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Biochem Composition of cells and Reproductive system notes

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11 views7 pages

Repro

Biochem Composition of cells and Reproductive system notes

Uploaded by

Sofia Cheanne
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The female reproductive system consists of internal and external organs that function in

the production of gametes (eggs), hormone secretion, and the facilitation of fertilization
and childbirth. This system includes structures such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus,
vagina, and external genitalia.

2. Internal Organs

a. Ovaries

• Location: On either side of the uterus.


• Function: Produce oocytes (eggs) and secrete hormones such as estrogen and
progesterone.
• Structure:
• Cortex: Contains follicles at various stages of development.
• Medulla: Contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue.

b. Fallopian Tubes (Oviducts)

• Location: Extend from the uterus to the ovaries.


• Function: Transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus; site of fertilization.
• Structure:
• Fimbriae: Finger-like projections that help guide the egg into the tube.
• Ampulla: The widest part, where fertilization typically occurs.
• Isthmus: Narrow section connecting to the uterus.

c. Uterus

• Location: Central in the pelvis, between the bladder and rectum.


• Function: Nurtures the fertilized egg, provides a location for implantation, and supports
fetal development.
• Structure:
• Fundus: The top, dome-shaped part.
• Body (Corpus): The central part.
• Cervix: The lower, narrow part that opens into the vagina.
• Layers:
• Endometrium: The inner lining, where implantation occurs.
• Myometrium: Thick, muscular middle layer responsible for contractions during labor.
• Perimetrium: Outer layer that covers the uterus.

d. Vagina

• Location: Extends from the cervix to the external body.


• Function: Serves as the passage for menstrual flow, childbirth, and sexual intercourse.
• Structure:
• Rugae: Folds that allow for expansion.
• Mucosa: The lining that maintains an acidic environment to protect against infections.

3. External Genitalia (Vulva)

a. Labia Majora

• Location: Outer folds of skin that surround the labia minora.


• Function: Protects the inner structures and contains sweat and sebaceous glands.

b. Labia Minora

• Location: Inner folds between the labia majora.


• Function: Protects the openings of the vagina and urethra.

c. Clitoris

• Location: Anterior to the vaginal opening, beneath the junction of the labia minora.
• Function: Highly sensitive and plays a key role in sexual arousal.

d. Vestibule

• Location: Area enclosed by the labia minora.


• Structures:
• Urethral opening: For urine excretion.
• Vaginal opening: For sexual intercourse, childbirth, and menstrual flow.
• Bartholin's glands: Secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina.

Additional Parts

1. Cervix

• Function: Allows flow of menstrual blood from the uterus to the vagina; directs sperm
into the uterus during intercourse.
• Location: The lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina.

2. Bartholin's Glands

• Function: Produce mucus to lubricate the vagina.


• Location: On either side of the vaginal opening.

3. Mammary Glands (Breasts)

• Function: Produce milk for breastfeeding.


• Location: On the chest, considered part of the reproductive system due to their role in
nourishing offspring.
1. Testes

• Function: Produce sperm (spermatogenesis) and secrete testosterone.


• Location: Within the scrotum, outside the body cavity.
• Structure:
• Seminiferous Tubules: Site of sperm production.
• Leydig Cells: Produce testosterone.

2. Epididymis

• Function: Stores and matures sperm.


• Location: Coiled tube on the back of each testis.

3. Vas Deferens

• Function: Transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.


• Location: Extends from the epididymis, looping around the bladder.

4. Seminal Vesicles

• Function: Produce seminal fluid rich in fructose to nourish sperm.


• Location: Behind the bladder, connected to the vas deferens.

5. Prostate Gland

• Function: Produces fluid that nourishes and protects sperm; aids in ejaculation.
• Location: Below the bladder, surrounding the urethra.

6. Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Glands

• Function: Secrete a lubricating mucus that neutralizes acidity in the urethra.


• Location: Beneath the prostate gland.

7. Urethra

• Function: Conducts semen out of the body through the penis; also serves as the passage
for urine.
• Location: Extends from the bladder to the tip of the penis.

8. Penis

• Function: Facilitates sexual intercourse and ejaculation.


• Structure:
• Corpora Cavernosa: Erectile tissue that fills with blood during arousal.
• Glans Penis: Sensitive tip of the penis.
• Prepuce (Foreskin): Covers the glans (may be removed in circumcision).

Additional Parts

1. Scrotum

• Function: Regulates the temperature of the testes, providing an optimal environment for
sperm production.
• Location: Sac-like structure outside the body, housing the testes.

2. Ejaculatory Ducts

• Function: Transport sperm mixed with seminal fluid from the vas deferens and seminal
vesicles to the urethra.
• Location: Passes through the prostate gland to join the urethra.

3. Spermatic Cord

• Function: Contains blood vessels, nerves, and the vas deferens, supporting the testes.
• Location: Extends from the abdomen to each testis.

4. Cremaster Muscle

• Function: Raises and lowers the testes to regulate temperature for sperm production.
• Location: Surrounds the testes and spermatic cord.

Complete Overview of the Male Reproductive System

1. Testes: Sperm production and testosterone secretion.


2. Epididymis: Sperm maturation and storage.
3. Vas Deferens: Sperm transport.
4. Seminal Vesicles: Seminal fluid production.
5. Prostate Gland: Nourishes and protects sperm.
6. Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Glands: Lubrication and neutralization of urethra.
7. Urethra: Conducts semen and urine out of the body.
8. Penis: Facilitates sexual intercourse and ejaculation.
9. Scrotum: Temperature regulation for testes.
10. Ejaculatory Ducts: Sperm transport to the urethra.
11. Spermatic Cord: Supports testes with blood vessels, nerves, and vas deferens.
12. Cremaster Muscle: Temperature control for testes.
Complete Overview of the Female Reproductive System

1. Ovaries: Egg (oocyte) production and hormone secretion (estrogen, progesterone).


2. Fallopian Tubes (Oviducts): Transport egg; site of fertilization.
3. Uterus: Houses and nourishes the developing fetus; includes:
• Endometrium: Inner lining.
• Myometrium: Muscular layer.
• Perimetrium: Outer layer.
1. Cervix: Lower part of the uterus; allows flow of menstrual blood and directs sperm.
2. Vagina: Birth canal, menstrual flow, and sexual intercourse passage.
3. External Genitalia (Vulva):
• Labia Majora: Outer folds, protect inner structures.
• Labia Minora: Inner folds, protect vaginal and urethral openings.
• Clitoris: Sexual arousal.
• Vestibule: Contains urethral and vaginal openings.
1. Bartholin's Glands: Lubrication of the vagina.
2. Mammary Glands (Breasts): Milk production for breastfeeding.

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