“A STUDY OF SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT IN INDORE”

A
Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology in
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted to
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL
(M.P.)

Guided by Submitted By
Mr. Ashish Jain Ajay Thakur (0832CE201003)
Gajraj Kaleshriya (0832CE211008)
Gopal Satokia (0832CE213D06)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS , INDORE (M.P.) 452020

2024-25
 “ A STUDY OF SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN INDORE”

A Minor Project

Software Requirement Specification Report submitted to Rajiv Gandhi

Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal

Bachelor of Technology
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
By

Ajay Thakur (0832CE201003)

Gajraj Kaleshriya (0832CE211008)
Gopal Satokia (0832CE213D06)

Under the guidance of

Mr. Ashish Jain

Asst. Prof.

Session: 2024-25 Department of CIVIL ENGINEERING

Chameli Devi Group of Institutions, Indore 452020 (Madhya Pradesh)
 DECLARATION

We certify that the work contained in this report is original and has been done by us under the
guidance of my supervisor(s).
a. The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any degree or diploma.
b. We have followed the guidelines provided by the Institute in preparing the report.
c. We have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of Conduct
of the Institute.
d. Whenever we have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures, and text) from
other sources, we have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the report
and giving their details in the references.

Name and Signature of Project Team Members:

Sr. Enrollment No. Name of students Signature of

No. students
1. 0832CE201003 Ajay Thakur

2. 0832CE211008 Gajraj Kaleshriya

3. 0832CE213D06 Gopal Satokia

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE

 CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project report entitled, “A STUDY OF SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT IN INDORE” is a bonafide work done under my guidance by

Ajay Thakur, Gajraj Kaleshriya, Gopal Satokia, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering.

Date: _________________________

(Prof. Ashish Jain)

Guide

__________________________ _________________________

(Prof. Arpit Jaiswal) (Prof. Mayank Soni)

Head of the Department Project Coordinator

 CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS INDORE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have immense pleasure in expressing our sincerest and deepest sense of gratitude towards
our guide Prof. Ashish Jain for the assistance, valuable guidance and co- operation in carrying
out this Project work. We are developing this project with the help of Faculty members of our
institute and we are extremely grateful to all of them. We also take this opportunity to thank
Head of the Department Prof. Arpit Jaiswal, and Principal of Chameli Devi Group of
Institutions Dr. Manish Shrivastava, for providing the required facilities for the project work.
We are greatly thankful to our parents, friends and faculty members for their motivation,
guidance and help whenever needed.

Name and Signature of Team Members:

1. Ajay Thakur

2. Gajraj Kaleshriya

3. Gopal Satokia
CONTENTS Page No.
Title Page 1-2
Declaration 3
Certificate by the Supervisor 4
Acknowledgement 5
Index 6
Abstrct 7
Abbreviations 8
Introduction 9-10
Swaccha Bharat Mission 11
The Collection Plan 12-16
StepWise Procedure Of Waste Management 17-23
Converting Waste To Fuel 24
Technique Used By Indore In MSW 25-30
Conclusion 31
Refrences 32

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Sample 4)

 Abstract

Due to the rapid increase in population, Municipal solid waste management has become
an important activity in urban localities. It is one of the obligatory responsibility of
Municipal Corporation and urban local bodies to minimize solid waste and process it
efficiently. The high generation rate of municipal solid waste and the complexity of waste
generation are major challenges of Municipal Corporation Indore is considered as the
business capital of Madhya Pradesh state.

The present population in Indore is more than 35 lacks. Apart from infrastructural
development, equal importance should be given to Municipal solid waste. A wellplanned
system needs to be followed to maintain municipal solid waste. The present study aims to
analyze the present situation of waste generation, collection, transportation, and disposal
of the Indore city.

The study also discusses various governmental policies introduced to manage waste
effectively. This study will provide its readers with a fair idea of the existing scenario of
Municipal waste management system of the Indore city.
 Abbreviations

NGT: National Green Tribunal; ₹: Rupee; MT: Metric ton; GPS: Global Positioning System;
GoI: Government of India; DHW: Domestic Hazardous Waste; GTS: Garbage Transfer
Station; MRF: Material Recovery Facility; CBWTF: Common Biomedical Waste Facility;
OD: Open Defecation; RDF: Refuse Derive Fuel.
 Introduction

It is a categorical belief that the clean environment is the fundamental right of every citizen
under Article 21 and the local as well as state authorities must ensure that public health is
well-maintained by all possible means. Following the same, a 2019 order by National Green
Tribunal (NGT) was noted to overcome the financial inability.
Cities having population more than 100,000 produce 67,000 tons per day or 44% of total
waste generated in the country, as per reported by July 18, 2019 answer in the Lok Sabha.
The NGT asked the central and state government to form the guidelines to implement Solid
Waste Management Rules, 2016. To speed-up the process, NGT announced that any state or
union territory which does not comply with these statutory obligations shall be liable to be
proceeded against as per the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Also, the state would be
asked to pay a fine, and the senior officer of the state or local body could also be personally
liable [1].
“The stark reality is that no one wants to pay for this. No one believes they are responsible for
the garbage they produce even though India has always followed the principle that the
polluter pays,” said Shah of Swaha, the company making mobile composting vans.
But “the success of Indore shows that this is doable” It’s a lighthouse project for MP, and for
other similar cities across the country.”
In 10 years, Indore will create 2,000 metric tons of waste every day, up from the current 1,200
metric tons, as per estimations. The point is to diminish this waste and keep it at 1,500 metric
tons, particularly by lessening plastic waste and usable food waste.
India’s cleanliness overview depends on the on-ground confirmation, resident input, handling
of waste, innovative methodologies, financial sustainability, and recovering solid waste
administration costs, isolation at source, and nature of administration and execution. In 2019,
of 100 urban communities with a population of more than 100,000, Indore positioned first.
The second place was Bhopal, the capital of Madhya Pradesh, trailed by Chandigarh and New
Delhi.
Indore was positioned first in 2017, up from 25 in 2016, a position it has kept up for longer
than a year. In spite of the fact that the venture was initially pushed by the then city official
Manish Singh, the program has kept on being implemented and improved by the present
magistrate, Asheesh Singh, experts and residents said, showing that the program is not
dependent on a single person.
Further, isolating waste has become a propensity; occupants were astonished when this
columnist interrogated them regarding trash isolation and assortment.
Moreover, the city’s model is exceptionally cost concentrated, said Sambyal of CSE. Indore
has made a capital venture of rupees 180 crore into the program and spent rupees 155 crore
on its activities in FY 2017-2018.
Numerous urban areas don’t get that sort of cash for strong waste administration and
sanitation. However, Indore likewise has a ‘robust collection of user fees, high punishment
charges, and makes revenue from the sale of fertilizer and dry waste’, which makes it a
success win circumstance.
The program gathered ₹27 crore in user expenses, while the remainder of the funding was
subsidized by property taxes. Household units pay between ₹60 and 150 a month dependent
on the waste they produce, and business offices pay ₹3 for every kg of waste.
Indore intends to decentralize waste processing, for example, in the road food and vegetable
market. This would help diminish user fees, and the end client could profit by the final result
of waste handling, and help the IMC lessen transportation and preparing costs. The IMC
plans to lessen costs by 10% consistently, through such activities. Decentralized waste
processing is followed in different urban communities, for example, Mysuru, Karnataka, and
Panaji, Goa.
 Swatch bharat mission (clean India mission): The story of indore

On 2nd October 2014, the birthday of the father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi, the ‘Swatch
Bharat Mission’ (SBM) was propelled by the Government of India. The mission was divided
into two sections – urban and rural. In urban regions, the emphasis was on building Open
Defecation Free (ODF) towns by developing individual, network and public toilets, and solid
waste management.

Indore today produces more than 1,115 MT of trash a day and every last bit of it is gathered
from the source whether it is a family unit or business foundation. The door-to-door
collection was begun in January 2016 as a pilot extends in two of the 84 wards in the city. It
took close to 12 months to accomplish a 100% way to door-to-door trash assortment. Indore
through its excellent community-oriented endeavors has accomplished segregation of waste
at source at 100% of its family units and business units.

Residents of Indore assumed a critical job in making the city slick and clean. The tidiness
situation of Indore was changed by improved lifestyles or its residents. Within a year, the
Municipal Corporation effectively sharpened residents for segregation at spots and not
dumping trash in open territories. The Swachhata story of Indore is really changed through
network investment.
 The collection plan

Solid waste management was carried out in following stages [1-4].

Primary collection: Household waste was gathered in certain areas by municipality laborers
and in others through the private arrangements by lodging settlements.
Private waste gatherers were designated “Jagirdars”. They had poor service quality levels and
frequently dumped the trash in open government land/void plots prompting risks for
residents.
Generally, the waste gathered was placed in dustbins along central avenues. The city had
1380 dustbins with some of them fit as a fiddle. These dustbins would regularly flood making
an ugly look around the city. Stray animals (dairy animals, pigs, and dogs) would benefit
from this trash. A portion of these animals (cows and pigs) were taken care of by the Jagirdars
who could get extra pay by milking the cows or selling them for meat. They had a personal
stake in not keeping the localities clean so the animals could benefit from them and lessen
their support cost on these animals.

Secondary collection: From the focal dustbins, waste was expelled by a private contractor
authority worker A2Z Infrastructure Limited and moved to open dumping ground into
Devguradia. A2Z was confronting an extreme financial emergency prompting seriously
influenced secondary waste transportation framework. Their money related burdens were
reflected in the poor support of vehicles oversaw by them and unpredictable assistance
prompting collection and flooding of dustbins.
The combination of poor assortment and transportation of household unit waste lend a dingy
look to the city. Moreover, open defecation was common in slum regions as the region had
not given enough open toilets to such individuals to utilize. Indeed, even with the city zones,
the tidiness of open toilets was inappropriate prompting open defecation by different
residents also.
The Mayor communicated her anxiety about tidiness to the official and apprehensions about
continuing with A2Z which prompted an end of the agreement in August 2015.
Door to door collection

Indore has been divided into 19 zones and 85 wards. Each ward has on a normal 6,000 family
units and 600 business foundations (some portion of 88 told business territories). In Indore,
waste is produced from different sources including family units, business zones, and different
establishments like RWAs, hospitals, commercial areas. The families or private edifices are
secured by the door to door collection framework while the semi mass and mass generators
are secured by the bulk assortment framework. Indore guarantees the 100% coverage of
wards through its door to door framework [1].

Implementation of D2D collection system: In order to execute an effective way for the door
to door collection system, a recognized study investigation must be completed to assist with
making the amount of waste produced at each ward and the number of inhabitants in each
ward. On that premise, a detailed course plan was set up to cover all wards. According to the
course plan, a definite vehicle and staff organization plan was executed so as to meet the
collection demands of each ward.
The door to door collection system is done using partitioned vehicles. There are three separate
assortment bins for wet, dry, and residential hazardous waste in every tipper. These tippers
carry the waste from households to the exchange station, from where the waste is moved to
the digging ground in hook loaders. All vehicles utilized in the assortment and transportation
framework are observed by a GPS empowered system. The GPS system is continually
observed by the monitoring cell. Any off-route deviations by specific drivers are punished
and multiple deviations are also grounds for termination.
The wet waste from the houses is gathered through the Door to Door Collection System. The
door to door assortment framework has been conveyed by IMC to gather the waste from
household generators and business regions in Indore. The waste is gathered through
partitioned vehicles known as ‘Tippers’ and shipped to the Garbage Transfer Stations for
auxiliary assortment.
Wet waste from semi bulk generators producing 25 to 100 kg of waste is gathered through the
Bulk Collection System. The bulk collection vehicles comprise of a dumper (Figure 1) which
is utilized to gather wet waste and a compactor which is utilized to gather dry waste. These
vehicles move in pairs according to a predefined arrangement plan. These vehicles on
finishing their route, transport the waste directly to the centralized preparing plant.
The bulk generators producing in excess of 50 kg of waste goes under the class of bulk trash
generators. According to the GoI rules, it is compulsory for these generators to have on-site
processing of their wet waste. Thus the wet waste isn’t gathered from these generators.
The wet waste gathered by the door to door system vehicles is taken by the tippers to one of
the eight exchange stations. At the GTS, the tippers empty the wet waste into committed
compactors that pack and load of the wet waste on devoted hook loaders. The details of all
the approaching waste gathering vehicles are signed in the logbooks at the GTS. The mass
assortment vehicles don’t travel out to the GTS however directly to the processing plant in
the wake of finishing their individual collection routes.
The Weighment Bridge office is set up at the central processing plant. This is the primary
purpose of communication for all the vehicles approaching at the plant. This is a mechanized
office where the weight of all the wet waste that is being gathered by the door to door
collection and the bulk collection framework is done before it can move to the handling plant.
The wet waste is processed in two different ways for example Central Processing Plant and
Decentralized Waste Processing Units. All the wet waste of the mass generators (50 kg or
more) is prepared at their premises, so this waste isn’t handled at the central plant. The wet
waste from the GTS (D2D Collection) and semi mass assortment (25 to 100 kg) is transported
to the central wet waste handling plant, where it is prepared into fertilizer.
The Domestic Hazardous Waste consists of material as sanitary pads, lead acid batteries, etc.
This waste is collected in a separate bin which is attached at the back of the waste collection
vehicle.

Domestic hazardous waste

The Domestic Hazardous Waste consists of material as sanitary pads, lead acid batteries, etc.
This waste is collected in a separate bin which is attached at the back of the waste collection
vehicle. Waste composition in Indore is classified in Table 1 and Figure 2.
Table 1: Types of waste and their sources.

Type Sources

Organic Food scraps, yard (leaves, grass, and brush) waste, wood, process residues.

Paper Paper scraps, cardboard, newspaper, magazine, bags, boxes, wrapping paper, telephone books,
shredded paper, paper beverage cup. Strictly speaking papering
Organic but unless it is contained by food residue, paper is not classified as organic.

Plastic Bottles, packing, containers, bags, lids, cups.

Glass Bottles, broken glassware, light bulbs, colored glass.

Metal Cans, foil, tins, non-hazardous aerosol cans, appliances (white goods), railing.

Other Textiles, leather, rubber, multi-laminates, e-waste, appliances, ash, other inert materials
 Figure 2: Composition of municipal solid waste.

It is explained as:

• The dry waste, similar to wet waste, is gathered through the door to door and mass
assortment frameworks. The dry waste by residents is gathered through tippers and dry waste
produced by all bulk generators is gathered through the bulk collection system. The domestic
hazardous waste is gathered in a different “Third Bin” which is joined at the back of the door
to door tipper.

• The GTS is utilized for secondary collection of waste. The dry waste is emptied into
devoted compactors, packed, stacked onto dedicated hook loaders, and transported to the
central processing plant.

• The DHW is moved into drums which are then fixed and weighed on the spot. This is
finished by the staff of the agency managing the Central Biomedical Waste Treatment
Facility. On weighing, the staff of the office prepares the GTS staff with slips where the time
of collection, date, and weight of gathered waste is recorded. The waste is then moved to the
facilities in assigned vans.

• The waste is then moved to the Weighbridge Facility. This facility is situated at the
central waste handling plant and is the primary stoppage of all the vehicles approaching at the
plant. The electronic office records the heaviness of all the dry waste that is being gathered
by the door to door collection and the bulk collection framework alongside different
recordings as vehicle in-out time, enrollment number, source move station, etc.

• Indore has centralized dry waste handling and processing plants at Deveguradiya.
Here, the dry waste is isolated into various segments as metal, plastic, paper, rubber, etc. This
isolation is finished by the 343 rag pickers employed at the two Material Recovery Facilities
at the plant.
The Domestic Hazardous Waste is sent directly from the GTS to the Central DHW Treatment
Facility to be incinerated. This is overseen by an outside contracted organization. The facility
is utilized for the treatment of biomedical and household dangerous waste. At this office, the
waste is incinerated. In dry waste handling, Inert is recuperated at both the MRFs. The inert is
then moved to the sanitary landfill at the same location. Prior to the moving, the inert is
weighed at the weighbridge and signed in the system. The remaining parts of DHW, which
are left after the waste is burned, are likewise sent to be landfilled. This is a different landfill
system built solely for hazardous waste and is referred to as a hazardous landfill.

Step-wise procedure of waste management from generating spots to

processing units

Waste generation and segregation: The waste is produced in Indore in a segregated

structure. The waste generators have been named household, semi bulk and bulk generators.
Local generators are the generators that produce under 25 kg of waste for every day.
Generators that produce 25-100 kg of waste for each day have been arranged as semi bulk
generators. The generators producing in excess of 50 kg of waste have been named bulk
generators.
The waste is produced in segregated structure as wet waste, dry waste, and domestic
hazardous waste by the domestic generators. The mass/bulk generators segregate the waste as
wet waste and dry waste.
Waste collection an transportation: The waste is gathered in a segregated structure for
domestic generators by partitioned tippers. These tippers have been partitioned in the
proportion of 50:50, 60:40, or 85:15. The wet and dry waste is gathered by these vehicles in
separate chambers. The domestic hazardous waste is gathered in a different container that is
connected at the rear of the tipper. The tippers have predefined collection routes that have
been characterized in their arrangement plan, controlled from command center as shown in
Figure 3. The tippers on finishing their routes, move to their assigned GTS and offload their
waste in the assigned compactor. The compactor packs the waste and it is stacked on the hook
loader to be moved to the central processing plant.
 Figure 3: Indore Municipal Corporation command center to track garbage vans around the
city.

The waste from the bulk generators is gathered through the bulk framework wherein two
vehicles are conveyed to gather wet waste and dry waste independently. The bulk generators
are additionally separated into two classes according to the amount of waste produced. The
first category comprises of generators that generate 25 to 100 kg of waste. These are little
bulk-mass foundations like small eateries, coffee shops, and so on. From these generators,
both wet and dry waste is gathered in a segregated way by dumpers and compactors that
move in pairs to gather waste along their route. In the subsequent class, the generators
producing more than 100kg waste have been put. These generators are RWAs, community
gardens, hotels, etc. Only dry waste is gathered from these generators as they treat the wet
waste created by them on on-site.

Weighbridge: The processing plant for the weighbridge facility is an automated facility and
the principal point of meeting up for all vehicles approaching the plant to offload their waste.
All the approaching vehicles are squandered after entering the plant and after they have
offloaded the waste to determine the waste that has been brought by them. At that point, a
receipt is produced and recorded at the office. This receipt delineates the amount of waste
moved, type of waste, enlistment number of the vehicle, source transfer station, and the in-out
time of the vehicle.

Waste processing: The dry waste from both the exchange stations and the bulk collection
vehicles is offloaded at the MRF spots, where they are additionally segregated and prepared.
The wet waste from the exchange stations and the bulk collection framework is offloaded for
handling at the central composting plant. The wet waste of the bulk generators is processed
on site by the individual generators.
The residential hazardous waste is treated in a different facility where it is moved directly
from the exchange station in biomedical vans. The hazardous waste is burned at the Central
Biomedical Waste Treatment Facility [5].
Road cleaning: Consistently, 800 km of streets are cleared by machines, footpaths, and road
dividers are washed by a water mist. This uses 400 liters of water each night, majority water
is the reused water from the three sewage treatment plants set up by the IMC. Inside streets
that make up the remainder of the 2,200 km are swept, and the waste is gathered in gunny
sacks, gathered by vans and taken to the waste processing plant.
In the initial a half year of street cleaning, about 20,000 and 30,000 metric tons of residue was
cleared.

Garbage Transfer Station (GTS)

Indore is one of the economically evolved urban areas of Madhya Pradesh and is the
budgetary capital of the state. Indore is the ninth biggest city in India with a population of
around 25 lakhs. The city is divided into 85 Wards and 19 Zones as the operational zone for
Solid Waste Management (SWM). In Indore, waste is gathered in an isolated way for
example the waste is isolated at source by the generators. The absolute waste generation in
Indore is 1115 MTPD. Out of all waste, 58.25% is wet or natural waste, 41.75% is dry waste
and 0.5% is a household hazardous and sanitary waste. The complete wet waste generation is
approximately 650 MTPD and the dry waste is 465 MTPD.
All of the waste collected is shipped by the Tri-partitioned trash tippers sent in all 85 wards to
the assigned GTS. Before this, the waste was being moved to the centralized plant which is
roughly 20-23 km from the city. To strengthen and diminish the expense of the Secondary
Collection and Transportation System, IMC has built eight ultra-modern transfer stations with
three basic models, for example, Ramp based static GTS, portable Compactors based GTS
and semi-portable Compactors based GTS installed by Hyva and TPS at different locations
mentioned below within the city:-
• Star Square
• Kabitkhedi
• F-sector, Sanwer Road
• Sangam Nagar
• Sirpur, Dhar Road
• Lalbagh
• Crystal IT Park
• Rajshahi, DakkanwalaKua
The entirety of the above models have arrangement of segregated waste assortment and
transportation through Hook loaders to the removal site. There are two containers:
• Blue shading: for dry waste collection and
• Green shading: for the collection of wet waste
The MSW from door to door trash tippers is gathered in two stages.
• Stage one: the dry waste is offloaded in the blue hopper
• Stage two: the wet waste is offloaded into the green hopper
These containers are associated with blue and green holders separately (Figure 4). The
separated MSW is packed into respective containers. At the point when the containers are
completely filled, they are lifted by hook loader and sent to the removal site in a segregated
way. The Hook loader which carries wet waste loads their waste straightforwardly to the
Centralized Composting Unit while dry-stacked is led to the Material Recovery Facility
1/Material Recovery Facility 2 at the removal site.

Figure 4: The transfer stations.

The container for sanitary waste and household hazardous waste is off stacked into
devoted drums and is shipped to Common Biomedical Waste Facility (CBWTF)
according to the standards secured under Biomedical Waste Rules 2016.
The city of open defecation

Open defecation refers to the practice whereby people go out in fields, bushes, forests,
open bodies of water, or other open spaces rather than using the toilet to defecate.
Open defecation is because of the lack of toilets and awareness of individuals. Besides
this, awareness of toilets was significant in the mission ODF. In October 2016, NGOs
were signed by the IMC with strict rules of turnover and urban planning experience.
The fundamental responsibility of NGOs was to identify key ODF spots in and around
the city.
The cleaning staff distinguished 72 basic ODF spots in the city. NGOs played an
extremely important role in recognizing ODF spots and illuminating them to the
specialists. The significant accomplishment for ODF got through these NGOs who
worked admirably in recognizing basic ODF spots and bringing out social change
among the general public.
72 OD spots have been distinguished after the overview led in November 2016. So, in
order to dispose of these 72 OD spots, a complete plan was formed by the Indore
Municipal Corporation.
Few attempted activities to make Indore ODF were:
• Devising strategy and action plan for identified 72 critical OD spots.
• Shifting of 5000 slum households to non-occupied Basic Services for Urban Poor
(BSUP) flats within a year.
• Strict action and monitoring by officials of the IMC against defaulters and spot fine
issued to over 500 defaulters.
• Dedicated ODF triggering and monitoring activities by 6 NGOs and 400 officials of
the IMC.
• 12343 IHHL have been identified to be constructed out of which 12343 in total have
been constructed.
• 189 Public toilets have been identified to be constructed and till date, 189 have been
constructed.
Modular toilets have been built in places where slums have been created on private
land, transit, and disputed settlements. This helped in handling the sanitation challenges
led by individuals living on illegally occupied grounds, construction laborers, nomadic
communities, truck parking areas, etc. for whom permanent toilets are not feasible.
Once these slums are migrated, the new toilets can be dismantled and utilized where
required. IMC ordered that all building destinations will give sanitation facilities to its
laborers through a notification.
• 17 mobile toilets (Figure 5) are created by IMC for use at open region capacities and
occasions, for example, marriages, political social occasions, marathons, etc. This
type of toilet is accessible for the resident of Indore on a payment basis. These
charges are affirmed by Mayor in Council. For these versatile toilets, appropriate
cleanliness with water is guaranteed.

Figure 5: Mobile toilets at Indore GTS.

 Classification of waste (Table 2)
Table 2: Sources of solid waste contents and typical waste generation.

Source Typical waste generators Solid waste contents

Residential Single and multifamily Food waste, paper, cardboard, plastics,

dwelling textiles, yard waste, wood, glass, metals,
ashes, special wastes (e.g., Bulky items,
consumer electronics, batteries, oils, tires),
and household hazardous wastes.

Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants, Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food

markets, office building etc. wastes, glass, metals, special wastes,
hazardous waste.

Industrial Light and heavy Housekeeping wastes, packing, food

manufacturing, fabrication, waste, construction and demolition
construction sites, power and materials hazardous waste, ashes, special
chemical plants waste

Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food

government centres. wastes, glass, metals, special wastes,
hazardous waste

Construction and New construction sites, Road Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
Demolition repair, renovation Sites,
demolition of Buildings

Municipal Street cleaning, Landscaping, Street sweepings; landscape and tree

services parks, Beaches, other Trimmings; general wastes from parks,
recreational Areas, water and Beaches, and other recreational areas;
Wastewater treatment Plants Sludge
Process Heavy and light Industrial process wastes, scrap Materials,
(Manufacturing Manufacturing, refineries, off-specification products, Slay tailings
etc.) Chemical plants, power
Plants, mineral extraction
And processing.

Agriculture Crops, orchards, vineyards, Spoiled food wastes, agricultural Wastes,

Dairies, feedlots, farms. hazardous wastes (e.g., Pesticides).

Converting waste to fuel

For the decentralized handling of waste from the vegetable, fruit and flower market, a
biomethanation facility converts organic waste to methane.
Around 20 tons of waste is gathered each day and changed over into 750-800 kg of bio
compressed natural gas (bio-CNG), said Mahindra Waste to Energy Solutions Ltd. The
organization has an agreement with the IMC to work the plant for a long time.
The gas created is utilized to run city transports, and sold as a cooking fuel to hotels and the
Indian Institute of Management, at a financed rate. Squander from the flower industry is kept
independently (1-2 tons every day), and blended in with slurry to produce compost. One of
the plant is shown in Figure 6.
 Figure 6: The bio-methanation facility opposite the vegetable and fruit market. Organic
waste is converted to fuel used by city buses and as cooking fuel .

Techniques used by indore in MSW

Gasification: It is the process where organic material with carbonaceous compounds become
carbon monoxide (CO) when heated above the temperature of 700 oC. The product of this
process is a syngas which is an alternative renewable source of energy. The by-product also
includes solid waste (ash). The various gasifiers available are bed fluidizes bed, fixed bed in
parallel, fixed bed in countercurrent, plasma, entrained flow and free radicals.
Incineration: This involves burning of organic matter present in MSW with combustion and
ashes as a by-products. It is beneficial for pathogens, toxins and other hazardous wastes. The
process is carried out in an incinerator. the installation and maintenance costs are higher, also
the waste mainly consists of high inert content (30-50%), high organic matter (40-60%), high
moisture content, low heat content (~1000 kcal/kg), and thus proves to be a bad option of
waste management.
Composting: This includes breaking down of an organic material and process materials into
fertilizers and soil amendments. Compost is rich in nutrients and is used in soil
rehabilitations.
Landfill: One among the oldest method, this is done on a dump where waste is poured
uniformly and is covered with layer of soil.
Recycling: This process converts wastes into new products. The materials generally includes
glass, paper, electronics, textiles, plastic, metal, etc. It is considered as the key element of
modern waste reduction.

Landfills
The main objective of landfills (Figure 7) is to dispose of solid waste in order that it has
minimum impact on the environment as well as the minimum cost of operation. The site has
to be well managed to place the maximum amount of waste. The four stages of operation
include:
 Figure 7: 15 Lakh MT engineered landfill

Site selection: Factors like geology, topography, land use, transport routes linking the site,
distance from the center of waste generation, etc. need to be considered before using the site
for sanitary landfills.

Preparing the site: Water pollution and operational efficiency are the main factors in
preparing the sanitary landfill sites. Polluted water is prevented from reaching the earth’s
water by introducing a semi-permeable membrane. This membrane is either a layer of natural
clay or artificial sheet if imported clay, soil mixed bentonite, etc. The polluted liquid is
trapped and treated so that only clean water is discharged to the environment. Other factors
like runoff and construction govern the factors of efficiency.

Operations: Continuous compaction is followed to best use void space in the site.
Compaction and daily covering of waste prevents foul smells, controls insects and rats. Gas
emitted from the decomposing waste is collected and is either burnt on-site or used as fuel.

Post-closure management: After the site is closed to further incoming waste, it must be
restored to a natural appearance. However, regular monitoring is required of gas emission and
leachate.

Upgradation of trenching ground:

I. Two engineered landfill of 6.25 acre each has been constructed and are used as and when
required.
II. Bioremediation of 200,000 MT waste dump on 5 acre land has been achieved.
III. Two weigh bridges have been constructed.
IV. Service station has been established where 6 vehicles can be serviced at a time. V. Plastic
collection waste center has been established.
VI. Fire hydrant system has been established for fire-fighting.
VII. For small repairing in vehicles work shop has been established.
VIII. Cement concrete road with drains and electrification with lighting has been done for
better working of waste vehicles.
IX. Green belt has been developed inside and outside the disposal site. X. Boundary wall has
been constructed around the waste disposal site.

Recycling
This stage of municipal treatment includes three components, i.e. Reduce, Reuse and recycle.
Reduction is mainly introduces by policy interventions. For an instance, prohibition of plastic
bags by government. Reuse on the other hand is very common practice all around and it’s easy
to understand the word. However, recycling involves municipal solid waste fractions in the
form of -
Paper and cardboard: These are produced from pulp, which is derived from plant fibers and
wood. They have short life span and thus includes in major quantities of the waste. Different
types of waste papers are: high-grade paper, post-consumer paper, and corrugated board.
The paper is first sorted according to their colour. The next step involves the grinding, this is
done mechanically or sometimes chemically. Mechanical re-pulping yields paper of lower
quality as compared to chemical re-pulping. After agitation, the paper is then mixed with
water to produce slurry. This slurry is thickened and then pressed. It is then dried and is ready
to cut out the sheets. However, whitening or bleaching is optional to perform. Recycling
doesn’t provide 100% strength to the paper probably due to loss of strength.

Glass: In waste system, glass is generally the end product from beverage and food containers.
Three types of glasses are:
• Soda-lime glass: drinking glasses, bottles, jars, etc.
• Crystal glass: art, high quality drinking glasses, vases.
• Borosilicate/Pyrex glass: laboratory glass.
Glass is broken down to form cullet and is melted for the production of new bottles. Cullet is
has a property of melting at lower temperature.

Plastic: Plastics constitute a major fraction of waste. It is usually produced from the
distillation of fossil oil. The granulated or powder is produced from the polymers. The mixing
of different plastics during recycling results in reducing cardinal features. The plastic
recovery can be divided into 2 different ways:
➣ Energy recovery: heat and electricity.
➣ Material recovery: chemical and mechanical recycling.
Chemical recycling involves the breaking up of plastics into monomers which are further
used in refineries to produce new products. Mechanical treatment involves the sorting of
plastic, washing it to remove foreign agents, dried, and cut into chips. These chips are then
extruded and the end product is black plastic.

Metal: Fe and Al are the main metals in solid waste. They are produces from mineral ore and
are used in foils, cans and containers. They follow similar procedure of recycling as that of
glass which includes smelting in a furnace and then generating new products from it.

Conversion of waste into useful products

Compost/fertilizers: Compost is produced by the action of microorganisms and oxygen on
the raw organic material. The raw organic may be of wide variety, such as food waste,
manure, agriculture waste, yard waste, etc. the raw material is processed through sorting to
make a pile of small particles. The pile is either made naturally through the attack of
earthworms, soil insects, and nematodes or through controlled operations like grinding,
shredding and chopping. Once the pile is generated, the soil bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and
actinomycetes act to process the decomposition step. Decomposition of pile follows
following two phases: Active phase and curing phase.
In active phase, temperature increases rapidly due to the metabolism of microorganisms. In
24 and 72 hours, temperature can rise up to 55 to 70 °C. This temperature increases hygiene
of the material by killing pathogens, it also contributes to eliminate weed seeds, and it breaks
down phytotoxic compounds.
In curing phase, the decomposition of organic materials continues into stable humid
substances. There is no clearly defined time for curing, it can take as long as one month to
one year, depending on feedstocks, composting method used and management.

Refuse-derived fuel: The foremost step in the RDF production is sorting non-combustible
wastes like glass and metal from combustibles. The pieces must be small. Next comes the
assembling of unsegregated waste including cloth, plastic, organic waste, etc. To provide
necessary calorific value required for burning. Further, series of steps are followed as
mentioned below:
• Manual Separation
• Air separation: low density material are blown upwards.
• Size reduction
• Trommel screening: also known as rotary screening.
• Drying: it is carried to reduce the moisture content of MSW.
• Metal Separation:

➣ Ferrous metal separation using magnetic separation

➣ Non-Ferrous separation using Eddy current separation
• Producing final product: the residual waste is finally mixed with binders like agricultural
husk and passed through a pelletizing machine that converts the waste into pallets.

Plastics: Plastics comprise a significant division of waste. It is generally created from the
refining of fossil oil. The granulated or powder is delivered from the polymers. The blending
of various plastics during reusing brings about decreasing cardinal highlights. The plastic
recuperation can be partitioned into two unique ways:
• Energy recuperation: Warmth and power.
• Material recuperation: Chemical and mechanical recycling.
Compound reusing includes the separating of plastics into monomers which are additionally
utilized in treatment facilities to deliver new items. Mechanical treatment includes the
arranging of plastic, washing it to expel outside specialists, dried, and cut into chips. These
chips are then expelled and the finished result is dark plastic.

Bio-methanation plant for wholesale vegetable and fruit market

Choitram Mandi is the biggest mandi in Central India. Around 20-25 MTPD fruit and
vegetable waste is produced on a regular schedule. Prior, the waste was gathered and
transferred to the centralized waste processing and disposal site of IMC, which brought about
overwhelming transportation and labor cost. Hence, IMC under its arrangement of advancing
the decentralized treatment of natural waste sets up a Bio-methanation plant (Bio-CNG Plant)
of 20 MTPD capacity. Through the offering process, IMC designated Mahindra and Mahindra
Ltd. Mumbai to build up the plant, which was appointed in December 2017. The general
undertaking cost was ₹15.00 Cr out of which ₹7.2 Cr. VGF was given by IMC. The
concession time of the venture is 15 years.
Presently, all the fruit and vegetable waste generated at Choithram Mandi (Figure 8) is being
gathered and prepared in the Bio CNG plant. Around 800 kg of purified and compressed Bio
CNG having 95% pure Methane gas is generated on daily basis. The pressurized Bio-CNG
gas is utilized as a fuel to work roughly 15 city support buses. The processed slurry is gone
through strong liquid separation unit, filtered fluid is utilized in the making slurry and the rest
is dried and changed into organic fertilizer.
 Figure 8: Choitram Mandi, Indore.

Gap assessment (Table 3)

Table 3: Comparison with SLB provided by MoUD Indicator [1].

Indicator Benchmark levels Indore

Household level coverage of SWM service 100 88.9

Efficiency of collection 100 90

Extent of scientific disposal of MSW 100 8.34

Extend of MSW recovered/recycled 80 40

Extent of segregation of MSW 100 45

Efficiency of redressal of Customer complaints 80 NA

Efficiency in collection of user charges 90 NA

Extent of cost recovery in SWM service 100 NA

To overcome all the deficiencies of present system and to establish soild waste management
system of Indore city as per and Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 following actions are
required:
• 100% door to door collection and storage of waste.
• To make city bin free so as no storage of waste can be done along roads.
• Fixing of litter bins in all commercial areas.
• Establishment of modern transfer stations at strategic locations.
• Establishment of waste to energy plant.

Conclusion

This paper presents the municipal solid waste collection, disposal, and management plan of
the city of Indore in India. The plan is developed by closely monitoring the parameters like
population density, road connectivity, waste generation and disposal capacity, and waste
transportation from collection sites to disposal sites. The transfer stations can be improved in
strength for more efficient management. The model also represents minimum cost to distance
ratio for transportation of wastes to the landfill. The Indore Municipal Corporation uses this
model to support efficient solid waste management and the work schedule of workers.
 References

1. Indore Municipal Corporation.

2. Public Health Department, Indore Municipal Corporation.
3. Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rule 2000.
Government of India, New Delhi.
4. India Infrastructure Report 2018.
5. Indore City Development Plan and City- Level Agenda.