small compass needle should be used for drawing the magnetic field lines.
4. The position of the bar magnet and the drawing board should not be disturbed while performing the
experiment.
5. Take care for direction of magnetic field lines during the experiment.

Viva Voce
Q.1. What is a magnet? Q.11. How many poles does a magnet have?
Ans.  A magnet is a material or object that produces Ans.  A magnet has two poles-North pole and South
a magnetic field. pole.
Q.2. What is the important property of a Q.12. Are the magnetic poles present at the
magnet? ends of a magnet?
Ans.  A magnet attracts magnetic substances like Ans.  No, they are present a little inside the ends of
iron, steel and nickel towards it. magnet.
Q.3. What is a natural magnet? Q.13. State some properties of a bar magnet.
Ans.  A natural magnet is a magnet that occurs Ans. Some properties of bar magnet are:
naturally in the nature. (i) Poles exist in pairs
Q.4. Name the strongest natural magnetic (ii) Attractive property
material. (iii) Like poles repel each other and unlike
Ans. Lodestone. poles attract each other
Q.5. What is an artificial magnet? (iv) Directive property.
Ans.  An artificial magnet is a magnetised piece of Q.14. How can you obtain the magnetic field
iron, which is made by people. lines around a bar magnet?
Q.6. Give two examples of artificial magnets. Ans.  The magnetic field lines around a bar magnet
can be obtained by using a magnetic needle.
Ans. Bar magnet and horse shoe magnet.
Q.15. What is a magnetic needle compass?
Q.7. What is a bar magnet?
Ans.  A magnetic needle compass is an instrument
Ans.  A bar magnet is a rectangular piece of an object for determining direction on the surface of the
made of steel, iron or any type of magnetic Earth.
substance. Q.16. What is a neutral point?
Q.8. What is magnetic field? Ans.  A neutral point is the point at which the
Ans.  The space around a magnet in which its resultant of the magnetic field due to magnet
influence can be experienced is called its and the Earth’s magnetic field is zero.
magnetic field. Q.17. Why is a neutral point called so?
Q.9. Do two magnetic field lines intersect each Ans. Neutral point is called so because at these
other? points, the magnetic field of the bar margnet
Ans. No. and the magnetic field of the Earth are exactly
Q.10. Can we separate the poles of a magnet? equal and opposite; so the resultant magnetic
Ans. No. field is zero.  ●