CLASS 10

MATHEMATICS
Ch-13 & 14
Statistics & Probability
(2024-25)
Main Concepts and Results
(A) Statistics
Measures of Central Tendency
(a) Mean of Grouped Data
(i) To find the mean of grouped data, it is assumed that the frequency of each class interval is centred around its
mid-point.
∑
(ii) Direct Method Mean ( 𝑥̅ ) = ,
where the xi (class mark) is the mid-point of the ith class interval and fi is the corresponding frequency.
∑
(iii) Assumed Mean Method Mean ( 𝑥̅ ) = a + is the assumed mean and di = xi – a are the deviations of xi

from a for each i.

∑
(iv) Step-Deviation Method Mean ( 𝑥̅ ) = a + h , where a is the assumed mean, h is the class size and

ui =
(v) If the class sizes are unequal, the formula in (iv) can still be applied by taking h to be a suitable divisor of all the
di ’s.
(b) Mode of Grouped Data
(i) In a grouped frequency distribution, it is not possible to determine the mode by looking at the frequencies. To
find the mode of grouped data, locate the class with the maximum frequency. This class is known as the modal
class. The mode of the data is a value inside the modal class.
(ii) Mode of the grouped data can be calculated by using the formula Mode = 𝑙 + × ℎ, where l is
the lower limit of the modal class, h is the size of the class, f1 is frequency of the modal class and f0 and f2 are
the frequencies of the classes preceding and succeeding the modal class, respectively.
(c) Median of Grouped Data
(i) Cumulative frequency table – the less than type and the more than type of the grouped frequency distribution.
(ii) If n is the total number of observations, locate the class whose cumulative frequency is greater than (and
nearest to) . This class is called the median class.

(iii) Median of the grouped data can be calculated by using the formula : Median = 𝑙 + ℎ, where l is the
lower limit of the median class, n is the number of observations, h is the class size, cf is the cumulative
frequency of the class preceding the median class and f is the frequency of the median class.

(B) Probability
• Random experiment, outcome of an experiment, event, elementary events.
• Equally likely outcomes.
• The theoretical (or classical) probability of an event E {denoted by P(E)} is given by
P(E) = where the outcomes of the experiment are equally likely.
• The probability of an event can be any number between 0 and 1. It can also be 0 or 1 in some special cases.
• The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1.
• For an event E, P(E) + P( 𝐸 ) = 1, where 𝐸 is the event ‘not E’. 𝐸 is called the complement of the event E.
• Impossible event, sure or a certain event

Page 1 of 7
 SECTION-A
Multiple Choice Questions
1) In the following distribution:

The number of families having income range (in Rs) 16000 – 19000 is
(A) 15 (B) 16 (C) 17 (D) 19
2) Consider the following frequency distribution of the heights of 60 students of a class :

The sum of the lower limit of the modal class and upper limit of the median class is

(A) 310 (B) 315 (C) 320 (D) 330

3) Which of the the following can be the probability of an event?

(A) −0.04 (B) 1.004 (C) (D)
4) A bag contains 3 red balls, 5 white balls and 7 black balls. What is the probability that a ball drawn from the bag at
random will be neither red nor black?
(A) (B) (C) (D)

∑
5) In the formula 𝑥̅ = a + , for finding the mean of grouped data di’s are deviations from a of

(A) lower limits of the classes (B) upper limits of the classes

(C) mid points of the classes (D) frequencies of the class marks

6) While computing mean of grouped data, we assume that the frequencies are

(A) evenly distributed over all the classes (B) centred at the classmarks of the classes

(C) centred at the upper limits of the classes (D) centred at the lower limits of the classes

7) If xi ’s are the mid points of the class intervals of grouped data, fi ’s are the corresponding frequencies and x is the
mean, then ∑fi(xi- 𝑥̅ ) is equal to
(A) 0 (B) -1 (C) 1 (D) 2

8) For the distribution given below the sum of lower limits of the median class and modal class is

(A) 15 (B) 25 (C) 30 (D) 35

Page 2 of 7
9) For the distribution given below the modal class is

(A) 10-20 (B) 20-30 (C) 30-40 (D) 50-60

10) For the distribution given below the difference of the upper limit of the median class and the lower limit of
the modal class is

(A) 0 (B) 19 (C) 20 (D) 38

11) The times, in seconds, taken by 150 atheletes to run a 110 m hurdle race are tabulated below :

The number of atheletes who completed the race in less then 14.6 seconds is :

(A) 11 (B) 71 (C) 82 (D) 130

12) In the distribution given below the frequency of the class 30-40 is

(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 48 (D) 51

13) If an event cannot occur, then its probability is

(A) 1 (B) (C) (D) 0

14) Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event?

(A) 1 (B) 0.1 (C) 3% (D)

15) An event is very unlikely to happen. Its probability is closest to

(A) 0.0001 (B) 0.001 (C) 0.01 (D) 0.1

16) If the probability of an event is p, the probability of its complementary event will be

(A) p - 1 (B) p (C) 1 - p (D) 1 -

Page 3 of 7
17) The probability expressed as a percentage of a particular occurrence can never be

(A) less than 100 (B) less than 0

(C) greater than 1 (D) anything but a whole number

18) The probability that a non leap year selected at random will contain 53 sundays is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

19) The probability of getting a bad egg in a lot of 400 is 0.035. The number of bad eggs in the lot is

(A) 7 (B) 14 (C) 21 (D) 28

20) A school has five houses A, B, C, D and E. A class has 23 students, 4 from house A, 8 from house B,
5 from house C, 2 from house D and rest from house E. A single student is selected at random to
be the class monitor. The probability that the selected student is not from A, B and C is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

SECTION-B
21) In a family having three children, there may be no girl, one girl, two girls or three girls. So, the probability of each
is . Is this correct? Justify your answer.
22) A game consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing at one of the regions (1, 2 or 3) as shown in
the figure below. Are the outcomes 1, 2 and 3 equally likely to occur? Give reasons.

23) Apoorv throws two dice once and computes the product of the numbers appearing on the dice. Peehu throws
one die and squares the number that appears on it. Who has the better chance of getting the number 36?
Why?
24) When we toss a coin, there are two possible outcomes - Head or Tail. Therefore, the probability of each
outcome is . Justify your answer.
25) A student says that if you throw a die, it will show up 1 or not 1. Therefore, the probability of getting 1 and the
probability of getting ‘not 1’ each is equal to . Is this correct? Give reasons.
26) I toss three coins together. The possible outcomes are no heads, 1 head, 2 heads and 3 heads. So, I say that
probability of no heads is . Is it true or false? If it is wrong then what is wrong with this conclusion?
27) If you toss a coin 6 times and it comes down heads on each occasion. Can you say that the probability of
getting a head is 1? Give reasons.
28) Sushma tosses a coin 3 times and gets tail each time. Do you think that the outcome of next toss will be a tail?
Give reasons.
29) If I toss a coin 3 times and get head each time, should I expect a tail to have a higher chance in the 4th toss?
Give reason in support of your answer.
30) A bag contains slips numbered from 1 to 100. If Fatima chooses a slip at random from the bag, it will either be
an odd number or an even number. Since this situation has only two possible outcomes, so, the probability of
each is . Justify.

Page 4 of 7
 SECTION-C
31) The following table shows the cumulative frequency distribution of marks of 800 students in an
examination:

Construct a frequency distribution table for the data above.

32) Form the frequency distribution table from the following data :

33) Find the unknown entries a, b, c, d, e, f in the following distribution of heights of students in a class :

34) The following are the ages of 300 patients getting medical treatment in a hospital on a particular day :

Form:
(i) Less than type cumulative frequency distribution.
(ii) More than type cumulative frequency distribution.
35) Two dice are thrown at the same time and the product of numbers appearing on them is noted. Find the
probability that the product is less than 9.
36) Two dice are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, respectively. They are thrown and the sum of the
numbers on them is noted. Find the probability of getting each sum from 2 to 9 separately.
37) A coin is tossed two times. Find the probability of getting at most one head.
38) A coin is tossed 3 times. List the possible outcomes.
Find the probability of getting (i) all heads (ii) at least 2 heads.

Page 5 of 7
39) The king, queen and jack of clubs are removed from a deck of 52 playing cards and then well shuffled. Now one
card is drawn at random from the remaining cards.
Determine the probability that the card is (i) a heart (ii) a king
40) All the jacks, queens and kings are removed from a deck of 52 playing cards. The remaining cards are well
shuffled and then one card is drawn at random. Giving ace a value 1 similar value for other cards, find the
probability that the card has a value (i) 7 (ii) greater than 7 (iii) less than 7
41) An integer is chosen between 0 and 100.
What is the probability that it is (i) divisible by 7? (ii) not divisible by 7?
42) In a game, the entry fee is Rs 5. The game consists of a tossing a coin 3 times. If one or two heads show, Sweta
gets her entry fee back. If she throws 3 heads, she receives double the entry fees. Otherwise she will lose. For
tossing a coin three times, find the probability that she
(i) loses the entry fee.
(ii) gets double entry fee.
(iii) just gets her entry fee.
43) A bag contains 24 balls of which x are red, 2x are white and 3x are blue. A ball is selected at random.
What is the probability that it is
(i) not red? (ii) white?
44) At a fete, cards bearing numbers 1 to 1000, one number on one card, are put in a box. Each player selects one
card at random and that card is not replaced. If the selected card has a perfect square greater than 500, the
player wins a prize.
What is the probability that
(i) the first player wins a prize?
(ii) the second player wins a prize, if the first has won?

Page 6 of 7
Answers

1. (D)
2. (B)
3. (A)
4. (B)
5. (C)
6. (B)
7. (A)
8. (B)
9. (C)
10. (C)
11. (C)
12. (A)
13. (D)
14. (D)
15. (A)
16. (C)
17. (B)
18. (A)
19. (B)
20. (B)
21. False
22. No
23. Peehu
24. True
25. False
26. False
27. False
28. Both head and tail are possible outcomes.
29. No
30. Yes
33. a = 12, b = 13, c = 35, d = 8, e = 5 and f = 50
𝟒
35. 𝟗
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
36. P(2) = 𝟏𝟖, P(3) = 𝟗, P(4) = 𝟔, P(5) = 𝟔, P(6) = 𝟔, P(7) = 𝟔, P(8) = 𝟗
and P(9) = 𝟏𝟖
𝟑
37. 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
38. (i) 𝟖 (ii) 𝟐
𝟏𝟑 𝟑
39. (i) 𝟒𝟗 (ii) 𝟒𝟗
𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
40. (i) 𝟏𝟎 (ii) 𝟏𝟎 (iii) 𝟓
𝟏𝟒 𝟖𝟓
41. (i) 𝟗𝟗 (ii) 𝟗𝟗
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
42. (i) 𝟖 (ii) 𝟖 (iii) 𝟒
𝟓 𝟏
43. (i) 𝟔 (ii) 𝟑
𝟖
44. (i) 0.009 (ii) 𝟗𝟗𝟗

Page 7 of 7