9.1 Human Interface - 1

CHAPTER (9)
Technology Element
9-1 Human Interfaces
9-1-1 Human Interface Technology

9-1-2 Interface Design
9-1-1 Human Interface Technology
• Human Interface refers to the portion that serves as a contact point between
humans and computers.
• Human-machine interface, also called user interface or human-computer
interface, means by which humans and computers communicate with each
other.
• The human-machine interface includes the hardware and software that is
used to translate user (i.e., human) input into commands and to present
results to the user.
1. Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• A graphical user interface (GUI) is a digital interface in which a user

interacts with graphical components such as icons, buttons, and menus.
• In a GUI, the visuals displayed in the user interface convey information
relevant to the user, as well as actions that they can take.
1. Window
• This is a work area for performing independent activity.

• This appears on the operation screen for each activity.
2. Menu Bar
• Clicking this will show a list of commands.

• A command is selected from the list and instructions are given to the computer.
3. Text box
• A character or number is entered inside the box.

4. Radio Button
• Only one applicable item is selected from multiple options.

5. Pull-down menu
• Clicking the down arrow will show the list.

• Only one applicable item can be selected.
6. Check Box
• The applicable items are selected from multiple options

• Multiple items can be selected.
7. Command Button
• Clicking the button will execute the process set in the button.
 List Box
• The applicable items are selected from the list.

• Multiple items can be selected.
 Icon
• The file or directory (folder) is shown as a drawing pattern.

• This is used when selecting and loading a file.
 Pop-up Menu
• Right-clicking will show the list of commands according to the situation of the
current operation.
• This is called “shortcut menu”.
• A command is selected from the list and instructions are given to the computer.
Help Function
• It refers to the operation guide (help) where users can view the operation
method of the system etc., on the screen.
Thumbnail
• A thumbnail refers to a scaled-down image that is used to display multiple

images as a list.
• By displaying a list of thumbnails, it becomes easier to search the required
images from many images.
• It is called a thumbnail because it is a small image like the nail of a thumb.
9-1-2 Interface Design
• The process of designing the visual, metaphorical, and functional aspects of
a product or system.
• The process of interface design begins with understanding people, the tasks
they perform, and the goals they are trying to reach.
• Based on this information, interface designers create the medium to help
users interact with products or systems so they may reach their goals.
• Interface design can be divided into “screen design” and “form design”.
Screen Design Used for designing items and layout of the screen used when data is
entered, and operation method of keyboard and mouse.
Form Design Used for designing the layout of input paper and input source document,
contents exported to the printer, and the like.
The points to keep in mind in interface design are as follows:
• Clearly identify the purpose and items of data to be exported. Next, clearly
define the input data required for exporting the above data.
• Prepare the format after specifying whether the use of the input screen and
recipient of the form is an internal person or a customer.
• Select the appropriate human interface according to the familiarity level of
the user.
• Select the device according to the input/output contents.
• Shorten the response time and turnaround time, and ensure that the waiting
time of a process does not become long.
• Clearly define the method of dealing with operation errors and system
failure.
• Take measures so that the input data is not leaked externally.
1. Screen Design
• The input screen is one of the interfaces of the system that are most
extensively used by the users.
• An input screen that is easy to use from the user’s standpoint should be
designed.
Standardization Standardize common items for screens, such as the position of
of screens the screen title and allocation of keys.
Systematization Design hierarchical relation or flow between related screens.

of screens When screens are systematized, show it in the figures such as
the “screen hierarchy figure” and “screen transition figure”.
Definition of For the respective screen, decide the position and default
screen items and value of each item, input method, etc.
layout design
Example: Screen design of meeting room reservation system.
Screen Hierarchy Figure Main Menu
Reserve for use Inquiry
Cancel Event Information Vacant room

information
screen transition figure
Vacant room
information
Reserve
For use
Inquiry
Main Menu
Cancel
Event
information
Key points in screen design
Some of the key points in screen design are as follows:

• In order to ensure the natural flow of input data, data is arranged so that it
moves left to right and from top to bottom.
• When the number of options is high, options are divided into groups for ease
of selection.
• Rules are defined for using colors.
• The operation guide (help) is displayed for users not familiar with operations.
• Input devices other than the keyboard ( for example bar code, touch panel,
and scanner) can also be used according to the purpose of use.
2. Form Design
• Forms used in day-to-day work should be designed such that they are easy
to use for anyone.
Standaridization of Standardize common items for forms, such as

forms the position of the title and the number of lines
in one page.
Layout design Design the layout of each item.
Deciding printer and When printing, decide printer and slip paper
slip paper according to the purpose of use.
Some of the key points in form design are as follows:
• Place the items that are common across all forms in the same place.
• Remove any extra information and include only a minimum of required
information.
• In numerical data, place a comma after every three digits so that users can
read it easily.
• Properly use tables graphs, drawings, etc. in the layout according to the
purpose.
• Keep in mind special output such as bar code according to the purpose.
3. Web design
• Companies are increasingly building their own websites for disseminating

information over the internet.
• The websites are viewed by many people and it would be an exaggeration to
say that the quality of web design affects the image of the company.
• Websites are also used for searching for information about the company and
receiving inquiries from users.
• In designing a website, it is important to keep web design in mind and build
a website that anyone can easily understand.
Some of the key points of web design are as follows:
• Use a style sheet for unifying color tones and design.

• Minimize the use of images to ensure stress-free operationally for the users.
• Do not include functions that can be only displayed with specific web
browsers.
• Build such that it can be displayed with any web browser.
4. Universal Design
• Universal design is the concept of designing products, devices, facilities, and

life space that everyone can use irrespective of their country, culture, gender,
age, or disability.
• Universal design in web design is called “web accessibility”.
• It refers to all people being able to obtain equal information from the website
irrespective of differences in their individual capabilities.
• In specific terms, font size can be increased, keeping elderly people in mind,
and information is appropriately arranged in the sequence of reading by voice
software, keeping blind people in mind.
Source Document
• Source document refers to the form where data to be fed to the computer is
written beforehand.
• Require item names, frames, and the like to be printed such that users can
write easily.
Default value
• Default value refers to the value set in the item in advance.

• By entering a date, the default value can be repeated with the entered value.
Usability
• Usability refers to the ease of use felt by the users.

• It serves as an index of website design that is easy to use for users in terms
of ease of operation and readability of the website.
Accessibility
• Accessibility refers to the index for design to ensure that as many people as
possible including elderly people and people with disabilities are able to
access information and they are able to obtain information or services they
require.
Informaiton barrier free
• Information barrier-free refers to removing barriers that would come in the

way of operating and using information devices so that they can be used
without any handles.

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CHAPTER (9)

9-1-1 Human Interface Technology

• A graphical user interface (GUI) is a digital interface in which a user

• This is a work area for performing independent activity.

• Clicking this will show a list of commands.

• A character or number is entered inside the box.

• Only one applicable item is selected from multiple options.

• Clicking the down arrow will show the list.

• The applicable items are selected from multiple options

• The applicable items are selected from the list.

• The file or directory (folder) is shown as a drawing pattern.

• A thumbnail refers to a scaled-down image that is used to display multiple

Systematization Design hierarchical relation or flow between related screens.

Screen Hierarchy Figure Main Menu

Reserve for use Inquiry

Cancel Event Information Vacant room

Some of the key points in screen design are as follows:

Standaridization of Standardize common items for forms, such as

Layout design Design the layout of each item.

• Companies are increasingly building their own websites for disseminating

• Use a style sheet for unifying color tones and design.

• Universal design is the concept of designing products, devices, facilities, and

• Default value refers to the value set in the item in advance.

• Usability refers to the ease of use felt by the users.

• Information barrier-free refers to removing barriers that would come in the

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