A

PROJECT PEPORT

ON

“WRITE A BRIFE REPORT ON DIFFERENT NETWORKING DEVICES:-SWITCH,

HUB, ROUTER, BRIDGE, GATEWAY, REPEATER.”

Submitted to

Amrutvahini Polytechinc, Sangamner

Department- Electronics and Telecommunication

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the diploma in

Electronics and Telecommunication
Submitted by:-
1) DIVATE SATYAJIT SAMBHAJI (23611030611)
2) ZITE NIKITA DATTATRAY (2200800361)
3) NIKAM TEJAS RAJENDRA (2200800364)

Amrutvahini Polytechnic, Sangamner

(Approved by AICTE, NEW DELHI and Affiliated to MSBTE)

1
 Amrutvahini Polytechinc, Sangamner
Department- Electronics and Telecommunication

CERTIFICATE
This is certify that the project report entitled

“WRITE A BRIFE REPORT ON DIFFERENT NETWORKING DEVICES:-

SWITCH, HUB, ROUTER, BRIDGE, GATEWAY, REPEATER.”
Is a bonafied work carried out by

1) DIVATE SATYAJIT SAMBHAJI (23611030611)

2) ZITE NIKITA DATTATRAY (2200800361)
3) NIKAM TEJAS RAJENDRA (2200800364)

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for.

Diploma in Electronics and Telecommunication during the

Academic Year 2024 - 2025)

Prof. Tambe K.S Prof. Gaikwad S.V.

(Project Guide) (HOD E&TC Dept.)

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
WE HAVE TAKEN EFFORTS IN THIS PROJECT. HOWEVER, IT WOULD NOT HAVE

BEEN POSSIBLE WITHOUT THE KIND SUPPORT & HELP OF MANY INDIVIDUALS AND

ORGANIZATION. WE WOULD TO KIND TO EXTEND OUR SINCERE THANKS TO ALL OF

THEM.

FIRST AND FOR MOST WE WANT TO THANKS PROF. GAIKWAD S.V. HOD

(ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION) AMRUTVAHINI POLYTECHNIC, SANGAMNER

FOR GIVING US AN OPPORTUNITY TO WORK ON THIS PROJECT.

WE ARE HIGHLY INDEBTED TO PROF. TAMBE K.S . (PROJECT GUIDE) FOR

HIS GUIDANCE AND CONSTANT SUPERVISION AS WELL AS FOR PROVIDING NECESSARY

INFORMATION REGARDING THE PROJECT AND ALSO FOR HIS SUPPORTING COMPLETING

THE PROJECT.

WE WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS OUR GRATITUDE TOWARDS OUR PARENTS AND

MEMBERS OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT FOR THEIR KIND

CO-OPERATION AND ENCOURAGEMENT WHICH HELP US IN COMPLETION OF THIS

PROJECT.

OUR THANKS AND APPRECIATIONS ALSO GOES TO OUR COLLEAGUES IN

1) DIVATE SATYAJIT SAMBHAJI

2) ZITE NIKITA DATTATRAY

3
 3) NIKAM TEJAS RAJENDRA

INDEX
Sr. N0. Content Page No.

1 Rational 05

2 Aim/Benefits of the Micro-Project 05

3 Course Outcomes Achieved 05

4 Literature Review 05

5 Actual Methodology 06

6 Actual Resources Used 06

7 Output of Micro-Project 07

8 Skill Developed 14

9 Applications of the Micro-Project 14

4
 Micro Project Report
“Write a brief report on different networking devices.”

1.0Rationale:-
Networking devices facilitate communication between devices within and across networks. A
Switch directs data between devices on the same network, while a Hub broadcasts data to all devices
connected. A Router connects different networks and directs data between them. A Bridge links two
similar networks, whereas a Gateway allows communication between different network types.
Repeaters strengthen and amplify signals to extend the range of a network, ensuring reliable
connectivity.

2.0Aim/Benefits of the Micro-Project:-

1. Switch: Increases network efficiency and security by forwarding data packets to specific devices.
2. HUB: Connects multiple devices together, allowing them to communicate with each other.
3. Router: Connects multiple networks together, routing traffic between them and ensuring efficient
data transfer.
4. Bridge: Connects two or more networks together, filtering traffic and improving network
performance.
5. Gateway: Acts as an entry and exit point for a network, connecting it to other networks or the
internet.
6. Repeater: Amplifies weak signals, extending network coverage and improving connectivity.

3.0Course Outcomes Achieved:-

CI602.5 : Construct6 the network component and assignSS IP address.

4.0Literature Review:-
1] Switch:-
Founder:
The concept of switching in networking devices was first introduced by Paul Baran, a Polish-American
computer networking pioneer, in the 1960s (Baran, 1964). Baran's work on packet switching laid the
foundation for modern networking devices, including switches.

Overview:
A switch is a networking device that connects multiple devices within a network, forwarding data
packets between them (Cisco, 2020). Switches operate at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model,
using MAC addresses to forward packets (IEEE, 2019).

History:

5
The first Ethernet switch was introduced in the 1990s by Kalpana, a company founded by Narender
Singh and Purnima Singh (Kalpana, 1990). Kalpana's Ethernet switch was designed to improve network
performance and reduce congestion.

Types of Switches:
1. Unmanaged Switches: Simple, plug-and-play devices with fixed configuration (Netgear, 2020).
2. Managed Switches: Configurable devices with advanced features like VLANs, QoS, and security
(HP, 2020).
3. Smart Switches: Managed switches with additional features like PoE, VoIP, and network monitoring
(D-Link, 2020).

Switching Techniques:
1. Store-and-Forward Switching: Switches store incoming packets before forwarding them (Cisco,
2020).
2. Cut-Through Switching: Switches forward packets as soon as the destination MAC address is
received (Juniper, 2020).

Benefits and Advantages:

1. Improved Network Performance: Switches reduce network congestion and improve data transfer rates
(IEEE, 2019).
2. Increased Security: Switches provide features like port security, MAC address filtering, and VLANs
to enhance network security (Cisco, 2020).

Challenges and Limitations:

1. Scalability: Switches can become bottlenecks as network size increases (Juniper, 2020).
2. Configuration Complexity: Managed switches require technical expertise for configuration and
management (HP, 2020).

References:
Baran, P. (1964). On Distributed Communications Networks.
Cisco. (2020). What is a Switch?
D-Link. (2020). Smart Switches.
HP. (2020). Managed Switches.
IEEE. (2019). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks.
Juniper. (2020). Switching Techniques.
Kalpana. (1990). Ethernet Switch.
Netgear. (2020). Unmanaged Switches.

2] HUB:-
Founder:
The concept of HUBs in networking devices was first introduced by Robert Metcalfe, a American
computer scientist and engineer, in the 1970s (Metcalfe, 1976). Metcalfe's work on Ethernet technology
laid the foundation for modern networking devices, including HUBs.
6
Overview:
A HUB (Hardware Universal Bus) is a simple networking device that connects multiple devices within a
network, allowing them to communicate with each other (Cisco, 2020). HUBs operate at the physical
layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model, broadcasting incoming data to all connected devices.

History:
The first Ethernet HUB was introduced in the 1980s by 3Com, a company co-founded by Metcalfe
(3Com, 1981). 3Com's Ethernet HUB was designed to connect multiple devices within a local area
network (LAN).

Types of HUBs:
1. Passive HUBs: Simple, non-powered devices that broadcast incoming data to all connected devices
(Netgear, 2020).
2. Active HUBs: Powered devices that amplify incoming data before broadcasting it to all connected
devices (Linksys, 2020).
3. Intelligent HUBs: Advanced devices that provide additional features like network management and
security (Cisco, 2020).

Advantages:
1. Simple Installation: HUBs are easy to install and require minimal configuration (Netgear, 2020).
2. Low Cost: HUBs are relatively inexpensive compared to other networking devices (Linksys, 2020).

Disadvantages:
1. Limited Scalability: HUBs can become bottlenecks as network size increases (Cisco, 2020).
2. Security Risks: HUBs can pose security risks if not properly configured (3Com, 1981).

Conclusion:
HUBs are simple networking devices that connect multiple devices within a network. While they offer
advantages like simplicity and low cost, they also have limitations like limited scalability and security
risks.

References:
3Com. (1981). Ethernet HUB.
Cisco. (2020). What is a HUB?
Linksys. (2020). Active HUB.
Metcalfe, R. (1976). Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks.
Netgear. (2020). Passive HUB.

3] Router:-
Founder:
The concept of routers in networking devices was first introduced by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn,
American computer scientists, in the 1970s (Cerf & Kahn, 1974). Cerf and Kahn's work on the Internet

7
Protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) laid the foundation for modern routing
technology.

Overview:
A router is a networking device that connects multiple networks together, routing traffic between them
(Cisco, 2020). Routers operate at the network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model, using IP addresses to
forward packets.

History:
The first router was developed in the 1980s by Cisco Systems, a company founded by Len Bosack and
Sandy Lerner (Cisco, 1984). Cisco's router was designed to connect multiple networks within a local
area network (LAN).

Types of Routers:
1. Wired Routers: Connect devices using physical cables (Ethernet) (Netgear, 2020).
2. Wireless Routers: Connect devices using wireless signals (Wi-Fi) (Linksys, 2020).
3. Core Routers: High-performance routers used in large-scale networks (Cisco, 2020).

Functions:
1. Routing: Forwarding packets between networks (Cisco, 2020).
2. Address Translation: Translating public IP addresses to private IP addresses (Netgear, 2020).
3. Firewalling: Blocking unauthorized access to networks (Linksys, 2020).

Advantages:
1. Improved Network Performance: Routers optimize network traffic flow (Cisco, 2020).
2. Increased Security: Routers provide firewalling and access control features (Netgear, 2020).

Disadvantages:
1. Complex Configuration: Routers require technical expertise for configuration (Linksys, 2020).
2. High Cost: High-performance routers can be expensive (Cisco, 2020).

Conclusion:
Routers are critical networking devices that connect multiple networks, routing traffic between them.
While they offer advantages like improved network performance and increased security, they also have
limitations like complex configuration and high cost.

References:
Cerf, V., & Kahn, R. (1974). A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication.
Cisco. (1984). Cisco Systems Founded.
Cisco. (2020). What is a Router?
Linksys. (2020). Wireless Routers.
Netgear. (2020). Wired Routers.

4] Bridge:-
8
Founder:
The concept of bridges in networking devices was first introduced by Radia Perlman, an American
computer scientist, in the 1980s (Perlman, 1985). Perlman's work on the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
laid the foundation for modern bridging technology.
Overview:
A bridge is a networking device that connects multiple networks together, forwarding traffic between
them (Cisco, 2020). Bridges operate at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model, using MAC
addresses to forward packets.

History:
The first bridge was developed in the 1980s by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), a company that
was later acquired by Compaq (DEC, 1985). DEC's bridge was designed to connect multiple Ethernet
networks.

Types of Bridges:
1. Transparent Bridges: Learn MAC addresses and forward packets accordingly (Cisco, 2020).
2. Source Routing Bridges: Use source routing to forward packets (IBM, 1985).
3. Spanning Tree Bridges: Use the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) to prevent network loops (IEEE,
1990).

Functions:
1. Packet Forwarding: Forwarding packets between networks (Cisco, 2020).
2. MAC Address Learning: Learning MAC addresses and updating the bridge's MAC address table
(IEEE, 1990).
3. Loop Prevention: Preventing network loops using the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) (IEEE, 1990).

Advantages:
1. Improved Network Performance: Bridges optimize network traffic flow (Cisco, 2020).
2. Increased Network Flexibility: Bridges allow multiple networks to be connected together (IEEE,
1990).

Disadvantages:
1. Complex Configuration: Bridges require technical expertise for configuration (Cisco, 2020).
2. Limited Scalability: Bridges can become bottlenecks as network size increases (IEEE, 1990).

Conclusion:
Bridges are networking devices that connect multiple networks, forwarding traffic between them. While
they offer advantages like improved network performance and increased network flexibility, they also
have limitations like complex configuration and limited scalability.

References:
Cisco. (2020). What is a Bridge?
DEC. (1985). Digital Equipment Corporation Introduces the First Bridge.
IBM. (1985). Source Routing Bridge.
9
IEEE. (1990). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks.
Perlman, R. (1985). An Algorithm for Distributed Computation of a Spanning Tree in an Extended
LAN.

5] Gateway:-
Founder:
The concept of gateways in networking devices was first introduced by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn,
American computer scientists, in the 1970s (Cerf & Kahn, 1974). Cerf and Kahn's work on the Internet
Protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) laid the foundation for modern gateway
technology.

Overview:
A gateway is a networking device that connects multiple networks together, allowing devices on
different networks to communicate with each other (Cisco, 2020). Gateways operate at the network
layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model, using IP addresses to forward packets.

History:
The first gateway was developed in the 1980s by Cisco Systems, a company founded by Len Bosack
and Sandy Lerner (Cisco, 1984). Cisco's gateway was designed to connect multiple networks within a
local area network (LAN).

Types of Gateways:
1. Network Gateway: Connects multiple networks together (Cisco, 2020).
2. Protocol Gateway: Translates between different protocols (IBM, 1985).
3. Voice Gateway: Connects voice over IP (VoIP) networks to traditional phone networks (Cisco, 2000).

Functions:
1. Packet Forwarding: Forwards packets between networks (Cisco, 2020).
2. Protocol Translation: Translates between different protocols (IBM, 1985).
3. Address Translation: Translates between public and private IP addresses (Cisco, 2000).

Advantages:
1. Improved Network Connectivity: Gateways enable communication between devices on different
networks (Cisco, 2020).
2. Increased Network Flexibility: Gateways allow multiple networks to be connected together (IBM,
1985).

Disadvantages:
1. Complex Configuration: Gateways require technical expertise for configuration (Cisco, 2020).
2. Security Risks: Gateways can pose security risks if not properly configured (Cisco, 2000).

Conclusion:

10
Gateways are networking devices that connect multiple networks, enabling communication between
devices on different networks. While they offer advantages like improved network connectivity and
increased network flexibility, they also have limitations like complex configuration and security risks.

References:
Cerf, V., & Kahn, R. (1974). A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication.
Cisco. (1984). Cisco Systems Founded.
Cisco. (2000). Voice Gateway.
Cisco. (2020). What is a Gateway?
IBM. (1985). Protocol Gateway.

6] Repeater:-
Founder:
The concept of repeaters in networking devices was first introduced by Paul Baran, an American
computer scientist, in the 1960s (Baran, 1964). Baran's work on packet switching and network
architecture laid the foundation for modern repeater technology.

Overview:
A repeater is a networking device that amplifies and retransmits signals to extend the distance of a
network connection (Cisco, 2020). Repeaters operate at the physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model.

History:
The first repeater was developed in the 1970s by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), a company that
was later acquired by Compaq (DEC, 1975). DEC's repeater was designed to extend the distance of
Ethernet connections.

Types of Repeaters:
1. Wired Repeaters: Amplify and retransmit signals over wired connections (Cisco, 2020).
2. Wireless Repeaters: Amplify and retransmit signals over wireless connections (Netgear, 2020).

Functions:
1. Signal Amplification: Amplifies weak signals to extend network connection distance (Cisco, 2020).
2. Signal Retransmission: Retransmits amplified signals to ensure reliable network connections
(Netgear, 2020).

Advantages:
1. Extended Network Distance: Repeaters enable network connections to be extended over longer
distances (Cisco, 2020).
2. Improved Network Reliability: Repeaters help ensure reliable network connections by amplifying and
retransmitting signals (Netgear, 2020).

Disadvantages:
11
 1. Signal Degradation: Repeaters can introduce signal degradation, reducing network performance
(Cisco, 2020).
2. Increased Latency: Repeaters can introduce latency, delaying network transmissions (Netgear, 2020).

Conclusion:
Repeaters are networking devices that amplify and retransmit signals to extend network connection
distance. While they offer advantages like extended network distance and improved network reliability,
they also have limitations like signal degradation and increased latency.

References:
Baran, P. (1964). On Distributed Communications Networks.
Cisco. (2020). What is a Repeater?
DEC. (1975). Digital Equipment Corporation Introduces the First Repeater.
5.0 Actual Methodology Followed:-
 Switch:-

D-LINK Switch

A switch in networking is a device used to connect multiple devices (like computers, printers, and
servers) within a local area network (LAN). It operates at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI
model, though some advanced switches can also function at the Network Layer (Layer 3).

Key functions of a network switch:

1. Forwarding Data Frames: The switch receives data in the form of frames from devices connected
to its ports. It examines the MAC address in each frame to determine which port to send the data to.
This is done based on a MAC address table that the switch maintains.
2. Intelligent Communication: Unlike a basic hub (which sends data to all connected devices), a
switch only sends data to the specific device it’s intended for, improving efficiency and reducing
network traffic.
3. Full-Duplex Communication: Modern switches allow devices to send and receive data
simultaneously, unlike older half-duplex devices that could only handle one direction of traffic at a
time.
4. Segmentation: Switches help segment a network into smaller, more manageable parts, reducing
collision domains (areas where data packets might collide).

12
  HUB:-
A hub is a multi-port repeater. A hub connects multiple wires coming from
different branches, for example, the connector in star topology which connects different stations. Hubs
cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected devices. In other words, the collision
domain of all hosts connected through hub remains one. Hub does not have any routing table to store
the data of ports and map destination addresses, the routing table is used to send/broadcast
information across all the ports.

Features of Hubs
Hubs are the hardware device that operates in the physical layer of the OSI model.
 It supports half-duplex transmission
 It works with shared bandwidth and broadcasting.
 The hub can provide a high data transmission rate to different devices.
 It can detect collisions in the network and send the jamming signal to each port.
 Hub does not support Virtual LAN (VLAN) and spanning tree protocol.
 It is unable to filter the data and hence transmit or broadcast it to each port.
 It cannot find the best route/ shortest path to send any data, which makes it an inefficient device.

Advantages of Network Hubs

 It is less expensive.
 It does not impact network performance.
 Hub support different network media.

Disadvantages of Network Hubs

 It cannot find the best/ shortest path of the network.
 No mechanism for traffic detection.
 No mechanism for data filtration.

 Router:-
A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or sub-networks. It serves two
primary functions: managing traffic between these networks by forwarding data packets to their
intended IP addresses, and allowing multiple devices to use the same Internet connection.

13
 TP-LINK Router

Features of Router
Routers come with various features that make them versatile and effective in managing network traffic.
Some common features include:
 Firewall: Many modern routers have built-in firewalls to protect networks from unauthorized access
and cyber threats.
 Quality of Service (QoS): QoS allows routers to prioritize specific types of network traffic, ensuring
smooth performance for critical applications like video conferencing or online gaming.
 Virtual Private Network (VPN): Routers with VPN capabilities provide secure remote access to a
network, enabling users to connect to the network from outside locations.
 Port Forwarding: This feature enables specific data packets to be forwarded to designated devices
within the network.

Benefits of Router
Routers offer several benefits, including:
 Efficient Data Routing: Routers ensure that data packets take the shortest and most reliable path to
reach their destination, optimizing network performance.
 Network Segmentation: By creating different network segments, routers enhance security and make
network management more manageable.
 Flexibility: Routers allow various devices and networks to communicate with each other, promoting
seamless data exchange.

 Bridge:-

A bridge in a computer network is a device used to connect multiple LANs together with a larger Local
Area Network (LAN). The mechanism of network aggregation is known as bridging. The bridge is a

14
physical or hardware device but operates at the OSI model’s data link layer and is also known as a layer
of two switches.
The primary responsibility of a switch is to examine the incoming traffic and determine whether to filter
or forward it. Basically, a bridge in computer networks is used to divide network connections into
sections, now each section has a separate bandwidth and a separate collision domain. Here bridge is used
to improve network performance.

Types of Bridges:-
There are three types of bridges in computer networks, which are as follows:
 Transparent Bridge: Transparent bridges are invisible to other devices on the network. This bridge
doesn’t reconfigure the network on the addition or deletion of any station. The prime function of the
transparent bridge is to block or forward the data according to the MAC address.
 Source Routing Bridge: Source routing bridges were developed and designed by IBM specifically
for token ring networks. The frame’s entire route is embedded with the data frames by the source
station to perform the routing operation so that once the frame is forwarded it must follow a specific
defined path/route.
 Translational Bridge: Translational bridges convert the received data from one networking system to
another. Or it is used to communicate or transmit data between two different types of networking
systems. Like if we are sending data from a token ring to an Ethernet cable, the translational cable will
be used to connect both the networking system and transmit data.

Functions of Bridges:-
Now, let us take a look at the functions of bridges:
 Store MAC address in the PC that is used in the network for reducing network traffic.
 Divide local area networks into multiple segments.
 Connects multiple networks to ensure communication between them.
 It connects LAN segments into a single network.
 Recognizes areas where data is to be sent and on which device it will be sent.
 Maintains MAC address table to discover new segments.
 Used in load filtering of network traffic by separating it into segments or packets.

Advantages:-
 Bridges can be used as a network extension like they can connect two network topologies together.
 It has a separate collision domain, which results in increased bandwidth.

15
 It can create a buffer when different MAC protocols are there for different segments.
 Highly reliable and maintainable. The network can be divided into multiple LAN segments.

Disadvantages:-
 Expensive as compared to hubs and repeaters.
 Slow in speed.
 Poor performance as additional processing is required to view the MAC address of the device on the
network.
 As the traffic received is in bulk or is broadcasted traffic, individual filtering of data is not possible.

 Gateway:-

A gateway is a network connectivity device that connects two different configuration networks.
Gateways are also known as protocol converters, because they play an important role in converting
protocols supported by traffic on different networks. As a result, it allows smooth communication
between two networks. It works as the entry-exit point for a network because all traffic that passes
across the networks must pass through the gateway. A gateway monitors and controls all the incoming
and outgoing network traffic. Gateways are also known as protocol converters In this article, we are
going to discuss all important points related to Gateways.

How Gateways Work?

 The gateway receives data from devices within the network.
 After receiving data the gateway intercept and analyse data packets, which include analysing
packet header, payload etc.
 Based on the analysis of the data packets, the gateway calculate an appropriate destination address
of data packet. It then routes the data packets to their destination address.
 In some cases, the gateway might also want to transform the format of the obtained data to ensure
compatibility at the receiver.
 Once the data packets have been analysed, routed, and converted, then the gateway sends the last
packets to their respective destinations address inside the network.

16
 Gateways

Features of Gateways:-
Gateways provide a wide variety of features. Some of these are:
 A gateway is situated at a network edge and manages all data that enters or exits the network.
 A gateway is distinct from other network devices in that it can operate at any layer of the OSI
model.
 Gateways made the transmission more feasible as it queued up all the data and divided it into
small packets of data rather than sending it bulk.
 Gateways provide security within the network.

Advantages of Gateways:-
 Gateway helps in connecting two different network.
 Gateway is used to filters and does not allow anything that can harm to the network.
 Gateway is worked as the protocol converter.
 Gateway is the highly secure device that provides security from external attacks.

Limitations of Gateways:-
There are few limitations of gateways as well. Here are some of them:
 Gateway causes time delay since the conversion of data according to the network requires time.
 Failure of the gateway might lead to the failure of connection with other networks.
 The implementation of Gateway is very complex and it is not cost efficient.

 Repeaters:-

17
A repeater is a networking device that helps to regenerate signals to increase the reach of a network.
Also operating at the physical layer of the OSI model, repeaters help overcome distance-related
limitations by strengthening the strength and quality of the signal. They are instrumental in LANs
and WANs as they minimize errors, reduce data loss, and ensure reliable delivery to specific
locations. One of the primary benefits of repeaters is the error free transfer of data over longer
distances. This will ensure efficient and safe communication.

Repeater

Features of Repeaters:-
 Repeater can regenerate the signal without modifying it.
 Repeaters can be used in analog signals and digital signals.
 Repeaters can extend the range of networks.
 Dynamic networking is supported by repeater.
 Use of Repeaters reduces error and loss of data.
 Power is required for working of repeaters.
 Using repeater can add complexity in the network.

Advantages of Repeater:-
 Better Performance of Network: Repeaters provide with better performance of network because
they do not always depend on processing overheads at the time.
 Cost Effective: Repeaters are more cost effective as compared to other network devices therefore
they are cost effective.
 Extends the network: Repeaters provides with an advantage to extend the available network for
transmission of data.
 No Physical barriers: Using physical devices can led to some barrier while transmission of
signals. With the help of wireless repeaters such issues are resolved.
 Enhanced Signals: When computer devices and routers are connected in a network over long
distance it weakens the strength of signals. While using repeaters it improves the strength of
signals even over long distances.

18
 Disadvantages of Repeater:-
 Network Traffic: Repeaters do not have features to segment the network traffic. Therefore
repeaters do lack with the property to congestion.
 Network Segmentation: As repeaters do not have feature to segment the network traffic repeaters
cannot create a separate traffic from one cable to another.
 Limited number of repeaters: Use of limited number of repeaters is supported by the network. If
more number of repeaters are used that the specified one, it can even create collision of packets
and increase the noise.
 Collision Domain: The information is passed from various domains repeater is not able to
separate the devices.

6.0 Actual Resources Used:-

Sr.
Name of resources/ Materials Specification Quantity Remark
No.

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/network-devices-hub- -----------------
1 ---------- ----------
repeater-bridge-switch-router-gateways/ --

2 Reference book: Computer networking and data ---------------- ----------- ----------

communication ~ B. A. Fourozan -

3 https://www.scribd.com/document/517374305/Network- ---------------- ----------- ----------

Devices -

4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch ---------------- ----------- ----------

7.0 Outputs of the Micro-Projects:-

8.0 Skill Developed:-

Technical Skills
1. Knowledge of networking devices: Understanding of various networking devices, such as routers,
switches, firewalls, and modems.
2. Networking fundamentals: Familiarity with networking concepts, including protocols, topologies,
and architectures.
3. Device configuration and management: Understanding of device configuration, management, and
troubleshooting.

Soft Skills
1. Research and analysis: Ability to research and analyze information on different networking devices.
2. Critical thinking: Critical thinking skills to evaluate and compare different networking devices.

19
 3. Communication: Effective communication skills to present complex technical information in a clear
and concise manner.
4. Time management: Ability to manage time effectively to complete the report within a given
deadline.
5. Organization: Organizational skills to structure the report in a logical and coherent manner.

Project Management Skills

1. Problem-solving: Ability to identify and solve problems related to networking devices.
2. Troubleshooting: Troubleshooting skills to identify and resolve issues with networking devices.
3. Project planning: Ability to plan and manage a project, including setting goals, objectives, and
timelines.
4. Collaboration: Ability to collaborate with others, including team members, stakeholders, and subject
matter experts.

9.0 Applications of this Micro-Project:-

Local Area Networks (LANs)

1. Designing and implementing LANs for offices, homes, and organizations.
2. Configuring and managing network devices for efficient data transfer.

Wide Area Networks (WANs)

1. Designing and implementing WANs for connecting remote offices or branches.
2. Configuring routers and other devices for secure and reliable data transfer.

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

1. Configuring and managing routers, switches, and other devices for internet connectivity.
2. Ensuring secure and reliable internet services for customers.

Network Security
1. Implementing firewalls and intrusion detection systems to secure networks.
2. Configuring devices to prevent unauthorized access and data breaches.

Telecommunications
1. Designing and implementing telecommunications networks for voice and data services.
2. Configuring devices for efficient and reliable communication services.

IoT (Internet of Things)

1. Connecting and managing IoT devices in various industries, such as manufacturing, healthcare, and
transportation.
2. Ensuring secure and reliable data transfer between IoT devices.

Data Centers
1. Designing and implementing data center networks for efficient data storage and transfer.
2. Configuring devices for high-speed data transfer and low latency.

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

1. Designing and implementing VPNs for secure and reliable remote access.
20
2. Configuring devices for secure data transfer over public networks.

21