Practical no 4

// C-program for circle drawing

// using Bresenham’s Algorithm

// in computer-graphics

#include <stdio.h>

#include <dos.h>

#include <graphics.h>

// Function to put pixels

// at subsequence points

void drawCircle(int xc, int yc, int x, int y){

putpixel(xc+x, yc+y, RED);

putpixel(xc-x, yc+y, RED);

putpixel(xc+x, yc-y, RED);

putpixel(xc-x, yc-y, RED);

putpixel(xc+y, yc+x, RED);

putpixel(xc-y, yc+x, RED);

putpixel(xc+y, yc-x, RED);

putpixel(xc-y, yc-x, RED);

// Function for circle-generation

// using Bresenham's algorithm

void circleBres(int xc, int yc, int r){

int x = 0, y = r;

int d = 3 - 2 * r;

drawCircle(xc, yc, x, y);

while (y >= x){

// check for decision parameter

// and correspondingly
 // update d, y

if (d > 0) {

y--;

d = d + 4 * (x - y) + 10;

else

d = d + 4 * x + 6;

// Increment x after updating decision parameter

x++;

// Draw the circle using the new coordinates

drawCircle(xc, yc, x, y);

delay(50);

int main()

int xc = 50, yc = 50, r = 30;

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, ""); // initialize graph

circleBres(xc, yc, r); // function call

return 0;

}
Practical no 5

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<graphics.h>

#include<dos.h>

void flood(int,int,int,int);

void main()

intgd=DETECT,gm;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:/TURBOC3/bgi");

rectangle(50,50,250,250);

flood(55,55,10,0);

getch();

void flood(intx,inty,intfillColor, intdefaultColor)

if(getpixel(x,y)==defaultColor)

delay(1);

putpixel(x,y,fillColor);

flood(x+1,y,fillColor,defaultColor);

flood(x-1,y,fillColor,defaultColor);

flood(x,y+1,fillColor,defaultColor);

flood(x,y-1,fillColor,defaultColor);

}
Praactical no 6

/* Boundary Fill Algorithm */

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<graphics.h>

void boundaryFill4(int x, int y, int fill_color,int boundary_color)

if(getpixel(x, y) != boundary_color &&

getpixel(x, y) != fill_color)

putpixel(x, y, fill_color);

boundaryFill4(x + 1, y, fill_color, boundary_color);

boundaryFill4(x, y + 1, fill_color, boundary_color);

boundaryFill4(x - 1, y, fill_color, boundary_color);

boundaryFill4(x, y - 1, fill_color, boundary_color);

//driver code

int main()

// gm is Graphics mode which is

// a computer display mode that

// generates image using pixels.

// DETECT is a macro defined in

// "graphics.h" header file

int gd = DETECT, gm;

int x , y , radius;

// initgraph initializes the

 // graphics system by loading a

// graphics driver from disk

printf("\n\n Enter x,y coordinates and radius of circle: ");

scanf("%d%d%d",&x,&y,&radius);

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\TURBOC3\\BGI");

// circle fuction

circle(x, y, radius);

// Function calling

boundaryFill4(x, y, 6, 15);

delay(10000);

getch();

// closegraph function closes the

// graphics mode and deallocates

// all memory allocated by

// graphics system .

closegraph();

return 0;

}
Practical no 7,8,9

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<graphics.h>

#include<math.h>

int x=330,y=250;

int a[4][2]={{50,50},{100,50},{100,100},{50,100}};

void draw(int x,int y)

setcolor(WHITE);

line(x,y-250,x,y+250);

line(x-330,y,x+330,y);

void stat(int x,int y)

line(x+a[0][0],y-a[0][1],x+a[1][0],y-a[1][1]);

line(x+a[1][0],y-a[1][1],x+a[2][0],y-a[2][1]);

line(x+a[2][0],y-a[2][1],x+a[3][0],y-a[3][1]);

line(x+a[3][0],y-a[3][1],x+a[0][0],y-a[0][1]);

void translate(int x,int y)

int tx,ty,xt,yt;

cleardevice();

printf("\nEnter translation factor (tx,ty): ");

scanf("%d%d",&tx,&ty);

cleardevice();

draw(x,y);

setcolor(WHITE);

stat(x,y);

xt=x+tx;
yt=y+ty;

getch();

setcolor(GREEN);

stat(xt,yt);

void rotate(int x,int y)

double d,x2r,y2r,x3r,y3r,x4r,y4r;

cleardevice();

printf("\nEnter Angle of Rotation: ");

scanf("%lf",&d);

cleardevice();

draw(x,y);

setcolor(WHITE);

stat(x,y);

d=(d*3.14)/180;

x2r=a[0][0]+(((a[1][0]-a[0][0])*cos(d))-((a[1][1]-a[0][1])*sin(d)));

y2r=a[0][1]+(((a[1][0]-a[0][0])*sin(d))+((a[1][1]-a[0][1])*cos(d)));

x3r=a[0][0]+(((a[2][0]-a[0][0])*cos(d))-((a[2][1]-a[0][1])*sin(d)));

y3r=a[0][1]+(((a[2][0]-a[0][0])*sin(d))+((a[2][1]-a[0][1])*cos(d)));

x4r=a[0][0]+(((a[3][0]-a[0][0])*cos(d))-((a[3][1]-a[0][1])*sin(d)));

y4r=a[0][1]+(((a[3][0]-a[0][0])*sin(d))+((a[3][1]-a[0][1])*cos(d)));

getch();

setcolor(GREEN);

line(x+a[0][0],y-a[0][1],x+x2r,y-y2r);

line(x+x2r,y-y2r,x+x3r,y-y3r);

line(x+x3r,y-y3r,x+x4r,y-y4r);

line(x+x4r,y-y4r,x+a[0][0],y-a[0][1]);

void scale(int x,int y)

{
int sx,sy;

cleardevice();

printf("\nEnter scaling factor (sx,sy): ");

scanf("%d%d",&sx,&sy);

cleardevice();

draw(x,y);

setcolor(WHITE);

stat(x,y);

getch();

setcolor(GREEN);

line(x+a[0][0]*sx,y-a[0][1]*sy,x+a[1][0]*sx,y-a[1][1]*sy);

line(x+a[1][0]*sx,y-a[1][1]*sy,x+a[2][0]*sx,y-a[2][1]*sy);

line(x+a[2][0]*sx,y-a[2][1]*sy,x+a[3][0]*sx,y-a[3][1]*sy);

line(x+a[3][0]*sx,y-a[3][1]*sy,x+a[0][0]*sx,y-a[0][1]*sy);

void reflect(int x,int y)

int x1,y1,ch;

printf("\n1.About X-axis\n2.About Y-axis:\nEnter choice: ");

scanf("%d",&ch);

cleardevice();

draw(x,y);

setcolor(WHITE);

stat(x,y);

getch();

x1=-1;

y1=1;

setcolor(GREEN);

if(ch==2)

line(x+a[0][0]*x1,y-a[0][1]*y1,x+a[1][0]*x1,y-a[1][1]*y1);
 line(x+a[1][0]*x1,y-a[1][1]*y1,x+a[2][0]*x1,y-a[2][1]*y1);

line(x+a[2][0]*x1,y-a[2][1]*y1,x+a[3][0]*x1,y-a[3][1]*y1);

line(x+a[3][0]*x1,y-a[3][1]*y1,x+a[0][0]*x1,y-a[0][1]*y1);

else

line(x-a[0][0]*x1,y+a[0][1]*y1,x-a[1][0]*x1,y+a[1][1]*y1);

line(x-a[1][0]*x1,y+a[1][1]*y1,x-a[2][0]*x1,y+a[2][1]*y1);

line(x-a[2][0]*x1,y+a[2][1]*y1,x-a[3][0]*x1,y+a[3][1]*y1);

line(x-a[3][0]*x1,y+a[3][1]*y1,x-a[0][0]*x1,y+a[0][1]*y1);

void shear(int x,int y)

int shr,sh1,sh2,shear;

cleardevice();

printf("\n1: Shear w.r.t X-axis\n2: Shear w.r.t Y-axis");

printf("\nEnter choice: ");

scanf("%d",&shear);

printf("\nEnter shear value: ");

scanf("%d",&shr);

cleardevice();

draw(x,y);

setcolor(WHITE);

stat(x,y);

getch();

setcolor(GREEN);

switch(shear)

case 1:

{
 sh1=shr*a[2][1];

sh2=shr*a[3][1];

line(x+a[0][0],y-a[0][1],x+a[1][0],y-a[1][1]);

line(x+a[1][0],y-a[1][1],x+a[2][0]+sh1,y-a[2][1]);

line(x+a[2][0]+sh1,y-a[2][1],x+a[3][0]+sh2,y-a[3][1]);

line(x+a[3][0]+sh2,y-a[3][1],x+a[0][0],y-a[0][1]);

break;

case 2:

sh1=shr*a[1][0];

sh2=shr*a[2][0];

line(x+a[0][0],y-a[0][1],x+a[1][0],y-a[1][1]-sh2);

line(x+a[1][0],y-a[1][1]-sh2,x+a[2][0],y-a[2][1]-sh2);

line(x+a[2][0],y-a[2][1]-sh2,x+a[3][0],y-a[3][1]);

line(x+a[3][0],y-a[3][1],x+a[0][0],y-a[0][1]);

break;

void main()

int ch;

int gd=DETECT,gm;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\turboc3\\bgi");

cleardevice();

printf("\n1: TRANSLATION \n2: ROTATION \n3: SCALING \n4: REFLECTION \n5: SHEAR");

printf("\nEnter choice: ");

scanf("%d",&ch);

switch(ch)

{
 case 1: translate(x,y);

break;

case 2: rotate(x,y);

break;

case 3: scale(x,y);

break;

case 4: reflect(x,y);

break;

case 5: shear(x,y);

break;

default:printf("Wrong choice");

break;

getch();

closegraph();

restorecrtmode();

}
Translation
Rotation

Scaling
Reflection

Shear
Practical no 10,11

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<graphics.h>

#include<math.h>

int maxx,maxy,midx,midy;

void axis()

getch();

cleardevice();

line(midx,0,midx,maxy);

line(0,midy,maxx,midy);

void main()

int gd,gm,x,y,z,ang,x1,x2,y1,y2;

detectgraph(&gd,&gm);

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\turboc3\\bgi");

setfillstyle(3,25);

maxx=getmaxx();

maxy=getmaxy();

midx=maxx/2;

midy=maxy/2;

outtextxy(100,100,"ORIGINAL OBJECT");

line(midx,0,midx,maxy);

line(0,midy,maxx,midy);

bar3d(midx+100,midy-20,midx+60,midy-90,20,5);

axis();

outtextxy(100,20,"TRANSLATION");

printf("\n\n Enter the Translation vector: ");

scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);

bar3d(midx+100,midy-20,midx+60,midy-90,20,5);

bar3d(midx+(x+100),midy-(y+20),midx+(x+60),midy-(y+90),20,5);

axis();

outtextxy(100,20,"SCALING");

printf("\n Enter the Scaling Factor: ");

scanf("%d%d%d",&x,&y,&z);

bar3d(midx+100,midy-20,midx+60,midy-90,20,5);

bar3d(midx+(x*100),midy-(y*20),midx+(x*60),midy-(y*90),20*z,5);

axis();

outtextxy(100,20,"ROTATION");

printf("\n Enter the Rotation angle: ");

scanf("%d",&ang);

x1=100*cos(ang*3.14/180)-20*sin(ang*3.14/180);

y1=100*sin(ang*3.14/180)+20*sin(ang*3.14/180);

x2=60*cos(ang*3.14/180)-90*sin(ang*3.14/180);

y2=60*sin(ang*3.14/180)+90*sin(ang*3.14/180);

axis();

printf("\n After rotating about z-axis\n");

bar3d(midx+100,midy-20,midx+60,midy-90,20,5);

bar3d(midx+x1,midy-y1,midx+x2,midy-y2,20,5);

axis();

printf("\n After rotating about x-axis\n");

bar3d(midx+100,midy-20,midx+60,midy-90,20,5);

bar3d(midx+100,midy-x1,midx+60,midy-x2,20,5);

axis();

printf("\n After rotating about y-axis\n");

bar3d(midx+100,midy-20,midx+60,midy-90,20,5);

bar3d(midx+x1,midy-20,midx+x2,midy-90,20,5);

axis();

closegraph(); }
3d Translation
Rotation
3D Scaling
Practical no 12

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<graphics.h>

int xwmax=300,xwmin=200,ywmax=100,ywmin=200,ax,ay,bx,by;

void input()

printf("Enter points in a & b:\n");

scanf("%d%d%d%d",&ax,&ay,&bx,&by);

void draw()

rectangle(xwmin,ywmin,xwmax,ywmax);

void clip(int x,int y,int p[4])

if(y<ywmax)

p[0]=1;

if(y>ywmin)

p[1]=1;

if(x>xwmax)

p[2]=1;

if(x<xwmin)

p[3]=1;

else

p[3]=0;

void main()

int gd=DETECT,gm,y,x,c,p1[4],p2[4],p3[4],i;

float m;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\turboc3\\bgi");

cleardevice();

input();

cleardevice();

clip(ax,ay,p1);

clip(bx,by,p2);

for(i=0;i<4;i++)

p3[3]=p1[i]&&p2[i];

for(i=0;i<4;i++)

if(p3[i]==1)

break;

draw();

line(ax,ay,bx,by);

getch();

cleardevice();

if(i!=4)

draw();

else

m=(float)(by-ay)/(bx-ax);

if(p1[0]==1)

y=ywmax;

if(p1[1]==1)

y=ywmin;

if(p1[0]==1||p1[1]==1)

ax=ax+(y-ay)/m;

ay=y;

if(p2[0]==1)

y=ywmax;
 if(p2[1]==1)

y=ywmin;

if(p2[0]==1||p2[1]==1)

bx=bx+(y-by)/m;

by=y;

if(p1[2]==1)

x=xwmax;

if(p1[3]==1)

x=xwmin;

if(p1[2]==1||p1[3]==1)

ay=ay+m*(x-ax);

ax=x;

if(p2[2]==1)

x=xwmax;

if(p2[3]==1)

x=xwmin;

if(p2[2]==1||p2[3]==1)

by=by+m*(x-bx);

bx=x;

draw();

line(ax,ay,bx,by);

getch();

closegraph();

restorecrtmode();}
Practical no 13

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <dos.h>

#include <math.h>

#include <graphics.h>

typedef struct coordinate

int x,y;

char code[4];

}PT;

void drawwindow();

void drawline (PT p1,PT p2);

PT setcode(PT p);

int visibility (PT p1,PT p2);

PT resetendpt (PT p1,PT p2);

main()

int gd=DETECT, gm,v;

PT p1,p2,ptemp;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\turboc3\\bgi");

cleardevice();

printf("ENTER END-POINT 1 (x,y):");

scanf("%d%d",&p1.x,&p1.y);

printf("\n ENTER END-POINT 2 (x,y):");

scanf("%d%d",&p2.x,&p2.y);

cleardevice();

drawwindow();

getch();

drawline(p1,p2);
getch();

cleardevice();

drawwindow();

midsub(p1,p2);

getch();

closegraph();

return(0);

}midsub(PT p1,PT p2)

PT mid;

int v;

p1=setcode(p1);

p2=setcode(p2);

v=visibility(p1,p2);

switch(v)

case 0:

drawline(p1,p2);

break;

case 1:break;

case 2:

mid.x = p1.x + (p2.x-p1.x)/2;

mid.y = p1.y + (p2.y-p1.y)/2;

midsub(p1,mid);

mid.x = mid.x+1;

mid.y = mid.y+1;

midsub(mid,p2);

break;

void drawwindow()
{

setcolor(RED);

line(150,100,450,100);

line(450,100,450,400);

line(450,400,150,400);

line(150,400,150,100);

void drawline (PT p1,PT p2)

setcolor(15);

line(p1.x,p1.y,p2.x,p2.y);

PT setcode(PT p)

PT ptemp;

if(p.y<=100) ptemp.code[0]=1; else ptemp.code[0]=0; if(p.y>=400)

ptemp.code[1]=1;

else

ptemp.code[1]=0;

if (p.x>=450)

ptemp.code[2]=1;

else

ptemp.code[2]=0;

if (p.x<=150)

ptemp.code[3]=1;

else

ptemp.code[3]=0;

ptemp.x=p.x;

ptemp.y=p.y;
return(ptemp);

int visibility (PT p1,PT p2)

int i,flag=0;

for(i=0;i<4;i++)

if((p1.code[i]!=0)||(p2.code[i]!=0))

flag=1;

if(flag==0)

return(0);

for(i=0;i<4;i++)

if((p1.code[i]==p2.code[i]) &&(p1.code[i]==1))

flag=0;

if(flag==0)

return(1);

return(2);

}
Pracical no 14

#include<stdio.h>

#include<graphics.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

int main()

int gd,gm,n,*x,i,k=0;

//window coordinates int

wx1=220,wy1=140,wx2=420,wy2=140,wx3=420,wy3=340,wx4=220,wy4=340;

int w[]={220,140,420,140,420,340,220,340,220,140};//array for drawing window

detectgraph(&gd,&gm);

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\turboc3\\bgi"); //initializing graphics

printf("Window:-");

setcolor(RED); //red colored window

drawpoly(5,w); //window drawn

printf("Enter the no. of vertices of polygon: ");

scanf("%d",&n);

x = malloc(n*2+1);

printf("Enter the coordinates of points:\n");

k=0;

for(i=0;i<n*2;i+=2) //reading vertices of polygon

printf("(x%d,y%d): ",k,k);

scanf("%d,%d",&x[i],&x[i+1]);

k++;

x[n*2]=x[0]; //assigning the coordinates of first vertex to last additional vertex for drawpoly
method.

x[n*2+1]=x[1];

setcolor(WHITE);

drawpoly(n+1,x);
 printf("\nPress a button to clip a polygon..");

getch();

setcolor(RED);

drawpoly(5,w);

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,BLACK);

floodfill(2,2,RED);

gotoxy(1,1); //bringing cursor at starting position

printf("\nThis is the clipped polygon..");

getch();

cleardevice();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
Practical no 15

#include<graphics.h>

#include<math.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

int x[4],y[4],i;

double put_x,put_y,t;

int gr=DETECT,gm;

initgraph(&gr,&gm,"C:\\TURBOC3\\BGI");

printf("\n****** Bezier Curve ***********");

printf("\n Please enter x and y coordinates ");

for(i=0;i<4;i++)

scanf("%d%d",&x[i],&y[i]);

putpixel(x[i],y[i],3); // Control Points

for(t=0.0;t<=1.0;t=t+0.001) // t always lies between 0 and 1

put_x = pow(1-t,3)*x[0] + 3*t*pow(1-t,2)*x[1] + 3*t*t*(1-t)*x[2] + pow(t,3)*x[3]; // Formula to draw

curve

put_y = pow(1-t,3)*y[0] + 3*t*pow(1-t,2)*y[1] + 3*t*t*(1-t)*y[2] + pow(t,3)*y[3];

putpixel(put_x,put_y, WHITE); // putting pixel

getch();

closegraph();