A

Project Report

On

“Report On Different Network Topologies.”

To Submitted

Amrutvahini Polytechnic, Sangamner

Department of Information Technology

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the diploma in

Information Technology

Submitted By

Pande Ashwini Dhondibhau (2200800278 )

Pande Akshada Balasaheb (2200800287)
Salave Vaishnavi Rajendra(2200800271)

Under the guidance of

Dharne J.A.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the
kind support and help of many individuals and organization.
We would to kind to extend our sincere thanks to all of them. First and foremost, we want to
thanks Prof. Chaudhari N.K. (HOD) (IT) Amrutvahini polytechnic, Sangamner for giving us an
opportunity to work on this project. We are highly indebted to Mr. Dharne J. A. (Project guide) for
her guidance and constant supervision as well as providing Necessary information regarding the
project & also for his support in the project.
We would like to express our gratitude towards our parents & members of Information
Technology department for their kind co-operation and Encouragement which help us in completion
of this our thanks and appreciations also go to our colleague in developing project and people who
have willingly helped us with their abilities.

Pande Ashwini Dhondibhau (2200800278 )

Pande Akshada Balasaheb (2200800287)
Salave Vaishnavi Rajendra(2200800271)
 2024-25
Department of Information Technology

Certificate
This is to that the project report entitled,

“Report On Different Network Topologies.”

Is a benefited work carrier out by,

Pande Ashwini Dhondibhau (2200800278 )

Pande Akshada Balasaheb (2200800287)
Salave Vaishnavi Rajendra(2200800271)

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the diploma in Information Technology

During the academic year 2024-25

Mr. Dharne J. A. Prof. Chaudhari N. K.

(project Guide) HOD (IT)
 INDEX

Sr.No. Content.
1. Rational

2. Aim Of Microproject

3. Course Outcomes Achieved

4. Actual Methodology Followed/Working

5. Literature Review

6. Skills Developed

7. Applications

8. Coclusion

9. Reference/Website
1.0 Rational
The topic of "Different Network Topology" is essential in understanding how computer topology
works ad operate. In a topology environment, various devices play crucial roles in facilitating
communication and data transfer between computers and other networked devices. Understanding
these topologies and their functions helps in designing, implementing, and troubleshooting
topologies effectively.

There are many topology are use in network topology.The different type of network topology such as
bus,ring,mesh,tree,star topology,

2.0 Aim Of Microproject

In our CNE micro project we have made a project completely on network topologies. Which include
its working, its property, etc.

3.0 Course Outcomes Achieved

1. Requirements Analysis:- Understand Topologies needs and constraints.

2. Device Selection:- Choose star,ring,bus,mesh,tree etc., based on requirements.
3. Function Allocation:- Configure devices for routing, switching, security, wireless access.
4. Configuration & Management:- Set up devices, monitor performance, update firmware.
5. Testing & Optimization:-Test devices, optimize performance.
6. Documentation:- Document network topology design, configurations, security settings.

4.0 Actual Methodology Followed/Working:

Here ,we work on our microproject team members who have been already identifies To estabilish
and write the project:
1.Define roles and responsibilities.
2.Analysis project quality and risks
3.create project schedule.
4.Identify the project information.
5.0 Literature Review:

❖ Different Network Topologies:

Introduction:

A network topology is the physical and logical arrangement of nodes and connections in a network.
Nodes usually include devices such as switches, routers and software with switch and router features.
Network topologies are often represented as a graph.

Network topologies describe the arrangement of networks and the relative location of traffic flows.
Administrators can use network topology diagrams to determine the best placements for
each node and the optimal path for traffic flow. With a well-defined and planned-out network
topology, an organization can more easily locate faults and fix issues, improving its data transfer
efficiency.

Network geometry can be defined as the physical topology and the logical topology. Network
topology diagrams are shown with devices depicted as network nodes and the connections between
them as lines. The type of network topology differs depending on how the network needs to be
arranged.

Why is network topology important?

Network topology plays a major role in how a network functions. Namely, the topology has a direct
effect on network functionality. Choosing the right topology can help increase performance, as a
properly chosen and maintained network topology increases energy efficiency and data transfer rates.

A well-defined network topology makes it easier for network admins to locate faults, troubleshoot
issues and to allocate network resources. Diagrams are an important reference point in helping to
diagnose network issues, as they can represent physical and logical layouts.
History Of Network Topologies:

Network topology is the arrangement of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a communication
network. Network topology can be used to define or describe the arrangement of various types of
telecommunication networks, including command and control radio
networks, industrial fieldbusses and computer networks.
Network topology is the topological structure of a network and may be depicted physically or
logically. It is an application of graph theory wherein communicating devices are modeled as nodes
and the connections between the devices are modeled as links or lines between the nodes. Physical
topology is the placement of the various components of a network (e.g., device location and cable
installation), while logical topology illustrates how data flows within a network. Distances between
nodes, physical interconnections, transmission rates, or signal types may differ between two different
networks, yet their logical topologies may be identical. A network’s physical topology is a particular
concern of the physical layer of the OSI model.
Examples of network topologies are found in local area networks (LAN), a common computer
network installation. Any given node in the LAN has one or more physical links to other devices in
the network; graphically mapping these links results in a geometric shape that can be used to
describe the physical topology of the network. A wide variety of physical topologies have been used
in LANs, including ring, bus, mesh and star. Conversely, mapping the data flow between the
components determines the logical topology of the network. In comparison, Controller Area
Networks, common in vehicles, are primarily distributed control system networks of one or more
controllers interconnected with sensors and actuators over, invariably, a physical bus topology.
Throughout its history, many mathematicians have influenced the development of topology. While
Johann Benedict Listing is not credited with a memorable discovery in terms of the field of topology,
he is still considered one of the founding fathers. This is because he gave topology its name. While
he published very little on topology, he is remembered for Vorstudien zur Topologie, which was the
first document to use the word topologie (English: topology) to describe the field. He is also often
credited with discovering the Möbius strip independently of August Ferdinand Möbius [2].

The origins of topology date back to the eighteenth century and the Königsberg Bridge Problem, a
problem of relative position without regard to distance [3]. While this problem is often regarded as the
birth of graph theory, it also inspired Euler's development of the topology of networks [4].
Königsberg, now Kaliningrad, was founded in 1255 and became a prosperous seaport [5]. The city
resides on the banks of the Praegel, now Pregolya, River. Citizens could use seven bridges that
crossed the Praegal, but the question of whether or not one could pass through the town and use each
bridge exactly once would turn out to be the catalyst in the creation of the mathematical field of
topology. Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler would be the one to discover the answer was no. He
determined that the graph defined by the location of the bridge was not what is now called a Eulerian
graph [6]. This solution entitled The Solution of a Problem Related to the Geometry of Position was
submitted to the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg in 1735 [7].

Types Of Network Topologies:

Network topologies can be categories into five basic models:
1)Bus Topology
2)Star Topology
3)Mesh Topology
4)Ring Topology
5)Tree Topology
1)Bus Topology:
All nodes in a bus topology are connected to a central shared cable known as a bus. Additionally,
the bus connects these nodes to the Taps and Drop Lines. Drop Lines are the connection between the
central wire or bus with the nodes. Taps are the 3-way connector that helps to attach the drop line to
the main central cable.

Advantages

• Although the cable is less expensive than other topologies, it is only utilized to build small
networks.
• It is famous for LAN (Local Area Network) because it is inexpensive and easy to install.
 • It is frequently used when a network installation is small, simple, or temporary.

Disadvantages

• The entire system will crash down if the common cable fails.
• Collisions occur in the network when network traffic is high.
• The length of cables is always limited.
• There could also be security issues because every node in the network can hear what data is
transmitting to the other nodes.

2)Star Topology:

In star topology, all the nodes (e.g., computers) are connected to a central hub with point-to-
point communication links. In this case, a point-to-point connection indicates that there is a cable
connecting each node to the main hub. Data transfers between these nodes take place through the
central device. It is most widely used on LAN networks since they are inexpensive and easy to
install.

Advantages

• By just checking the specific node that isn't working, it becomes easy to identify the faulty
nodes.
 • The failure of a single node has no impact on the network as a whole. Therefore, such fault
can be tolerated and addressed later.
• Device addition, deletion, and movement are simple under a star topology.
• It has fast performance with few nodes and very low network traffic.

Disadvantages

• The greatest drawback of star topology is this. The entire network would write down if the
HUB/SWITCH itself experienced a problem.
• The number of physical ports offered by HUB/SWITCH limits the nodes linked to the star
topology.

3)Mesh Topology:

• Every node in a mesh topology is connected to as many other nodes as possible. It is done
to prevent network failure in case of any of the one node or cable failure. There are two
different types of mesh topology.

• Partial Mesh Topology

• Full Mesh Topology

1. Partial Mesh Topology

In a partial mesh topology, all nodes may not be directly connected to every other node. Still,
perhaps most nodes are connected by a point-to-point connection.
 2. Full Mesh Topology

In Full Mesh Topology, every node or device has a direct point-to-point connection with all
the other nodes in the network. Due to the direct connections between all the other nodes, it
almost eliminates the possibility of network failure.

Advantages

• There are so many links, so there is minimal or no chance of network failure in the mesh
topology.
• Due to each node's separate links, each node can transfer data privately to any other node
within the network.
• This topology has no traffic problem because each node has a dedicated link.
• Point-to-point connections make the fault identification isolation process easy.
Disadvantages

• The cost of cables is high because it requires extra cables compared with other LAN
topologies.
• There is a lot of cabling to handle, so mesh topology implementation might be challenging.
• More space is required for dedicated links.

4)Ring Topology:

There are many nodes in the Ring network, and each node is connected to two of its neighbor
nodes. It is referred to as a ring topology because of its ring-like structure. Every computer in this
topology is connected to every other computer. The last node and the first node are connected in this
topology. This topology uses tokens to pass the information between the computers. All of the
messages in this topology travel in the same direction

Advantages

• Due to the simplicity of identifying defects in either nodes or cables, it is easier to manage
and install.
• In this type of topology, the possibility of collision is minimum.
• Only two connections need to be moved to add or remove a device from a ring topology.
• Less cabling is required because each node manages the cable to its nearest neighbor.

Disadvantages

• In this topology, troubleshooting is difficult.

• By removing or adding stations between other stations, the topology as a whole might be
affected.
• It is less secure because the data packet passes through every workstation connected.
• Topology signals flow continuously in the ring, resulting in unwanted power consumption.
5)Tree Topology:

In tree topology, all nodes are connected in such a way that they form a structure like a tree. These
node structures are used when a network needs to be divided into a subnetwork. All nodes in the
network tree are forming a tree structure, and Node A is the parent node of all other nodes in the
network, as can be seen by simply looking at the images below. Each node in a tree topology is
connected to the root node to form a hierarchy. Therefore, tree topology is also referred to as
hierarchical topology.

Advantages

• Every node has access to the large and intermediate network.

• Expansion of nodes is fast and easy.
• The network as a whole is never affected when one node (leaf nodes) affects.
• It is easy to manage and maintain.

Disadvantages

• It is possible that all the other nodes will become disconnected if the main central node
experiences a failure.
• When more nodes are added, maintaining it becomes difficult.
• The topology is highly cabled, which increases the cost.
Applications Of Network Topologies:
1. Star Topology: Commonly used in LAN (Local Area Network) setups, where each device is
connected directly to a central hub or switch. It's easy to troubleshoot and scale, making it
suitable for small to medium-sized networks.

2. Bus Topology: Historically used in Ethernet networks where all devices are connected to a
single backbone cable. While less common today, it's still used in some industrial
environments due to its simplicity and low implementation cost.

3. Ring Topology: In this setup, each device is connected to two other devices, forming a
closed loop. It's commonly used in Token Ring networks and can offer better performance
than bus topology in certain scenarios.

4. Mesh Topology: Every device is connected to every other device in a full mesh topology. It's
commonly used in WAN (Wide Area Network) setups where reliability and redundancy are
critical, such as in large-scale enterprises or telecommunications networks.

5. Tree Topology: Also known as hierarchical topology, it's commonly used in large-scale
networks like the internet, where multiple star topologies are connected together in a
hierarchical fashion.

6.0 Skills Developed

1. Use fundamental concepts of network topology.

2. We learned dfferent network topology.
3. We also learned about its working.

7.0 Application:

A network topology diagram describes the physical or logical arrangement of these components and
how they communicate with each other within the network. IT administrators benefit from network
topology software to ascertain the ideal layout for each node, facilitating optimized traffic flow.

8.0 Conclusion:
The network topology describes the network's structure of how all components are connected to one
another. Physical topology and logical topology are the two types of network topology.

We have seen different network topologies, such as, bus topology, star topology, ring topology, mesh
topology, tree topology.

9.0 Reference/websites :
https://www.scaler.com/topics/network-topology/
https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/network-topology
https://www.truecable.com/blogs/cable-academy/a-brief-history-of-network-technology