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Adharsh Project

The document outlines the male and female reproductive systems, detailing the structure and function of key organs such as the testes, ovaries, and associated ducts. It describes processes like spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and fertilization, as well as the roles of accessory glands and external genitalia. Additionally, it highlights the importance of temperature regulation in sperm production and the hormonal functions of the reproductive organs.

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10 views12 pages

Adharsh Project

The document outlines the male and female reproductive systems, detailing the structure and function of key organs such as the testes, ovaries, and associated ducts. It describes processes like spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and fertilization, as well as the roles of accessory glands and external genitalia. Additionally, it highlights the importance of temperature regulation in sperm production and the hormonal functions of the reproductive organs.

Uploaded by

nottu09
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

Male Reproductive System

1.Testes (Primary Reproductive Organs):


The testes are a pair of oval-shaped organs
responsible for producing sperms and the male
hormone testosterone. They are enclosed within the
scrotum, which keeps them 2–2.5°C cooler than
body temperature, a condition necessary for sperm
production. Each testis is made up of many
testicular lobules, and each lobule contains
seminiferous tubules, the site of spermatogenesis.
The seminiferous tubules are lined by germinal
epithelium and supported by Sertoli cells, which
nourish developing sperms. In the interstitial space,
Leydig cells (interstitial cells) secrete testosterone
that governs male secondary sexual traits.
2.Rete Testis and Vasa Efferentia (Sperm
Transport):
From the seminiferous tubules, immature sperms
pass into a network of tubules called the rete testis,
and then into vasa efferentia, which transport them
to the epididymis. These ducts help in the
concentration and movement of sperms from the
testes.

3.Epididymis (Sperm Maturation and Storage):


The epididymis is a long, coiled tube situated along
the posterior surface of each testis. It is divided into
three parts: caput (head), corpus (body), and
cauda (tail). The sperms mature and gain motility
here, becoming functionally active. The epididymis
also serves as a storage site for mature spermatozoa
until ejaculation.

4.Vas Deferens and Ejaculatory Ducts (Transport


Pathway):
The vas deferens arises from the tail of the
epididymis and carries sperm upward into the pelvic
cavity, looping over the urinary bladder. It joins the
duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory
duct, which then opens into the urethra. These ducts
play a vital role in mixing sperm with glandular
secretions to form semen.

5.Urethra (Dual Purpose Tube):


The urethra extends from the urinary bladder to the
tip of the penis and serves a dual function—carrying
urine as well as semen. The ejaculatory ducts open
into the urethra within the prostate gland.

6.Penis (Copulatory Organ):


The penis is a cylindrical, erectile organ that
delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract. It
contains erectile tissue which becomes engorged
with blood during arousal, allowing penetration. The
glans penis, covered by a foreskin (prepuce), is the
sensitive tip that facilitates sexual pleasure.
7.Scrotum (Thermoregulation):
The scrotum is a skin-covered sac that holds the
testes. It maintains the temperature lower than body
temperature by contracting or relaxing the dartos
and cremaster muscles, helping optimal sperm
development.

8.Accessory Glands (Seminal Vesicles, Prostate,


Bulbourethral):
o The seminal vesicles secrete an alkaline,

fructose-rich fluid that nourishes sperms and


forms ~60% of semen volume.
o The prostate gland produces a thin, milky,

alkaline secretion that enhances sperm motility


and neutralises the acidic environment of the
vagina.
o The bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands release a

clear, mucus-like secretion that lubricates the


urethra and neutralises any traces of urine.
Female Reproductive System
1.Ovaries (Primary Reproductive Organs):
The ovaries are a pair of almond-shaped structures
located in the pelvic cavity. Each ovary is held in
place by ligaments and is responsible for oogenesis
(formation of ova) and secretion of female sex
hormones, namely estrogen and progesterone.
Ovaries contain follicles in various stages of
development. During the menstrual cycle, a mature
Graafian follicle ruptures to release an ovum, a
process called ovulation.
2.Fallopian Tubes (Site of Fertilisation):
Each ovary is connected to the uterus by a fallopian
tube or oviduct, about 10–12 cm long. The fallopian
tube consists of four regions:
o Fimbriae: Finger-like projections that help

collect the ovum.


o Infundibulum: Funnel-shaped opening near the

ovary.
o Ampulla: The widest part, where fertilisation

usually occurs.
o Isthmus: A narrow passage that connects to the
uterus

3.Uterus (Womb – Site of Implantation and Fetal


Growth):
The uterus is a thick-walled, muscular, pear-shaped
organ where the fertilised egg implants and
develops into a fetus. It has three layers:
o Perimetrium (outer thin layer),

o Myometrium (thick muscular layer responsible

for contractions during delivery), and


o Endometrium (inner glandular layer that

thickens each month and sheds during


menstruation if fertilisation does not occur).

4.Cervix (Lower Opening of Uterus):


The cervix is the narrow neck-like structure of the
uterus that opens into the vagina. It produces mucus
that varies in thickness throughout the menstrual
cycle, aiding or preventing sperm entry. During
labor, the cervix dilates to allow the passage of the
baby.
5.Vagina (Birth Canal and Copulatory Organ):
The vagina is a muscular, elastic canal that serves
multiple functions: it receives the penis during
sexual intercourse, acts as the birth canal, and
provides an exit for menstrual blood. It has a slightly
acidic environment to prevent infections.

6.External Genitalia (Vulva):


The vulva includes the labia majora, labia minora,
clitoris, vestibular glands, and the vaginal and
urethral openings. The clitoris is a sensitive organ
comparable to the penis and plays a role in female
sexual arousal.
7.Mammary Glands (Secondary Sexual
Character):
Though not part of the internal reproductive system,
mammary glands play a crucial role in lactation
after childbirth. Each breast has 15–20 lobes with
ducts that open at the nipple. Prolactin stimulates
milk production, while oxytocin aids in milk
ejection.

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