Lecture1 Surveying

SURVEYING
Dr. Priyanka Sharma

NIT JALANDHAR
Introduction to Surveying
Definition of Surveying
Importance of Surveying to Civil Engineers
Objectives of Surveying
Divisions of Surveying
Classifications of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
Operations in Surveying
Surveying
Surveying is defined as the science of making measurements of the
earth specifically the surface of the earth. This is being carried out by
finding the spatial location (relative / absolute) of points on or near the
surface of the earth.
Different methods and instruments are being used to facilitate the work
of surveying.
The primary aims of field surveying are :
• to measure the Horizontal Distance between points.
• to measure the Vertical elevation between points.
• to find out the Relative direction of lines by measuring horizontal
angles with reference to any arbitrary direction.
Importance of Surveying to Civil Engineers
The planning and design of all Civil Engineering projects such as
construction of highways, bridges, tunnels, dams etc are based upon
surveying measurements.
Moreover, during execution, project of any magnitude is constructed
along the lines and points established by surveying.
Thus, surveying is a basic requirement for all Civil Engineering
projects.
Other principal works in which surveying is primarily utilized are
• to fix the national and state boundaries;
• to chart coastlines, navigable streams and lakes;
• to establish control points;
• to prepare topographic map of land surface of the earth.
Objectives of Surveying
To collect field data
To prepare plan or map of the area surveyed
To analyze and to calculate the field parameters for setting out
operation of actual engineering works.
Divisions of Surveying
Most of the civil engineering works, concern only with a small portion of the earth
which seems to be a plane surface. Thus, based upon the consideration of the shape
of the earth, surveying is broadly divided into two types.
Geodetic Surveying
In this branch of surveying, the true shape of the earth is taken into consideration.
This type of surveying is being carried out for highly precise work and is adopted for
surveying of large area.
Plane Surveying
In this method of surveying, the mean surface of the earth is considered to be a plane
surface. This type of survey is applicable for small area (less than 200 square
kilometer). Thus for most of the Civil Engineering projects, methods of plane
surveying are valid.
Fundamental assumptions in Plane surveying
 All distances and directions are horizontal.
 All angles (both horizontal and vertical) are plane angles.
 Elevations are with reference to a datum.
Classifications of Surveying
Based on the purpose, surveying has been classified into:
Control surveying : To establish horizontal and vertical positions
of control points.
 Land surveying : To determine the boundaries and areas of

parcels of land, also known as property survey, boundary survey
or cadastral survey.
Topographic survey : To prepare a plan/ map of a region which

includes natural as well as and man-made features including
elevation.
 Engineering survey : To collect requisite data for planning, design and
execution of engineering projects. Three broad steps are
1) Reconnaissance survey : To explore site conditions and availability of

infrastructures.
2) Preliminary survey : To collect adequate data to prepare plan / map of

area to be used for planning and design.
3) Location survey : To set out work on the ground for actual construction
/ execution of the project.
Route survey : To plan, design, and laying out of route such as
highways, railways, canals, pipelines, and other linear projects.
Construction surveys : Surveys which are required for
establishment of points, lines, grades, and for staking out engineering
works (after the plans have been prepared and the structural design
has been done).
Astronomic surveys : To determine the latitude, longitude (of the
observation station) and azimuth (of a line through observation
station) from astronomical observation.
 Mine surveys : To carry out surveying specific for opencast and
underground mining purposes.
Principles of Surveying
The fundamental principles upon which the surveying is being carried
out are:
working from whole to part.
after deciding the position of any point, its reference must be kept from
at least two permanent objects or stations whose position have already
been well defined.
Operations in Surveying
Operations in surveying consists of :
Planning
Field Observation
Office Works
Setting out Works
Planning
To decide
the methods to be adopted for surveying;
the resources (instruments & personnel) to be used;
the control points / stations to be used ( those already available and/
or to set up).
The planning operation needs a-priori field visit and this is known as
reconnaissance.
Control points : Stations having known position.
Field Observation
It involves
Collection of field data by making necessary measurements;
Recording of observed data in a systematic manner;
Before starting any field observation, the permanent
adjustments of all the instruments need to be checked
thoroughly by trained personnel and if required, it must be
adjusted.
Office Work
It involves
Processing, analyzing and calculation of observed data;
 Preparation of necessary data (for making plan or map of the area);
 Making of a plan or map of the area;
Computation of relevant field parameters as per design for setting
out engineering works at site.
Setting out works
To locate and establish different parameters / dimensions at the

site as per design for further engineering works.
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SURVEYING

Dr. Priyanka Sharma

 Land surveying : To determine the boundaries and areas of

Topographic survey : To prepare a plan/ map of a region which

1) Reconnaissance survey : To explore site conditions and availability of

2) Preliminary survey : To collect adequate data to prepare plan / map of

To locate and establish different parameters / dimensions at the

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