1) Write a C++ program to evaluate the following expressions:

X=(-b-(b2-4ac))/2a
#include <iostream>
#include <math.h>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
float a , b , c , x ;
cout << "Enter value for a ,b ,c :" ;
cin >> a >> b >> c ;
x = (( -b ) - ( (b * b) - ( 4 * a * c ))) / ( 2 * a );
cout << "Result : " << x << endl;
return 0;
}

2) Write a C++ Program which shows the use of function outside

the class using scope resolution operator.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class MyClass {
public:
void display(); // Declaration of member function
};

// Definition of member function outside the class using scope

resolution operator
void MyClass::display() {
cout << "Hello, this is a function outside the class!" << endl;
}

int main() {
MyClass obj;
obj.display(); // Calling the function
return 0;
}

3) Calculate average of two numbers using explicit type casting.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int num1, num2;
float average;
cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
cin >> num1 >> num2;
// Calculate the average using explicit type casting
average = (float)(num1 + num2) / 2;
cout << "The average is: " << average << endl;
return 0;
}
4) Define a class Room with data members length, breadth and
height. Member function calculate_area () and
calculate_volume(). Calculate the area and volume of room.
Define the member function inside the class.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Room {
public:
float length, breadth, height;

// Member function to calculate area

float calculate_area() {
return length * breadth;
}

// Member function to calculate volume

float calculate_volume() {
return length * breadth * height;
}
};

int main() {
Room room;
 // Take user input for length, breadth, and height
cout << "Enter length, breadth, and height of the room: ";
cin >> room.length >> room.breadth >> room.height;

// Calculate and display area and volume

cout << "Area of the room: " << room.calculate_area() << endl;
cout << "Volume of the room: " << room.calculate_volume() <<
endl;

return 0;
}

5) Write a program to find area of circle such that the class circle
must have three functions namely: a)read() to accept the radius
from user. b)compute() for calculating the area c)display() for
displaying the result.(Use Scope resolution operator)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Circle {
private:
float radius;
float area;
public:
void read();
 void compute();
void display();
};

void Circle::read() {
cout << "Enter the radius of the circle: ";
cin >> radius;
}

void Circle::compute() {
area = 3.14159 * radius * radius;
}

void Circle::display() {
cout << "The area of the circle with radius " << radius << " is: " <<
area << endl;
}

int main() {
Circle c;
c.read();
c.compute();
c.display();
return 0;
}
6) Write a C++ program to create a class "Number" having data
members n1 and n2 and perform mathematical operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division on two numbers
using inline functions.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Number
{
private:
float n1, n2;

public:
// Inline function to set the values of n1 and n2
void setValues()
{
cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
cin >> n1 >> n2;
}

// Inline function for addition

inline float add()
{
return n1 + n2;
 }

// Inline function for subtraction

inline float subtract()
{
return n1 - n2;
}

// Inline function for multiplication

inline float multiply()
{
return n1 * n2;
}

// Inline function for division

inline float divide()
{
return n1 / n2;
}
};

int main()
{
Number num;

num.setValues();
 cout << "Addition: " << num.add() << endl;
cout << "Subtraction: " << num.subtract() << endl;
cout << "Multiplication: " << num.multiply() << endl;
cout << "Division: " << num.divide() << endl;
return 0;
}

7) WAP to create two classes test1 and test2 which stores marks
of a student. Read value for class objects and calculate average of
two tests using friend function.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Test2; // Forward declaration of class Test2

class Test1 {
public:
float marks1; // Marks of the first test
// Function to read marks for the first test
void readMarks() {
cout << "Enter marks for Test 1: ";
cin >> marks1;
}
// Friend function declaration
friend float calculateAverage(Test1, Test2);
};
class Test2 {
public:
float marks2; // Marks of the second test
// Function to read marks for the second test
void readMarks() {
cout << "Enter marks for Test 2: ";
cin >> marks2;
}
// Friend function declaration
friend float calculateAverage(Test1, Test2);
};

// Friend function definition to calculate average

float calculateAverage(Test1 t1, Test2 t2) {
return (t1.marks1 + t2.marks2) / 2.0; // Calculating average of
the two tests
}

int main() {
Test1 t1;
Test2 t2;
float average;
// Reading marks for both tests
t1.readMarks();
t2.readMarks();
// Calculating and displaying the average using the friend
function
average = calculateAverage(t1, t2);
cout << "The average marks of the two tests are: " << average
<< endl;
return 0;
}
8) Write a Program to define a class having data members
principal, duration and rate of interest. Declare rate _of_ interest
as static member variable .calculate the simple interest and
display it.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Loan {
public:
float principal;
int duration;
static float rate_of_interest;

void accept() {
cout << "Enter the principal amount: ";
cin >> principal;
cout << "Enter the duration of the loan (in years): ";
cin >> duration;
}

// Function to calculate simple interest

float calculateInterest() {
return (principal * duration * rate_of_interest) / 100;
}

// Function to display the details

void displayDetails() {
cout << "Principal Amount: " << principal << endl;
cout << "Duration: " << duration << " years" << endl;
 cout << "Rate of Interest: " << rate_of_interest << "%" << endl;
cout << "Simple Interest: " << calculateInterest() << endl;
}
};

// Initialize static member outside the class

float Loan::rate_of_interest = 5.0; // Default rate of interest

int main() {
Loan l;
l.accept();
l.displayDetails();
return 0;
}

9) Write a C++ program to declare class ‘Account’ having data

members as Account_No and Balance. Accept this data for 5
accounts and display data of Accounts having balance greater
than 10000.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Account {
public:
int Account_No; // Account number
float Balance; // Account balance

// Function to accept account details

void acceptData() {
 cout << "Enter Account Number: ";
cin >> Account_No;
cout << "Enter Account Balance: ";
cin >> Balance;
}

// Function to display account details if balance is greater than

10000
void displayData() {
cout << "Account Number: " << Account_No << endl;
cout << "Account Balance: " << Balance << endl;
cout << "------------------------------" << endl;
}
};

int main() {
Account accounts[5]; // Array of 5 Account objects

// Accept data for 5 accounts

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
cout << "Enter details for Account " << i + 1 << endl;
accounts[i].acceptData();
cout << endl;
}

// Display data of accounts with balance greater than 10000

cout << "Accounts with balance greater than 10000:" << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
if (accounts[i].Balance > 10000) {
accounts[i].displayData();
}
}
 return 0;
}

10) Define a class student which contain member variables as

ro no ,name and course. Write a program using constructor as
"Computer Engineering" for course. Accept this data for objects of
class and display the data.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Student {
private:
int rollno;
string name;
string course;

public:
Student() {
course = "Computer Engineering";
}

void acc() {
cout << "Enter Roll Number: ";
cin >> rollno;
cout << "Enter Name: ";
cin >> name;
}
 void dis() {
cout << "Roll Number: " << rollno << endl;
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Course: " << course << endl;
}
};

int main() {
Student s1;
Student s2;
Student s3;

s1.acc();
s2.acc();
s3.acc();

s1.dis();
s2.dis();
s3.dis();

return 0;
}

11) Write a C++ program to define a class "Employee" having data

members emp_no, emp_name and emp_designation. Derive a
class "Salary" from "Employee" having data members basic, hra,
da, gross_sal. Accept and display data for one employee.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
// Base class Employee
class Employee {
protected:
int emp_no; // Employee number
string emp_name; // Employee name
string emp_designation; // Employee designation

public:

void acceptEmployeeData() {
cout << "Enter Employee Number: ";
cin >> emp_no;
cout << "Enter Employee Name: ";
cin >> emp_name;
cout << "Enter Employee Designation: ";
cin >> emp_designation;
}

void displayEmployeeData() {
cout << "Employee Number: " << emp_no << endl;
cout << "Employee Name: " << emp_name << endl;
cout << "Employee Designation: " << emp_designation << endl;
}
};

class Salary : public Employee {

private:
float basic;
float hra;
float da;
float gross_sal;
public:
void acceptSalaryData() {
cout << "Enter Basic Salary: ";
cin >> basic;
cout << "Enter HRA: ";
cin >> hra;
cout << "Enter DA: ";
cin >> da;
}

void calculateAndDisplayGrossSalary() {
gross_sal = basic + hra + da;
cout << "Gross Salary: " << gross_sal << endl;
}
};

int main() {
Salary employee1;

// Accept employee and salary details

employee1.acceptEmployeeData();
employee1.acceptSalaryData();

// Display employee details

cout << "\nEmployee Details:\n";
employee1.displayEmployeeData();
employee1.calculateAndDisplayGrossSalary();

return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// Base class Employee

class Employee {
protected:
int Emp_id;
string Emp_name;
public:
void acce() {
cout << "Enter Employee ID: ";
cin >> Emp_id;
cout << "Enter Employee Name: ";
cin >> Emp_name;
}
void dise() {
cout << "Employee ID: " << Emp_id << endl;
cout << "Employee Name: " << Emp_name << endl;
}
};

// Another base class Emp_union

class Emp_union {
protected:
string Member_id;
public:
void accu() {
cout << "Enter Member ID: ";
cin >> Member_id;
}
void disu() {
cout << "Member ID: " << Member_id << endl;
}
};

class Emp_Info : public Employee, public Emp_union {

protected:
float Basic_Salary;
public:
void acci() {
acce();
accu();
cout << "Enter Basic Salary: ";
cin >> Basic_Salary;
}
void disi() {
dise();
disu();
cout << "Basic Salary: " << Basic_Salary << endl;
}
};

int main(){
Emp_Info e;
e.acci();
 cout<<endl<<"Employee Information"<<endl;
e.disi();

return 0;
}

13) Write a C++ program to implement the fo owing inheritance.

Accept and display data for one programmer and one manager.
Make display function virtual.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Employee
{
protected:
int empid;
string empcode;

public:
void accept()
{
cout << "Enter Employee ID: ";
cin >> empid;
cout << "Enter Employee Code: ";
cin >> empcode;
}
virtual void display()
{
cout << "Employee ID: " << empid << endl;
cout << "Employee Code: " << empcode << endl;
}
};
class Programmer : public Employee
{
string skill;

public:
void accept()
{
Employee::accept();
cout << "Enter Programmer's Skill: ";
cin >> skill;
}
void display() override
{
Employee::display();
cout << "Skill: " << skill << endl;
}
};
class Manager : public Employee
{
string department;

public:
void accept()
{
Employee::accept();
cout << "Enter Manager's Department: ";
cin >> department;
}
void display() override
{
Employee::display();
cout << "Department: " << department << endl;
}
};
int main()
{
Programmer p;
Manager m;
cout << "Enter details for Programmer:\n";
p.accept();
cout << "\nEnter details for Manager:\n";
m.accept();
Employee *e;
e = &p;
cout << "\nDisplaying Programmer Details:\n";
e->display();
e = &m;
cout << "\nDisplaying Manager Details:\n";
e->display();
return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// Virtual Base Class Student

class Student {
protected:
string name;
int roll_no;

public:
void acceptStudentData() {
cout << "Enter Student Name: ";
cin >> name;
cout << "Enter Roll Number: ";
cin >> roll_no;
}

void displayStudentData() {
cout << "Student Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Roll Number: " << roll_no << endl;
}
};

// Derived class Test (from Student)

class Test : virtual public Student {
protected:
float marks;

public:
void acceptTestData() {
cout << "Enter Marks: ";
cin >> marks;
}

void displayTestData() {
cout << "Marks: " << marks << endl;
}
};
// Derived class Sports (from Student)
class Sports : virtual public Student {
protected:
int score;

public:
void acceptSportsData() {
cout << "Enter Sports Score: ";
cin >> score;
}

void displaySportsData() {
cout << "Sports Score: " << score << endl;
}
};

// Derived class Result (from Test and Sports)

class Result : public Test, public Sports {
public:
void acceptData() {
acceptStudentData();
acceptTestData();
acceptSportsData();
}

void displayData() {
displayStudentData();
displayTestData();
displaySportsData();
}
};
int main() {
Result result;

cout << "Enter details for Student, Test, and Sports:\n";

result.acceptData();

cout << "\nStudent Result:\n";

result.displayData();

return 0;
}

15) Write a program which shows the use of constructor in derived

class
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// Base class
class Base {
public:
Base(int a) {
cout << "Base class constructor called with value: " << a <<
endl;
}
};

// Derived class
class Derived : public Base {
public:
 Derived(int a, int b) : Base(a) {
cout << "Derived class constructor called with value: " << b <<
endl;
}
};

int main() {
// Create an object of the derived class with parameters
Derived obj(10, 20);

return 0;
}

16) Write a C++ program to declare a class birthday having data

members day, month, year. Accept this information for five objects
using pointer to the array of objects

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// Class Declaration
class Birthday {
public:
int day;
int month;
int year;

// Member function to accept data for the birthday

void acceptData() {
cout << "Enter Day: ";
 cin >> day;
cout << "Enter Month: ";
cin >> month;
cout << "Enter Year: ";
cin >> year;
}

// Member function to display the birthday

void displayData() {
cout << "Birthday: " << day << "/" << month << "/" << year <<
endl;
}
};

int main() {
// Pointer to an array of 5 objects of the Birthday class
Birthday* birthdays = new Birthday[5]; // Dynamically allocate
memory for 5 Birthday objects

// Accept birthday data for 5 objects

for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
cout << "\nEnter details for birthday " << (i + 1) << ":\n";
birthdays[i].acceptData();
}

// Display birthday data for all 5 objects

cout << "\nDisplaying all birthday details:\n";
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
cout << "\nBirthday " << (i + 1) << ": ";
birthdays[i].displayData();
}

// Deallocate memory for the array of objects

 delete[] birthdays;

return 0;
}

17) Write a C++ program declare a class "polygon" having data

members width and height. Derive classes "rectangle" and
"triangle" from "polygon" having area () as a member function.
Calculate area of triangle and rectangle using pointer to derived
class object.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// Base class Polygon

class Polygon {
protected:
float width, height;

public:
// Function to get dimensions from the user
void get() {
cout << "Enter width: ";
cin >> width;
cout << "Enter height: ";
cin >> height;
}

// Pure virtual function to calculate the area

virtual float area() = 0; // Must be overridden by derived
classes
};

// Derived class Rectangle

class Rectangle : public Polygon {
public:
// Override the area() function to calculate the area of the
rectangle
float area() override {
return width * height;
}
};

// Derived class Triangle

class Triangle : public Polygon {
public:
// Override the area() function to calculate the area of the
triangle
float area() override {
return 0.5 * width * height;
}
};

int main() {
Rectangle rect; // Object of Rectangle
Triangle tri; // Object of Triangle
Polygon* poly; // Pointer to base class

// Get dimensions for the rectangle

cout << "Enter dimensions for Rectangle:" << endl;
rect.get();

// Get dimensions for the triangle

cout << "Enter dimensions for Triangle:" << endl;
 tri.get();

// Use the pointer to calculate area for Rectangle

poly = &rect;
cout << "Area of Rectangle: " << poly->area() << endl;

// Use the pointer to calculate area for Triangle

poly = &tri;
cout << "Area of Triangle: " << poly->area() << endl;

return 0;
}

18) Write a C++ Program that find the sum of two int and double
number using function overloading.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// Class to perform sum operations

class Calculator {
public:
// Function to calculate the sum of two integers
int sum(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

// Function to calculate the sum of two doubles

double sum(double a, double b) {
return a + b;
}
};
int main() {
Calculator calc; // Create an object of the Calculator class
int int1, int2;
double double1, double2;

// Input two integers

cout << "Enter two integers: ";
cin >> int1 >> int2;

// Input two double numbers

cout << "Enter two double numbers: ";
cin >> double1 >> double2;

// Calculate and display the sums

cout << "Sum of integers: " << calc.sum(int1, int2) << endl;
cout << "Sum of doubles: " << calc.sum(double1, double2) <<
endl;

return 0;
}

19) Write a C++ program to overload unary operators (++)

increment and (--) decrement by using member function and
friend function.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Number {
int value;
public:
// Constructor to initialize the value
Number(int val = 0) : value(val) {}

// Display the value

void display() {
cout << "Value: " << value << endl;
}

// Overload ++ (increment) using member function

Number operator++() {
++value; // Pre-increment
return *this;
}

// Overload -- (decrement) using friend function

friend Number operator--(Number& num);
};

// Overload -- (decrement) using a friend function

Number operator--(Number& num) {
--num.value; // Pre-decrement
return num;
}

int main() {
Number n1(10); // Initialize n1 with value 10

cout << "Initial value:" << endl;

n1.display();

// Use the increment operator (++)

++n1;
 cout << "After increment (++):" << endl;
n1.display();

// Use the decrement operator (--)

--n1;
cout << "After decrement (--):" << endl;
n1.display();

return 0;
}

20) Write a C++ program to compare two strings using'==' operator

overloading.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class String {
string str; // String data

public:
// Constructor to initialize the string
String( string s = "") : str(s) {}

// Overload '==' operator

bool operator==( String other) {
return str == other.str;
}

// Function to display the string

void display() {
cout << str;
 }
};

int main() {
String s1("Hello"), s2("World"), s3("Hello");

cout << "Comparing s1 and s2: ";

if (s1 == s2)
cout << "Strings are equal" << endl;
else
cout << "Strings are not equal" << endl;

cout << "Comparing s1 and s3: ";

if (s1 == s3)
cout << "Strings are equal" << endl;
else
cout << "Strings are not equal" << endl;

return 0;
}

21) Write a program which shows the use of function overriding.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Base {
public:
// Virtual function to be overridden
virtual void display() {
cout << "Display function of Base class." << endl;
}
};

class Derived : public Base {

public:
// Overriding the Base class function
void display() override {
cout << "Display function of Derived class." << endl;
}
};

int main() {
Base* basePtr; // Pointer to Base class
Derived d; // Object of Derived class

basePtr = &d;

// Call the display function using the Base class pointer

basePtr->display();

return 0;
}

22) Write a program which shows the use of Abstract class.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// Abstract class
class Shape {
public:
virtual void area() = 0; // Pure virtual function
};
// Derived class: Rectangle
class Rectangle : public Shape {
public:
void area() override {
cout << "This shape is Rectangle" << endl;
}
};

// Derived class: Circle

class Circle : public Shape {
public:
void area() override {
cout << "This shape is Circle" << endl;
}
};

int main() {
Shape* shape; // Pointer to base class

Rectangle rect;
Circle circ;

// Use Rectangle
shape = &rect;
shape->area();

// Use Circle
shape = &circ;
shape->area();

return 0;
}
23) Write a program to read from a file using constructor function.
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main() {
ifstream file("sample.txt"); // Open the file using constructor

if (!file) {
cout << "Error: File could not be opened." << endl;
return 1; // Return error code if file can't be opened
}

string line;
while (getline(file, line)) {
cout << line << endl; // Display each line of the file
}

file.close(); // Close the file after reading

return 0;
}

24) Write a program to write into file using open function.

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// Create an object of ofstream and open the file in write mode
ofstream file;
file.open("output.txt"); // Open the file for writing

if (!file) {
cout << "Error: File could not be opened." << endl;
return 1; // Return error code if file can't be opened
}

// Write some data to the file

file << "Hello, World!" << endl;
file << "This is a test file." << endl;
file << "Writing to file using open function." << endl;

// Close the file after writing

file.close();

cout << "Data has been written to the file." << endl;

return 0;
}

25) WAP to copy content of one file into another using open
function.
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
string sourceFile = "sample.txt"; // Source file name
 string destFile = "destination.txt"; // Destination file name

// Open the source file in read mode

ifstream src;
src.open(sourceFile);
if (!src) {
cout << "Error: Source file could not be opened." << endl;
return 1; // Return error code if source file can't be opened
}

// Open the destination file in write mode

ofstream dest;
dest.open(destFile);
if (!dest) {
cout << "Error: Destination file could not be opened." << endl;
return 1; // Return error code if destination file can't be
opened
}

// Copy contents from source file to destination file

char ch;
while (src.get(ch)) {
dest.put(ch); // Write each character to the destination file
}

// Close both files

src.close();
dest.close();

cout << "Content copied successfully from " << sourceFile << " to
" << destFile << endl;

return 0;
}

26) WAP to copy content of one file into another using constructor.
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
string sourceFile = "output.txt"; // Source file name
string destFile = "destination.txt"; // Destination file name

// Open the source file using the constructor of ifstream

ifstream src(sourceFile);
if (!src) {
cout << "Error: Source file could not be opened." << endl;
return 1; // Return error code if source file can't be opened
}

// Open the destination file using the constructor of ofstream

ofstream dest(destFile);
if (!dest) {
cout << "Error: Destination file could not be opened." << endl;
return 1; // Return error code if destination file can't be
opened
}

// Copy content from source file to destination file

char ch;
while (src.get(ch)) {
dest.put(ch); // Write each character to the destination file
}
 // Close both files
src.close();
dest.close();

cout << "Content copied successfully from " << sourceFile << " to
" << destFile << endl;

return 0;
}

27) Write programs to copy the contents of one file into another
file using forma ed input/output function.
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
string sourceFile = "sample.txt"; // Source file name
string destFile = "destination.txt"; // Destination file name

// Open the source file for reading

ifstream src(sourceFile);
if (!src) {
cout << "Error: Source file could not be opened." << endl;
return 1; // Return error code if source file can't be opened
}

// Open the destination file for writing

ofstream dest(destFile);
if (!dest) {
 cout << "Error: Destination file could not be opened." << endl;
return 1; // Return error code if destination file can't be
opened
}

// Read from source and write to destination with formatted

input/output
char ch;
while (src.get(ch)) { // Use get() to read character by
character
dest.put(ch); // Use put() to write character by character
}

// Close both files

src.close();
dest.close();

cout << "Content copied successfully from " << sourceFile << " to
" << destFile << endl;

return 0;
}