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11 views2 pages

Science

Answer key

Uploaded by

jericpenales1802
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Quarter 2 Module 17: The Path to Classification of Organisms

Objectives:
1. Explain how the present system of classification of organisms is based on evolutionary
relationships.
2. Apply knowledge through activities to classify organisms based on evolutionary relationships.
3. Recognize the organization of organisms based on their classification.

The Evolution of Biological Classification


• Carolus Linnaeus (1735)
o Known as the "Father of Taxonomy."
o Developed the binomial nomenclature system for naming organisms.
o Grouped organisms based on similar physical characteristics.

• Early Ideas on Evolution


o Erasmus Darwin and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed early concepts of species change
over time.
▪ Lamarck introduced the idea of transmutation of species.
o Their ideas set the stage for understanding evolutionary relationships in classification.
• Charles Darwin's Influence
o Published "On the Origin of Species" in 1859.
o Proposed that all species have descended from common ancestors.
o Introduced the concept of the "Tree of Life", illustrating evolutionary relationships.
o Emphasized that classification should reflect evolutionary history.
• Ernst Haeckel's Trees of Life:
o In the 1870s, Ernst Haeckel created several "trees of life" to illustrate evolutionary
relationships.
o These illustrations were featured in his book The Evolution of Man.
o During Haeckel's time, the term "tree of life" was used to represent evolutionary
connections among species.
o His "Genealogical Tree of Humanity" is a notable example showcasing this concept.

• Advancements in Fossil Records


o Fossils provided evidence of ancient species and their relationships to modern
organisms.
o Paleontologists used fossils to understand evolutionary links and refine classifications.
Phylogenetics and Modern Classification
• Phylogeny
o The study of the evolutionary history and relationships among species.
o Modern taxonomy incorporates phylogeny to classify organisms based on ancestry and
descent.
• Cladistics
o A method of classification based on common ancestry.
o Uses clades, groups of organisms that include an ancestor and all its descendants.
o Cladograms visually represent evolutionary relationships.

Cladograms of Primates

• Ernst Haeckel's Contributions


o Developed detailed "Trees of Life" in the 1870s.
o Illustrated the diversity of life and evolutionary relationships.

Molecular Techniques in Classification


• DNA Barcoding
o Developed by scientists like Dr. Ian Kendrich Fontanilla.
o Uses genetic markers to identify species, even from processed remains.
o Helps in classifying organisms and combating illegal wildlife exploitation.
• Endemism
o Describes species that are unique to a specific geographic location.
o Important in understanding species distribution and conservation efforts.
o Example: Pangolins in the Philippines being identified and protected through DNA
barcoding.
Modern Classification Systems
• Five-Kingdom and Six-Kingdom Systems
o Classify life forms based on evolutionary relationships.
o Recognize the progression from prokaryotic to eukaryotic organisms.
o Highlight the concept of a common ancestor at the root of life.
• The Tree of Life Today
o Represents the comprehensive relationships among all organisms.
o Built using morphological, evolutionary, and molecular data.
o Requires global collaboration among taxonomists and advances in genetics.
Conclusion
• The present system of classification is deeply rooted in understanding evolutionary
relationships.
• Phylogenetic systematics allows scientists to classify organisms not just by physical traits but by
genetic and ancestral connections.
• Recognizing the organization of organisms based on classification helps appreciate the diversity
and complexity of life on Earth.

By understanding how classification systems have evolved, we appreciate the interconnectedness of all
life forms and the importance of preserving the integrity of one's origin.

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