HIGHER SECONDARY SECOND YEAR

MATHEMATICS QUESTION BANK (2024 - 2025)

NAME: …………………………………………….

CLASS: ………… SECTION: …………………

SCHOOL: ………………………………………….

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 1

 NO OF 1
NO OF NO OF NO OF
S.NO TOPIC NAME MARKS
2 MARKS 3 MARKS 5 MARKS
QUESTIONS
1 APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 14 39 51 25
2 COMPLEX NUMBERS 57 56 20 25
3 THEORY OF EQUATIONS 5 24 47 10
4 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 43 43 18 20
5 TWO DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMENTERY-II 24 46 43 25
6 APPLIECTION OF VECTOR ALGEBRA 26 61 47 25
7 APPLIECTION OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 18 70 76 20
8 DIFFERENTIALS AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 20 44 34 15
9 APPLICATIOND OF INTEGRATION 12 43 69 20
10 ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 13 22 57 25
11 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIOND 26 32 25 20
12 DISCRETE MATHEMATICS 31 5 25 20

TOTAL 289 485 518 250

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 2

 VOLUME - I

1. APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

2 – MARKS
1 1
Theorem 1.4 - If 𝐴 is non- singular, than (i)|𝐴−1 | = |𝐴| (ii)(𝐴𝑇 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑇 (iii)(𝜆𝐴)−1 = 𝜆 𝐴−1 ,
where 𝜆 is a non-zero scalar.
Theorem 1.5 - (Left cancellation law): Let A,B and C be square matrices of order n. If A is non-singular
and AB = AC, than B = C .
Theorem 1.6 - (Right cancellation law ): Let A,B and C be square matrices of order n.
If A is non-singular and BA = CA ,then B = C .
Theorem 1.7 - (Reversal Law for Inverses) : If A and B are non – singular matrices of the sam order ,
then the product AB is also non-singular and (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵−1 𝐴−1 .
Theorem 1.8 - (Law of Double Inverses): If A non – singular, then 𝐴−1 is also non-singular
and (𝐴−1 )−1 = 𝐴.
Theorem 1.10 - If A B are any two and non-singular square matrices of order n ,
then 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐵)(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴).
Example 1.4 - If 𝐴 is a non-singular matrix of odd order, prove that |𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| is positive.
Example 1.7 - If 𝐴 is symmetric, prove that 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 is also symmetric.
cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
Example 1.11 - Prove that [ ] is orthogonal [MAR 2023-2M]
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
EXERCISE 1.1
−3 4
1. Find the adjoint of the following: (i) [ ]
6 2
−2 4
2. Find the inverse (if it exists) of the following. (i)[ ]
1 −3
0 −2 0
9. If 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴) = [ 6 2 −6], find 𝐴−1 [JUNE 2024-2M]
−3 0 6
Example 1.16 - Find the rank of the following wish are in row – echelon forms
6 0 −9
2 0 −7 −2 2 −1
0 2 0
(i)[0 3 1] (ii)[ 0 5 1] (iii)[ ]
0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0
EXERCISE 1.2
1. Find the rank of the following matrices by minor method.
−1 3
2 −4 1 −2 −1 0
(i)[ ] (ii)[ 4 −7] [MAR 2024-2M] (iii)[ ]
−1 2 3 −6 −3 1
3 −4
Example 1.39 - By using Gaussian elimination method, balance the chemical reaction equation.
𝐶5 𝐻8 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂. (The above is the reaction that is taking place in the burning of organic
compound called isoprene.)
EXERCISE 1.7
3. By using Gaussian elimination method, balance the chemical reaction equation: 𝐶2 𝐻6 + 𝑂2 → 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2

3 – MARKS
Theorem 1.1 - For every square matrix 𝐴 of order 𝑛 , 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼𝑛 .
Theorem 1.2 - If a square matrix has an inverse , than is unique.
Theorem 1.3 - Let 𝐴 be the square matrix of order 𝑛 .Then 𝐴−1 existes if and only if 𝐴 is non- singular.

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 3

 2 −1 3
Example 1.3 - Find the inverse of the matrix [−5 3 1].
−3 2 3
7 7 −7
Example 1.5 - Find a matrix 𝐴 if 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [−1 11 7 ].
11 5 7
−1 2 2
Example 1.6 - If 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 1 1 2], Find 𝐴−1 .
2 2 1
2 9
Example 1.8 - Verify the property (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑇 with 𝐴 = [ ] [MAR 2020 – 3M]
1 7
Example 1.9 - Verify (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵−1 𝐴−1 with 𝐴 = [0 −3] , 𝐵 = [−2 −3][SEP 2020-3M][JULY 2022-3M]
1 4 0 −1
4 3
Example 1.10 - If 𝐴 = [ ], find 𝑥 and 𝑦 such that 𝐴2 + 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑦𝐼2 = 02 . Hence, find 𝐴−1
2 5
cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
Example 1.11 - Prove that [ ] is orthogonal [MAR 2023-2M]
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
EXERCISE 1.1
2 3 1 2 2 1
1
1. Find the adjoint of the following: (ii)[3 4 1] (iii) [−2 1 2] [JUNE 2023-3M]
3
3 7 2 1 −2 2
5 1 1 2 3 1
2. Find the inverse (if it exists) of the following. (ii)[1 5 1] (iii)[3 4 1]
1 1 5 3 7 2
5 3
4. If 𝐴 = [ ], show that 𝐴 − 3𝐴 − 7𝐼2 = 𝑂2 . Hence find 𝐴−1
2
−1 −2
−8 1 4
1
5. If 𝐴 = 9 [ 4 4 7], Prove that 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑇
1 −8 4
8 −4
6. If 𝐴 = [ ], Verify that 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼2 [SEP 2020-3M] [AUG 2021-3M]
−5 3
3 2 −1 −3
7. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ], verify that (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵−1 𝐴−1 .
7 5 5 2
2 −4 2 1 0 1
8. If 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [−3 12 −7], find 𝐴. 10. Find 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)) if 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 0 2 0].
−2 0 2 −1 0 1
1 tan 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥
11. 𝐴 = [ ], show that 𝐴𝑇 𝐴−1 = [ ].
− tan 𝑥 1 sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥
5 3 14 7
12. Find the matrix 𝐴 for which 𝐴 [ ]=[ ].
−1 −2 7 7
1 −1 3 −2 1 1
13. Given 𝐴 = [ ], 𝐵 = [ ] and 𝐶 = [ ], find a matrix 𝑋 such that 𝐴𝑋𝐵 = 𝐶.
2 0 1 1 2 2
3 −1 2
Example 1.13 - Reduce the matrix [−6 2 4] to a row-echelon form.
−3 1 2
0 3 1 6
Example 1.14 - Reduce the matrix [−1 0 2 5] to a row-echelon form.
4 2 0 0
Example 1.15 - Find the rank of each of the following matrices:
3 2 5 4 3 1 −2
(i)[1 1 2] (ii)[−3 −1 −2 4]
3 3 6 6 7 −1 2
1 2 3
Example 1.17 - Find the rang of the matrix [2 1 4] by reducing it to a row-echelon form.
3 0 5
2 −2 4 3
Example 1.18 - Find the rank of the matrix [−3 4 −2 −1] by reducing it to an echelon form.
6 2 −1 7
3 1 4
Example 1.19 - Show that the matrix [2 0 −1] is non-singular and reduce it to the identity matrix
5 2 1
by elementary row transformations.

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 4

 EXERCISE 1.2
1. Find the rank of the following matrices by minor method.
1 −2 3 0 1 2 1
(iv) [2 4 −6] [JULY 2022-3M] (v)[0 2 4 3] [AUG 2021-3M]
5 1 −1 8 1 0 2
2. Find the rank of the following matrices by row reduction method.
1 2 −1
1 1 1 3 3 −8 5 2
3 −1 2
(i) [2 −1 3 4 ] (ii)[ ] [MAY 2022 -3M] (iii) [ 2 −5 1 4 ][JUNE 2024-3M]
1 −2 3
5 −1 7 11 −1 2 3 −2
1 −1 1
Example. 1.22 Solve the following system of linear equations, using matrix inversion method:
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 . [MAY 2022-3M]
EXERCISE 1.3
1. Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix inversion method.
(i)2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = −2, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −3 (ii)2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 8, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −2
EXERCIS E 1.4
1. Solve the following systems of linear equations by Cramer’s rule.
3 2
(i)5𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 16 = 0, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7 = 0 (ii)𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 13
1
2. In a competitive examination, one mark is awarded for every correct answer while 4 mark is deducted for
every wrong answer. A student answered 100 questions and got 80 marks. How many questions did he
answer correctly? (Use Cramer’s rule to solve the problem).
EXERCISE 1.6
1. Test for consistency and if possible, solve the following systems of equations by rank method.
(iii)2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4 [SEP 2020-5M]

5– MARKS
8 −6 2
Example 1.1 - If 𝐴 = [−6 7 −4], verify that 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼3
2 −4 3
6 −3 𝑎
1
Example 1.12 - If 𝐴 = 7 [𝑏 −2 6] is orthogonal, find 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐, and hence 𝐴−1
2 𝑐 3
EXERCISE 1.1
cos 𝛼 0 sin 𝛼
3. If 𝐹(𝛼) = [ 0 1 0 ], show that [𝐹(𝛼)]−1 = 𝐹(−𝛼) [MAR 2023-3M]
− sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼
0 1 1
1
14. If 𝐴 = [1 0 1], show that 𝐴−1 = 2 (𝐴2 − 3𝐼)
1 1 0
−1 −1
15. Decrypt the received encoded message [2, −3][20 4] with the encryption matrix [ ] and the
2 1
decryption matrix as its inverse, where the system of codes are described by the numbers 1-26 to the
letters 𝐴 − 𝑍 respectively, and the number 0 to a blank space.
0 5
Example 1.20 - Find the inverse of the non-singular matrix 𝐴 = [ ], by Gauss-Jordan method.
−1 6
2 1 1
Example 1.21 - Find the inverse of 𝐴 = [3 2 1] by Gauss-Jordan method.
2 1 2
EXERCISE 1.2
3. Find the inverse of each of the following by Gauss-Jordan method.
1 −1 0 1 2 3
2 −1
(i)[ ] (ii)[1 0 −1] (iii)[2 5 3]
5 −2
6 −2 −3 1 0 8

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 5

Example 1.23 - Solve the following system of equations, using matrix inversion method:
2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 5, 𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = −4, 3𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 = 3
−4 4 4 1 −1 1
Example 1.24 - If 𝐴 = [−7 1 3 ] and 𝐵 = [1 −2 −2], Find the products 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴 and hence
5 −3 −1 2 1 3
solve the system of equations 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 9, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1.
EXERCISE 1.3
1. Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix inversion method.
(iii)2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 9, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = −1[JUNE 2024-5M]
(iv)𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2 = 0, 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 − 31 = 0, 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 13
−5 1 3 1 1 2
2. If 𝐴 = [ 7 1 −5] and 𝐵 = [3 2 1], find the products 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴 and hence solve the system of
1 −1 1 2 1 3
equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2
3. A man is appointed in a job with a monthly salary of certain amount and a fixed amount of annual
increment. If his salary was Rs.19,800 per month at the end of the first month after 3 years of service and
Rs.23,400 per month at the end of the first month after 9 years of service, find his starting salary and his
annual increment. (Use matrix inversion method to solve the problem)
4. Four men and 4 women can finish a piece of work jointly in 3 days while 2 men and 5 women can finish
the same work jointly in 4 days. Find the time taken by one man alone and that of one woman alone to
finish the same work by using matrix inversion method.
5. The prices of three commodities 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are Rs.𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 per units respectively. A person 𝑃 purchases
4 units of 𝐵 and sells two units of 𝐴 and 5 units of 𝐶. Person 𝑄 purchases 2 units of 𝐶 and sells 3 units of
𝐴 and one unit of 𝐵. Person 𝑅 purchases one unit of 𝐴 and sells 3 unit of 𝐵 and one unit of 𝐶. In the
process, 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅 earn Rs.15,000, Rs.1,000 and Rs.4000 respectively. Find the prices per unit of 𝐴, 𝐵
and 𝐶. (Use matrix inversion method to solve the problem)
Example 1.25 - Solve, by Cramer’s rule, the system of equations.
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = 3, 2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = 17, 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 7 [JUNE 2023-5M]
Example 1.26 - In a T20 Match, a team needed just 6 runs to win with 1 ball left to go in the last over.
The last ball was bowled and the batsman at the crease hit it high up. the ball traversed along a path in a
vertical plane and the equation of the path is 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 with respect to a 𝑥𝑦-cordinate system in
the vertical plane and the ball traversed through the points (10, 8), (20, 16), (40,22) can you conclude
that the team won the match?Justify your answer. (All distances are measured in meters and the
meeting point of the plane of the path with the farthest boundary line is (70, 0)).
EXERCISE 1.4
1. Solve the following systems of linear equations by Cramer’s rule.
(iii)3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 11, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 9, 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 25 [JULY 2022-5M]
3 4 2 1 2 1 2 5 4
(iv) 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 − 1 = 0, 𝑥
+ 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2 = 0, 𝑥
− 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 1 = 0 [MAR 2024-5M]
3. A chemist has one solution which is 50% acid and another solution which is 25% acid. How much each
should be mixed to make 10 litres of a 40% acid solution? (Use Cramer’s rule to solve the problem).
4. A fish tank can be filled in 10 minutes using both pumps A and B simultaneously. However, pump B can
pump water in or out at the same rate. If pump B is inadvertently run in reverse, then the tank will be
filled in 30 minutes. How long would it take each pump to fill the tank by itself? (Use Cramer’s rule to
solve the problem).
5. A family of 3 people went out for dinner in a restaurant. The cost of two dosai, three idlies and two
Vadais is Rs.150. The cost of the two dosai, two idlies and four vadais is Rs.200. The cost of five dosai,
four idelies and two vadais is Rs.250. The family has Rs.350 in hand and they ate 3 dosai and six idlies
and six vadais. Will they be able to manage to pay the bill within the amount they had?
Example 1.27 - Solve the following system of linear equations, by Gaussian elimination method
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 25, 𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 13, 2𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1.

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 6

Example. 1.28 - The upward speed 𝑣(𝑡) of a rocket at time 𝑡 is approximated by 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐 ,
0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 100 where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are constant. It has been found that the speed at times
𝑡 = 3, 𝑡 = 6 and 𝑡 = 9 seconds are respectively, 64, 133 and 208 miles per second respectively.
Find the speed at time 𝑡 = 15 seconds. (Use Gaussian elimination method)
EXERCISE 1.5
1. Solve the following systems of linear equations by Gaussian elimination method:
(i)2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1
(ii)2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 22, 3𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 27, −𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2
2. If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is divided by 𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 − 5 and 𝑥 − 1, the remainders are 21,61 and 9 respectively. Find
𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐. (use Gaussian elimination method.)
3. An amount of Rs.65,000 is invested in three bonds at the rates of 6%, 8% and 10% per annum
respectively. The total annual income is Rs.4,800. The income from the third bond is Rs.600 more than
that from the second bond. Determine the price of each bond. (Use Gaussian elimination method.)
4. A boy is walking along the path 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 through the points (−6, 8), (−2, −12) and (3, 8). He
wants to meet his friend at 𝑃(7, 60). will he meet his friend?
(Use Gaussian elimination method) [MAR 2023-5M]
Example 1.29 - Test for consistency of the following system of linear equations and if possible solve.
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 3, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0
Example 1.30 - Test for consistency of the following system of linear equations and if possible solve.
4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 8, 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −1, 15𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 21
Example 1.31 - Test for consistency of the following system of linear equations and if possible solve
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −9, 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −18, 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 27 = 0
Example 1.32 - Test the consistency of the following system of linear equations.
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −9, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6, 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7 [MAR 2020-5M]
Example 1.33 - Find the condition on 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 so that the following system of linear equations has one
parameter family of solutions: 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 𝑏, 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 𝑐
Example 1.34 - Investigate for what values of 𝜆 and 𝜇 the system of linear equations.
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 5 has (i) no solution
(ii) a unique solution (iii)an infinite number of solutions.
EXERCISE 1.6
1. Test for consistency and if possible, solve the following systems of equations by rank method.
(i)𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 7, 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
(ii)3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2, 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1, 7𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 5
(iv)2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2, 6𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 6, 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4
2. Find the value of 𝑘 for which the equations 𝑘𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 − 2𝑘𝑦 + 𝑧 = −2, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧 = 1 have
(i) no solution (ii)unique solution (iii)infinitely many solution
3. Investigate the values of 𝜆 and 𝜇 the system of linear equations
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 9, 7𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 8, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇,
have (i)no solution (ii)a unique solution (iii)an infinite number of solutions
Example 1.35 - Solve the following system. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0, 7𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 12𝑧 = 0
Example 1.36 - Solve the system. 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 − 11𝑦 + 14𝑧 = 0
Example 1.37 - Solve the system. 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0,2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 0,6𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 0
Example 1.38 - Determine the values of 𝜆 for which the following system of equations
(3𝜆 − 8)𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 + (3𝜆 − 8)𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + (3𝜆 − 8)𝑧 = 0
has a non-trivial solution.
Example 1.40 - If the system of equations 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑟𝑧 = 0 has a
𝑝 𝑞 𝑞
non-trivial solution and 𝑝 ≠ 𝑎, 𝑞 ≠ 𝑏, 𝑟 ≠ 𝑐, prove that 𝑝−𝑎 + 𝑞−𝑏 + 𝑞−𝑐 = 2

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 7

 EXERCISE 1.7
1. Solve the following system of homogenous equations.
(i)3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0, 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0, 5𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 23𝑧 = 0
(ii)2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0
2. Determine the values of 𝜆 for which the following system of equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0,
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 0, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 has (i)a unique solution (ii)a non –trivial solution

2. COMPLEX NUMBERS

2 – MARKS

Example 2.1 - Simply the following. (i) 𝑖 7 (ii) 𝑖 1729 (iii) 𝑖 −1924 + 𝑖 2018
(iv) ∑102 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑖 [MAR 2024-2M] (v) 𝑖 𝑖 2 𝑖 3 … 𝑖 40
EXERCISE 2.1
Simplify the following: (1) 𝑖 1947
+𝑖 1950
(2) 𝑖 1948 − 𝑖 −1869 (3) ∑12
𝑛=1 𝑖
𝑛
1
(4) 𝑖 59 + 𝑖59 (5) 𝑖 𝑖 2 𝑖 3 … 𝑖 2000 (4) ∑10
𝑛=1 𝑖
𝑛+50

EXERCISE 2.2
1. Evaluate the following if 𝑧 = 5 − 2𝑖 and 𝑤 = −1 + 3𝑖
(i) 𝑧 + 𝑤 (ii) 𝑧 − 𝑖𝑤 (iii) 2𝑧 + 3𝑤
(iv) 𝑧𝑤 (v) 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧𝑤 + 𝑤 2 (vi) (𝑧 + 𝑤)2
3+4𝑖
Example 2 .3 - Write 5−12𝑖 in the 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 form, hence find its real and imaginary parts.
𝑧+3 1+4𝑖
Example 2 .5 - If 𝑧−5𝑖 = 2
, find the complex number 𝑧 in the rectangular form.
𝑧
Example 2 .6 - If 𝑧1 = 3 − 2𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 6 + 4𝑖, find 𝑧1 in the rectangular form.
2
Example 2 .7 - Find 𝑧 −1 , if 𝑧 = (2 + 3𝑖)(1 − 𝑖). [JUNE 2024-2M]
10 10
Example 2 .8 - Show that (i)(2 + 𝑖√3) + (2 − 𝑖√3) is real.
EXERCISE 2.4
1. Write the following in the rectangular form.
10−5𝑖 1
(i) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(5 + 9𝑖) + (2 − 4𝑖) (ii) ̅+
(iii)3𝑖
6+2𝑖 2−𝑖
2. If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, find the following in rectangular form.
1
(i)𝑅𝑒 (𝑧) (ii)𝑅𝑒 (𝑖𝑧̅) (iii)𝐼𝑚(3𝑧 + 4𝑧̅ − 4𝑖)
𝑧
3. If 𝑧1 = 2 − 𝑖 and 𝑧2 = −4 + 3𝑖, find the inverse of 𝑧1 𝑧2 and 𝑧1
2
5. Prove the following properties:
𝑧+𝑧̅ 𝑧−𝑧̅
(i)𝑧 is real if and only if 𝑧 = 𝑧̅ (ii)𝑅𝑒(𝑧) = and 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) = [MAY 2020-2M]
2 2𝑖
10 10
7 .Show that (i)(2 + 𝑖√3) − (2 − 𝑖√3) is purely imaginary [JULY 2022-5M]
Properties of Modulus of complex number
𝑧 |𝑧 |
1.|𝑧| = |𝑧̅| 3. |𝑧1 𝑧2 | = |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 | 5. |𝑧1 | = |𝑧1 | , 𝑧2 ≠ 0
2 2
6. |𝑧 𝑛 | = |𝑧|𝑛 where n is an integer 7. 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) ≤ |𝑧| 8. 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) ≤ |𝑧|
Example 2.9 - If 𝑧1 = 3 + 4𝑖, 𝑧2 = 5 − 12𝑖 and 𝑧3 = 6 + 8𝑖
find |𝑧1 |, |𝑧2 |, |𝑧3 |, |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 |, |𝑧2 − 𝑧3 | and |𝑧1 + 𝑧3 |.
2+𝑖 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑖(2+𝑖)3
Example 2.10 - Find the following (i)| | (ii)|(1 + 𝑖)(2 + 3𝑖)(4𝑖 − 3)| (iii)| (1+𝑖)2 |
−1+2𝑖
Example 2.16 - Show that the equation 𝑧 2 = 𝑧̅ has four solutions.
Example 2.17 - Find the square root of 6 − 8𝑖 [JULY 2022-3M]

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 8

 EXERCISE 2.5
1. Find the modulus of the following complex numbers
2𝑖 2−𝑖 1−2𝑖
(i) (ii) + (iii)(1 − 𝑖)10 (iv)2𝑖(3 − 4𝑖)(4 − 3𝑖)
3+4𝑖 1+𝑖 1−2𝑖
10. Find the square roots of : (i)4 + 3𝑖 (ii)−6 + 8𝑖 (iii)−5 − 12𝑖
EXERCISE.2.6
4. Show that the following equations represent a circle, and, find its centre and radius.
(i)|𝑧 − 2 − 𝑖| = 3 (ii)|2𝑧 + 2 − 4𝑖| = 2 (iii)|3𝑧 − 6 + 12𝑖| = 8
Example 2.22 - Find the modulus and principal argument of the following complex numbers.
(i)√3 + 𝑖 (ii)−√3 + 𝑖 (iii)−√3 − 𝑖 (iv)√3 − 𝑖
−2
Example 2.24 - Find the principal argument Arg 𝑧, when 𝑧 = 1+𝑖 3 [JUNE 2023-2M]
√
3 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
Example 2.25 - Find the product 2 (cos 2 + 𝑖 sin 3 ) .6 (cos 6 + 𝑖 sin 6 ) in rectangular form.
EXERCISE 2.8
9. If 𝑧 = 2 − 2𝑖, find the rotation of 𝑧 by 𝜃 radians in the counter clockwise direction about the origin when
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋
(i)𝜃 = 3
(ii)𝜃 = 3
(iii)𝜃 = 2

3 – MARKS
1. If 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 are two complex numbers, then prove that :
𝑧
(i) arg (𝑧1 𝑧2 ) = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2 (ii) arg ( 𝑧1 ) = arg𝑧1 − arg 𝑧2
2
2. State and Triangle inequality . [June 2023- 3M]
Example 2.2 - Find the value of the real numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦, if the complex number
(2 + 𝑖)𝑥 + (1 − 𝑖)𝑦 + 2𝑖 − 3 and 𝑥 + (−1 + 2𝑖)𝑦 + 1 + 𝑖 are equal.
EXERCISE 2.2
2. Given the complex number 𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑖, represent the complex numbers in Argand diagram
(i) 𝑧, 𝑖𝑧 and 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 (ii) 𝑧, −𝑖𝑧, and 𝑧 − 𝑖𝑧
3. Find the values of the real numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦, if the complex numbers
(3 − 𝑖)𝑥 − (2 − 𝑖)𝑦 + 2𝑖 + 5 and 2𝑥 + (−1 + 2𝑖)𝑦 + 3 + 2𝑖 are equal.
EXERCISE 2.3
1. If 𝑧1 = 1 − 3𝑖, 𝑧2 = −4𝑖, and 𝑧3 = 5, show that
(i)(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) + 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 + (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ) (ii)(𝑧1 𝑧2 )𝑧3 = 𝑧1 (𝑧2 𝑧3 )
2. If 𝑧1 = 3, 𝑧2 = −7𝑖, and 𝑧3 = 5 + 4𝑖, show that
(i)𝑧1 (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ) = 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 𝑧3 [JULY 2022-2M] (ii)(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )𝑧3 = 𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 𝑧3
3. If 𝑧1 = 2 + 5𝑖, 𝑧2 = −3 − 4𝑖 and 𝑧3 = 1 + 𝑖, find the additive and multiplicative inverse of
𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 .
1+𝑖 3 1−𝑖 3
Example 2.4 - Simplify ( ) −( ) into rectangular form. [MAR 2020-2M] [MAR 2024-3M]
1−𝑖 1+𝑖
19+9𝑖 15 8+𝑖 15
Example 2.8 - Show that(ii)( 5−3𝑖 ) − (1+2𝑖) is purely imaginary.
EXERCISE 2.4
1 1 1
4. The complex numbers 𝑢, 𝑣 and 𝑤are related by 𝑢 = 𝑣 + 𝑤 ,If 𝑣 = 3 − 4𝑖 and 𝑤 = 4 + 3𝑖 find 𝑢 in
rectangular form.
𝑛
6. Find the least value of the positive integer 𝑛 for which (√3 + 𝑖) (i) real (ii)Purely imaginary.
19−7𝑖 12 20−5𝑖 12
7. Show that (ii)( 9+𝑖 ) + ( 7−6𝑖 ) is real.
Example 2.11 - Which one of the points 𝑖, −2 + 𝑖 and 3 is farthest from the origin?

Example 2.13 - If |𝑧| = 2 shown that 3 ≤ |𝑧 + 3 + 4𝑖| ≤7. [MAR 2023-2M]

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 9

 −1 √3 −1 √3
Example 2.14 - Show that the points 1, + 𝑖 and −𝑖 are the vertices of an
2 2 2 2
equilateral triangle.[AUG 2021-3M]
Example 2.16 - Show that the equation 𝑧 2 = 𝑧̅ has four solutions.
EXERCISE 2.5
2. For any two complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 , such that |𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = 1 and 𝑧1 𝑧2 ≠ −1,
1 𝑧 +𝑧2
then show that 1+𝑧 is a real number.
1 𝑧2
3. Which one of the points 10 − 8𝑖, 11 + 6𝑖 is closest to 1 + 𝑖 [MAY 2022-3M]
4. If |𝑧| = 3, show that 7 ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ 13.
6. If |𝑧| = 2, show that 8 ≤ |𝑧 + 6 + 8𝑖| ≤ 12.
8. If the area of the triangle formed by the vertices 𝑧, 𝑖𝑧 and 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 is 50 square units, find the value of |𝑧|.
9. show that the equation 𝑧 3 + 2𝑧̅ = 0 has five solutions. [JUNE 2024-3M]
Example 2.19 - Show that |3𝑧 − 5 + 𝑖| = 4 represents a circle, and, find its centre and radius.
Example 2.20 - Show that |𝑧 + 2 − 𝑖| < 2 represents interior points of a circle. Find its centre and radius.
Example 2.21 - Obtain the Cartesian form of the locus of 𝑧 in each of the following cases.
(i)|𝑧| = |𝑧 − 𝑖| (ii)|2𝑧 − 3 − 𝑖| = 3
EXERCISE.2.6
𝑧−4𝑖
1. If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is a complex number such that | | = 1.Show that the locus of 𝑧 is real axis.
𝑧+4𝑖
[AUG 2021-5M]
3. Obtain the Cartesian form of the locus of 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 in each of the following cases:
(i)[𝑅𝑒(𝑖𝑧)]2 = 3 (ii)𝐼𝑚[(1 − 𝑖)𝑧 + 1] = 0
(iii)|𝑧 + 𝑖| = |𝑧 − 1| [SEP 2020-2M],[MAY 2022-5M] (iv)𝑧̅ = 𝑧 −1
5. Obtain the Cartesian equation for the locus of 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 in each of the following cases.
(i)|𝑧 − 4| = 16 (ii)|𝑧 − 4|2 − |𝑧 − 1|2 = 16
Example 2.23 - Represent the complex number: (i)−1 − 𝑖 (ii)1 + 𝑖√3 in polar form
9𝜋 9𝜋
2 (cos +𝑖 sin )
4 4
Example 2.26 - Find the quotient −3𝜋 −3𝜋 in rectangular form.
4 (cos( )+ 𝑖 sin( ))
2 2

EXERCISE 2.7
1. Write in polar form of the following complex numbers.
𝑖−1
(i)2 + 𝑖2√3 (ii)3 − 𝑖√3 (iii)−2 − 𝑖2 (iv) 𝜋 𝜋
cos +𝑖 sin
3 3
2. Find the rectangular form of the complex numbers
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 cos −𝑖 sin
6 6
(i)(cos 6 + 𝑖 sin 6 ) (cos 12 + 𝑖 sin 12) (ii) 𝜋 𝜋
2 (cos +𝑖 sin )
3 3
1+𝑧
4. If = cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃, show that 𝑧 = 𝑖 tan 𝜃.
1−𝑧

1 1
Example 2.28 - If 𝑧 = (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃), show that 𝑧 𝑛 + = 2 cos 𝑛𝜃 and 𝑧 𝑛 − = 2𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃.
𝑧𝑛 𝑧𝑛
𝜋 𝜋 18
Example 2.29 - Simplify ( sin + 𝑖 cos ) Example 2.31 - Simplify (i) (1 + 𝑖)18
6 6
EXERCISE 2.8
𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2 𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2
1. If 𝜔 ≠ 1 is a cube root of unity, show that 𝑏+𝑐𝜔+𝑎𝜔2 + 𝑐+𝑎𝜔+𝑏𝜔2 = −1
5 5
√3 𝑖 √3 𝑖
2. Show that ( 2 + 2) + ( 2 − 2) = −√3
8. If 𝜔 ≠ 1is a cube root of unity, show that: (i)(1 − 𝜔 + 𝜔2 )6 + (1 + 𝜔 − 𝜔2 )6 = 128
11
(ii)(1 + 𝜔)(1 + 𝜔2 )(1 + 𝜔4 )(1 + 𝜔8 ) … (1 + 𝜔2 ) = 1

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 10

 5 – MARKS
Example 2.12 - If 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 are complex numbers such that |𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = |𝑧3 | = |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = 1,
1 1 1
find the value of |𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 |
1 2 3
Example 2.15 - Let 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 be complex numbers such that |𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = |𝑧3 | = 𝑟 > 0 and
𝑧1 𝑧2 +𝑧2 𝑧3 +𝑧3 𝑧1
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ≠ 0. Prove that | 𝑧1 +𝑧2 +𝑧3
| =𝑟
EXERCISE 2.5
7. If 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 are three complex numbers such that |𝑧1 | = 1, |𝑧2 | = 2, |𝑧3 | = 3 and |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = 1,
show that |9𝑧1 𝑧2 + 4𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 𝑧3 | = 6.
Example 2.18 - Given the complex number 𝑧 = 3 + 2𝑖, represent the complex numbers 𝑧, 𝑖𝑧 and 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧
in one Argand diagram. show that these complex numbers form the vertices of an isosceles right triangle.
EXERCISE.2.6
2𝑧+1
2. If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is a complex number such that 𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑖𝑧+1 ) = 0, show that the locus of 𝑧 is
2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0. [MAR 2024-5M]
𝑧−1 𝜋
Example 2.27 - If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and arg (𝑧+1) = 2 , show that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1. [JUNE 2024-5M]
EXERCISE 2.7
3. If (𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 )(𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 )(𝑥3 + 𝑖𝑦3 ) … (𝑥𝑛 + 𝑖𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, show that
(i) (𝑥12 + 𝑦12 )(𝑥22 + 𝑦22 )(𝑥32 + 𝑦32 ) … (𝑥𝑛2 + 𝑦𝑛2 ) = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑦 𝑏
(ii) ∑𝑛𝑟=1 tan−1 ( 𝑟 ) = tan−1 ( ) + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ.
𝑥𝑟 𝑎
5. If cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛾 = sin 𝛼 + sin 𝛽 + sin 𝛾 = 0, show that
(i) cos 3𝛼 + cos 3𝛽 + cos 3𝛾 = 3 cos(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾) and
(ii) sin 3𝛼 + sin 3𝛽 + sin 3𝛾 = 3 sin(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾).
𝑧−𝑖 𝜋
6. If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and arg (𝑧+2) = 4 , show that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2 = 0. [JUNE 2023-3M]
1+cos 2𝜃+𝑖 sin 2𝜃 30
Example 2.30 - Simplify (1+cos 2𝜃−𝑖 sin 2𝜃)
31
Example 2.31 - Simplify (ii)(−√3 + 3𝑖)
Example 2.32 - Find the cube roots of unity.
Example 2.33 - Find the fourth roots of unity.
Example 2.34 - Solve the equation 𝑧 3 + 8𝑖 = 0, where 𝑧 ∈ ℂ. [MAR 2023-5M]
Example 2.35 - Find all cube roots of √3 + 𝑖
Example 2.36 - Suppose 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle
|𝑧| = 2. If 𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖√3, then find 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 .
EXERCISE 2.8
𝜋 𝜋 10
1+sin + 𝑖 cos
10 10
3. Find the value of ( 𝜋 𝜋 )
1+sin −𝑖 cos
10 10
1 1
4. If 2 cos 𝛼 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 and 2 cos 𝛽 = 𝑦 + 𝑦, show that
𝑥 𝑦 1
(i)𝑦 + 𝑥 = 2 cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) (ii)𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑖 sin(𝛼 + 𝛽)
𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑛 1
(iii) 𝑦𝑛 − 𝑥 𝑚 = 2𝑖 sin(𝑚𝛼 − 𝑛𝛽) (iv)𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 + 𝑥 𝑚𝑦𝑛 = 2 cos(𝑚𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽) [MAR 2020-5M]
5. Solve the equation 𝑧 3 + 27 = 0
6. If 𝜔 ≠ 1 is a cube root of unity, show that the roots of the equation
(𝑧 − 1)3 + 8 = 0 are −1, 1 − 2𝜔, 1 − 2𝜔2

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 11

 3. THEORY OF EQUATIONS

2 – MARKS

Example 3.1 - If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of the quadratic equation 17𝑥 2 + 43𝑥 − 73 = 0, construct a
quadratic equation whose roots are 𝛼 + 2 and 𝛽 + 2.
Example 3.2 - If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of the quadratic equation 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 13 = 0, construct a
quadratic equation whose roots are 𝛼 2 and 𝛽 2 . [MAR 2024-2M]
Example 3.3 - If 𝛼, 𝛽, and 𝛾 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, find the value of
1
∑ in terms of the coefficients.
𝛽𝛾
Example: 3.11 - Show that the equation 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7 = 0 cannot be satisfied by any real values of 𝑥.
Example: 3.12 - If 𝑥 2 + 2(𝑘 + 2 )𝑥 + 9𝑘 = 0 has equal roots, find 𝑘.
3 – MARKS
Example 3.4 - Find the sum of the squares of the roots of 𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0
EXERCISE 3.1
1. If the sides of a cubic box are increased by 1, 2, 3 units respectively to form a cuboid, then the volume is
increased by 52 cubic units. Find the volume of the cuboid.[AUG 2021-3M]
1
2. Construct a cubic equation with roots. (i)1, 2, and 3 (ii)1, 1, and −2 (iii)2, 2 and 1.
If 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 are the roots of the cubic equation 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 = 0, form a cubic equation whose
1 1 1
roots are. (i) 2𝛼, 2𝛽, 2𝛾 (ii) 𝛼 , 𝛽 , 𝛾 (iii) −𝛼, −𝛽, −𝛾
7. If 𝛼, 𝛽, and 𝛾 are the roots of the polynomial equation 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0, find the value of
𝛼
∑ in terms of the coefficients.
𝛽𝛾
8. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 and 𝛿 are the roots of the polynomial equation 2𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 8 = 0, find a quadratic
equation with integer coefficients whose roots are 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 and 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿. [SEP 202-2M]
11. A 12 metre tall tree was broken into two parts. It was found that the height of the part which was left
standing was the cube root of the length of the part that was cut away. Formulate this into
mathematical problem to find the height of the part which was left standing.
Example 3.8 - Find the monic polymomial equation of minimum degree with real coefficients
having 2 − √3𝑖 as a root.
Example 3.9 - Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients,
having 2 − √3 as a root. [MAY 2022-2M]
√2
Example 3.10 - Form a polynomial equation with integer coefficients with √ as a root.
√3
Example 3.13 - Show that, if 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 are rational, the roots of the equation
𝑥 2 − 2𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 + 2𝑞𝑟 − 𝑟 2 = 0 are rational.
EXERCISE 3.2
2. Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rotational coefficients,having 2 + √3𝑖 as a root.
3. Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients, having 2𝑖 + 3 as a root.
[JUN 2024-3M]
4. Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients, having √5 − √3 as a root.
Example 3.25 - Solve the equation 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 20 = 0
Example 3.29 - Find solution, if any, of the equation 2 cos 2 𝑥 − 9 cos 𝑥 + 4=0.
EXERCISE 3.5
2
1. Solve the following equations. (i)sin 𝑥 − 5 sin 𝑥 + 4 = 0
Example 3.30 - Show that the polynomial 9𝑥 9 + 2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 2 has at least six imaginary roots.
[JUNE 2023-3M]

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 12

 EXERCISE 3.6
3. Show that the equation 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 = 0 has atleast 6 imaginary solutions.
9 5 4

5. Find the exact number of real zeros and imaginary of the polynomial 𝑥 9 + 9𝑥 7 + 7𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 3 + 3𝑥.

5– MARKS

Example 3.5 - Find the condition that the roots of cubic equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 are in
the ratio 𝑝: 𝑞: 𝑟.
Example 3.6 - Form the equation whose roots are the squares of the roots of the cubic equation
𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Example 3.7 - If 𝑝 is real, discuss the nature of the roots of the equation 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝 + 2 = 0,
in terms of 𝑝 [MAR 2020-3M]
EXERCISE 3.1
3 2
4. Solve the equation 3𝑥 − 16𝑥 + 23𝑥 − 6 = 0 if the product of two roots is 1.
5. Find the sum of squares of roots of the equation 2𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 3 = 0.
6. Solve the equation 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 24 = 0 if it is given that two of its roots are in
the ratio 3 : 2.
𝑝 𝑞 𝑛
9. If 𝑝 and 𝑞 are the roots of the equation 𝑙𝑥 2 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛 = 0, show that √𝑞 + √𝑝 + √ 𝑙 = 0.[MAR 2023-2M]

10. If the equations 𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑝′ 𝑥 + 𝑞 ′ = 0 have a common root, show that it must be
𝑝𝑞′ −𝑝′𝑞 𝑞−𝑞′
equal to 𝑞−𝑞′
or 𝑝′ −𝑝.
Example: 3.14 - Prove that a line cannot intersect a circle at more than two points.
EXERCISE 3.2
1. If 𝑘 is real,discuss the nature of the roots of the polynomial equation 2𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0, in terms of 𝑘.
5. Prove that a straight line and parabola cannot intersect at more than two points.
Example 3.15 - If 2 + 𝑖 and 3 − √2 are roots of the equation.
𝑥 6 − 13𝑥 5 + 62𝑥 4 − 126𝑥 3 + 65𝑥 2 + 127𝑥 − 140 = 0 find all roots.
Example 3.16 - Solve the equation 𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 2 + 20 = 0
Example 3.17 - Solve the equation 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 33𝑥 + 35 =0
Example 3.18 - Solve the equation 2𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 18 = 0 [JUNE 2023-5M]
Example 3.19 - Obtain the condition that the roots of 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 are in A.P .[SEP 2020-3M]
Example 3.20 - Find the condition that the roots of 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0 are in geometric
progression. Assume 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ≠ 0
Example 3.21 - If the roots of 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 are in H.P., prove that 9𝑝𝑞𝑟 = 27𝑟 2 + 2𝑝3 .
Assume 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 ≠ 0
Example 3.22 - It is known that the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 24 = 0 are in arithmetic
progression. Find its roots.
EXERCISE 3.3
3 2
1. Solve the cubic equation: 2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 18𝑥 + 9 = 0 if sum of two of its roots vanishes.
2. Solve the equation 9𝑥 3 − 36𝑥 2 + 44𝑥 − 16 = 0 if the roots form an arithmetic progression
3. Solve the equation 3𝑥 3 − 26𝑥 2 + 52𝑥 − 24 = 0 if its roots form a geometric progression.
4. Determine 𝑘 and solve the equation 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 if one of its roots is twice the sum of the
other two roots
5. Find all zeros of the polynomial 𝑥 6 − 3𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 4 + 22𝑥 3 − 39𝑥 2 − 39𝑥 + 135, if it is known that
1 + 2𝑖 and √3 are two of its zeros
6. solve the cubic equations: (i)2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 = 3, [MAY 2022-3M] (ii)8𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3 = 0.
7. Solve the equation: 𝑥 4 − 14𝑥 2 + 45 = 0
Example 3.23 - Solve the equation (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2 ) + 19 = 0

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 13

Example 3.24 - Solve the equation (2𝑥 − 3)(6𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2) − 5 = 0
EXERCISE 3.4
1. Solve: (i) (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 + 4) = 504 (ii)(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 16
2. Solve: (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 3) + 20 = 0
Example 3.26 - Find the roots of 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 = 0
Example 3.27 - Solve the equation 7𝑥 3 − 43𝑥 2 = 43𝑥 − 7
Example 3.28 - Solve the following equation: 𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 3 + 26𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1 = 0
EXERCISE 3.5
1. Solve the following equations. (ii)12𝑥 + 8𝑥 = 29𝑥 2 − 4
3

2. Examine for the rational roots of

(i)2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 (ii)𝑥 8 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 0
3 −3
3. Solve: 8𝑥 2𝑛 − 8𝑥 2𝑛 = 63
5. Solve the equations.
(i)6𝑥 4 − 35𝑥 3 + 62𝑥 2 − 35𝑥 + 6 = 0 (ii)𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 1 = 0
6. Find all real numbers satisfying 4𝑥 − 3(2𝑥+2 ) + 25 = 0.
1
7. Solve the equation 6𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 − 38𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 if it is known that is a solution.
3
Example 3.31 Discuss the nature of the roots of the following polynomials:
(i)𝑥 2018 + 1947𝑥1950 + 15𝑥 8 + 26𝑥 6 + 2019 (ii)𝑥 5 − 19𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 11
EXERCISE 3.6
1. Discuss the maximum possible number of positive and negative roots of the polynomial equation
9𝑥 9 − 4𝑥 8 + 4𝑥 7 − 3𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 2 = 0.
2. Discuss the maximum possible number of positive and negative zeros of the polynomials 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 and
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 16. Also draw rough sketch of the graphs.
4. Determine the number of positive and negative roots of the equation 𝑥 9 − 5𝑥 8 − 14𝑥 7 = 0 .

4. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

2 – MARKS

1
Example 4.1 - Find the principal value of sin−1 (− ) (in radians and degrees).
2
Example 4.2 - Find the principal value of sin−1(2), if it exists.
1 𝜋 5𝜋
Example 4.3 - Find the principal value of : (i)sin−1 ( 2) (ii)sin−1 (sin (− 3 )) (iii)sin−1 (sin ( 6 ))
√
EXERCISE 4.1
1
2. Find the period and amplitude of : (i) 𝑦 = sin 7𝑥 (ii) 𝑦 = − sin (3 𝑥) (iii) 𝑦 = 4 sin(−2𝑥 )
2𝜋 5𝜋
4. Find the value of : (i) sin−1 (sin ( 3 )) (ii) sin−1 (sin ( 4 )) [MAR 2020-2M]
5. For what value of 𝑥 does sin 𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥? [AUG 2021-2M]
√3
Example 4.5 - Find the principal value of cos −1 ( 2 ).
1 𝜋 7𝜋
Example 4.6 - Find (i) cos −1 (− ) (ii) cos −1 (cos (− )) (iii) cos −1 (cos ( ))
√2 3 6
EXERCISE 4.2
𝜋 𝜋
2. State the reason for cos−1 [cos (− 6 )] ≠ − 6.
3. Is cos−1(−𝑥) = 𝜋 − cos −1
(𝑥) true? Justify your answer.
1
4. Find the principal value of cos −1 (2).
4 4
8. Find the value of : (i)cos (cos −1 (5) + sin−1 (5))
Example 4.8 Find the principal value of tan−1 (√3) [SEP 2020-2M,MAY 2022-2M]
3𝜋
Example 4.9 Find (i) tan−1 (−√3) (ii)tan−1 (tan 5
) (iii)tan(tan−1 (2019))
S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 14
 EXERECISE 4.3
1 𝜋
1. Find the domain of the following functions: (i)tan−1 (√9 − 𝑥 2 ) (ii)2 tan−1(1 − 𝑥 2 ) − 4
5𝜋 𝜋
2. Find the value of : (i)tan−1 (tan ) [JUNE 2024-2M] (ii)tan−1 (tan (− )).
4 6
−1 7𝜋 −1 (1947))
3. Find the value of : (i)tan (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 )) (ii)tan(tan (iii)tan(tan−1 (−0.2021)
−1 −1
Example 4.12 - Find the principal value of (i)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (−1) (ii)sec (−2 )
2√3
Example 4.13 - Find the value of sec −1 (− 3
).
EXERCISE 4.4
2
1. Find the principal value of : (i)sec −1 ( 3) (ii)cot −1(√3) (iii)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−√2)
√
1
2. Find the value of : (i)tan−1 (√3) − sec −1 (−2) (ii)sin−1(−1) + cos −1 (2) + cot −1(2)
𝜋 1 1 1
Example 4.18 Find the value of (i) sin [ − sin−1 (− )] (ii)cos [ cos−1 ( )]
3 2 2 8
EXERCISE 4.5
1. Find the value, if it exists. If not, give the reason for non-existence.
5𝜋
(i)sin−1 (cos 𝜋) (ii)tan−1 (sin (− 2
)) (iii)sin−1 (sin 5)

3 – MARKS

Example 4.4 - Find the domain of sin−1(2 − 3𝑥 2 ).

EXERCISE 4.1
1. Find all the values of 𝑥 such that: (i)−10𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10𝜋 and sin 𝑥 = 0 (ii)−3𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3𝜋 and sin 𝑥 = −1
1
3. Sketch the graph of: 𝑦 = sin (3 𝑥) for 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 6𝜋.
𝑥 2 +1 𝜋
6. Find the domain of the following: (i)𝑓(𝑥) = sin−1 ( ) (ii)𝑔(𝑥) = 2 sin−1(2𝑥 − 1) −
2𝑥 4
5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
7. Find the value of sin−1 (sin 9
cos 9 + cos
9
sin 9 ). [JULY 2022-5M] , [JUNE 2023-3M]
2+sin 𝑥
Example 4.7 - Find the domain of cos −1 ( 3 ).
EXERCISE 4.2
1. Find all values of 𝑥 such that : (i)−6𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6𝜋 and cos 𝑥 = 0 (ii)−5𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5𝜋 and cos 𝑥 = 1
5. Find the value of
1 1 1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(i)2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) + sin−1 (2) (ii)cos−1 (2) + sin−1 (−1 ) (iii)cos−1 (cos 7 cos 17 − sin 7 sin 17)
|𝑥|−2 1−|𝑥|
6. Find the domain of: (i) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin−1 ( 3
) + cos−1 ( 4
) (ii)𝑔(𝑥) = sin−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑥
𝜋
7. For what value of 𝑥, the inequality 2 < cos−1(3𝑥 − 1) < 𝜋 holds? [MAR 2023-3M]
4𝜋 5𝜋
8. Find the value of : (ii)cos−1 (cos ( 3 )) + cos−1 (cos ( 4 ) ) [AUG 2021-5M]
1 1
Example 4.10 - Find the value of tan−1 (−1) + cos −1 (2) + sin−1 (− 2)
EXERECISE 4.3
4. Find the value of
1 1 1 4 4 3
(i)tan (cos−1 (2) − sin−1 (− 2)) (ii)sin ( tan−1 (2) − cos−1 (5)) (iii)cos ( sin−1 (5) − tan−1 (4))
1
Example 4.14 - If cot −1 (7) = 𝜃, Find the value of cos 𝜃
1
Example 4.15 - Show that cot −1 ( ) = sec −1 𝑥, |𝑥| > 1.[MAR 2024-3M]
√𝑥 2 −1
EXERCISE 4.4
√3
2. Find the value of (iii)cot −1(1) + sin−1 (− 2
) − sec −1(−√2) . [MAY 2022-5M]
𝜋 3𝜋
Example 4.16 - Prove that 2 ≤ sin−1 𝑥 + 2 cos −1 𝑥 ≤ 2 .
13𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
Example 4.17 - Simplify (i) cos −1 (cos ( 3 )) (ii)tan−1 (tan ( 4 )) (iii)sec −1 (sec ( 3 )) (iv)sin−1 [sin 10]

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 15

 𝑥
Example 4.19 - Prove that tan(sin−1 𝑥) = for |𝑥| < 1.
√1−𝑥 2
1 1 𝜋 1 1 31
Example 4.21 - Prove that (i) tan−1 ( ) + tan−1 ( ) = (ii)2 tan−1 ( ) + tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( )
2 3 4 2 7 17
Example 4.25 - Solve sin−1 𝑥 > cos −1
𝑥.
√1−𝑥 2
Example 4.26 - Show that 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (sin−1 𝑥) = 𝑥
, −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 and 𝑥 ≠ 0.
𝜋
Example 4.27 - Solve tan−1 2𝑥 + tan−1 3𝑥 = 4 , if 6𝑥 2 < 1.
EXERCISE 4.5
2. Find the value of the expression in terms of 𝑥, with the help of a reference triangle.
1
(i)sin(cos −1 (1 − 𝑥)) (ii)cos(tan−1 (3𝑥 − 1)) (iii)tan (sin−1 (𝑥 + 2))
3. Find the value of
√3 3 4 3 3
(i)sin−1 (cos (sin−1 ( 2 ))) (ii)cot (sin−1 (5) + sin−1 (5)) (iii)tan (sin−1 (5) + cot −1 (2))
4. Prove that
2 7 1 3 12 16
(i)tan−1 ( ) + tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( ) (ii)sin−1 ( ) − cos−1 ( ) = sin−1 ( )
11 24 2 5 13 65
𝑥 𝑥−𝑦
8. Simplify: tan−1 𝑦 − tan−1 𝑥+𝑦

5– MARKS

𝜋 𝜋
1. Draw 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑛 [− , ] and 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 in [−1,1]
2 2
2. Draw 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 in [0, 𝜋] and 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 in [−1,1] [MAR 2020-5M]
𝜋 𝜋
3. Draw 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (− 2 , 2 ) and 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 in (−∞, ∞)
𝜋 𝜋
4. Draw 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 in [− , ] ∖ {0} and 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 in ℝ ∖ (−1,1)
2 2
𝜋
5. Draw 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 in [0, 𝜋] ∖ { } and 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 in ℝ ∖ (−1,1)
2
6. Draw 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 in (0, 𝜋) and 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 in (−∞, ∞)
EXERCISE 4.2
|𝑥|−2 1−|𝑥|
6. Find the domain of (i) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin−1 ( ) + cos−1 ( )
3 4
𝑥
Example 4.11 - Prove that tan(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = , −1 < 𝑥 < 1.
√1−𝑥 2
1 2𝑎 1 1−𝑎 2
Example 4.18 - Find the value of (iii)tan [2 sin−1 (1+𝑎2 ) + 2 cos−1 (1+𝑎2 )]
3 5
Example 4.20 - Evaluate sin [sin−1 (5) + sec −1 (4)]
−1 −1 −1
Example 4.22 - If cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑧 = 𝜋 and 0 < 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 < 1,
shown that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 1 [MAR 2023-5M]
Example 4.23 - If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 … 𝑎𝑛 is an arithmetic progression with common difference 𝑑,
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑎 −𝑎1
prove that tan [tan−1 (1+𝑎 ) + tan−1 (1+𝑎 ) + … + tan−1 (1+𝑎 𝑛
)] = 1+𝑎
1 𝑎2 2 𝑎3 𝑛 𝑎𝑛−1 1 𝑎𝑛
1−𝑥 1
Example 4.24 - Solve tan−1 (1+𝑥) = 2 tan−1 𝑥 for 𝑥 > 0
𝑥−1 𝑥+1 𝜋
Example 4.28 - Solve: tan−1 (𝑥−2) + tan1 (𝑥+2 ) = 4 [JUNE 2023-5M][MAR 2024-5M]
𝑥 3
Example 4.29 - Solve cos (sin−1 ( )) = sin {cot −1 ( )}.
√1+𝑥 2 4
EXERCISE 4.5
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧−𝑥𝑦𝑧
5. Prove that tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑧 = tan−1 [ ]
1−𝑥𝑦−𝑦𝑧−𝑧𝑥
6. If tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑧 = 𝜋, show that 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 [JUNE 2024-5M]
2𝑥 3𝑥−𝑥 3 1
7. Prove that; tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 1−𝑥 2 = tan−1 1−3𝑥 2 , |𝑥| <
√3
5 12 𝜋 1−𝑎 2 1−𝑏2
9. Solve: (i)sin−1 (𝑥) + sin−1 ( 𝑥 ) = 2
(ii)2 tan−1 𝑥 = cos−1 1+𝑎2 − cos−1 1+𝑏2 , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0
𝜋
(iii)2 tan−1(cos 𝑥) = tan−1 (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) (iv)cot −1 𝑥 − cot −1 (𝑥 + 2) = 12 , 𝑥 > 0
10. Find the number of solution of the equation : tan−1 (𝑥 − 1) + tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 (𝑥 + 1) = tan−1 (3𝑥).
S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 16
 5. TWO DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY- II
2 – MARKS

Example 5.1 - Find the general equation of a circle with centre (−3, −4) and radius 3 units.[MAR 2024-2M]
Example 5.3 - Determine whether 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0 is the equationof a diameter of the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 for all possible values of 𝑐.
Example 5.4 - Find the general equation of the circle whose diameter is the line segment joining the
points (−4, −2) and (1, 1)
Example 5.5 - Examine the position of the point (2, 3) with respect to the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 12 = 0.
Example 5.6 - The line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 meets the coordinate axes at 𝐴 and 𝐵. Find the equation of
the circle drawn on 𝐴𝐵 as diameter
EXERCISE 5.1
5. Obtain the equation of the circle for which (3, 4) and (2, −7) are the ends of a diameter. [JUNE 2024-2M]

10. Determine whether the points (−2, 1), (0, 0) and (−4, −3) lie outside, on or inside the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5 = 0
11. Find centre and radius of the following circles.
(i)𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 0 (ii)𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 0 [JULY 2022-3M]
(iii)𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3 = 0 (iv)2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2 = 0
Example 5.25 - Find the vertices, foci for the hyperbola 9𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 2 = 144
Example 5.27 - The orbit of Halley’s comet is an ellipse 36.18 astronomical units long and by 9.12
astronomical units wise. Find its eccentricity.
Example 5.28 - Identify the type of the conic for the following equations:
(1)16𝑦 2 = −4𝑥 2 + 64 (2)𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = −4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4
(3)𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 (4)4𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 − 16𝑥 + 18𝑦 − 29 = 0
EXERCISE 5.3
1. Identify the type of conic section for each of the equations.
(1)2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 7 (2)3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 10 = 0
(3)3𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 14 (4)𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
(5)11𝑥 2 − 25𝑦 2 − 44𝑥 + 50𝑦 − 256 = 0 (6)𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4 = 0

3 – MARKS
Example 5.2 - Find the equation of the circle described on the chord 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5 = 0 of the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 as diameter.
Example 5.6 - The line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 meets the coordinate axes at 𝐴 and 𝐵. Find the equation of
the circle drawn on 𝐴𝐵 as diameter
Example 5.7 - A line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 10 = 0 cuts a chord of length 6 units on a circle with centre of the
circle (2, 1). Find the equation of the circle in general form.
Example 5.8 - A circle of radius 3 units touches both the axes. Find the equations of all possible
circles formed in the general form.
Example 5.9 - Find the centre and radius of the circle 3𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 1)𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 𝑎 + 4 = 0
Example 5.11 - Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 at 𝑃(−3, 4).
Example 5.12 - If 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 𝑐 is a tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9, find 𝑐 [MAY 2023-2M][JUNE 2023-2M]
Example. 5.13 - A road bridge over an irrigation canal have
two semi circular vents each with a span of 20𝑚 and the
supporting pillars of width 2𝑚. Use figure 5.16 to write
the equations that represent the semi-ventricular vents.

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 17

 EXERCISE 5.1
1. Obtain the equation of the circles with radius 5 cm and touching 𝑥-axis at the origin in general form.
2. Find the equation of the circle with centre (2, −1) and passing through the point (3, 6) in standard form.
3. Find the equation of circles that touch both the axes and pass through (−4, −2) in general form.
4. Find the equation of the circle with centre (2, 3) and passing through the intersection of the lines
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 and 4𝑥 + 𝑦 − 27 = 0.
7. A circle of area 9𝜋 square units has two of its diameters along the lines 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1. Find
the equation of the circle.[SEP 2020-3M]
8. If 𝑦 = 2√2𝑥 + 𝑐 is a tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16, find the value of 𝑐.
12. If the equation 3𝑥 2 + (3 − 𝑝)𝑥𝑦 + 𝑞𝑦 2 − 2𝑝𝑥 = 8𝑝𝑞 represents a circle, find 𝑝 and 𝑞. also determine
the centre and radius of the circle.
Example 5.14 - Find the length of Latus rectum of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑥2 𝑦2
Example 5.15 - Find the length of Latus rectum of the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1
Example 5.16 - Find the equation of parabola with focus (−√2, 0) and directrix 𝑥 = √2. [MAY 2022-5M]
Example 5.17 - Find the equation of the parabola whose vertex is (5, −2) and focus (2, −2)
Example 5.18 - Find the equation of the parabola with vertex (−1, −2), axis parallel to 𝑦-axis and
passing through (3, 6)[MAR 2023-3M]
Example 5.20 - Find the equation of the ellipse with foci (±2, 0), vertices (±3, 0).
Example 5.24 - Find the equation of the hyperbola with vertices (0, ±4) and foci (0, ±6).
EXERCISE 5.2
1. Find the equation of the parabola in each of the cases given below:
(i)focus (4, 0) and directrix 𝑥 = −4 [AUG 2021-3M]
(ii)Passes through (2, −3) and symmetric about 𝑦-axis
(iii)vertex (1, −2) and focus (4, −2) (iv)end points of latus rectum (4, −8) and (4, 8)
2. Find the equation of the ellipse in each of the cases given below:
1
(i) foci (±3, 0), 𝑒 = 2 [JUNE 2024-3M] (ii)foci (0, ±4) and end points of major axis are (0, ±5)
3
(iii) length of latus rectum 8, eccentricity = ,centre(0,0)and major axis on 𝑥-axis
4
(iv) length of latus rectum 4, distance between foci 4√2 , centre(0,0)and major axis as 𝑦-axis
3. Find the equation of the hyperbola in each of the cases given below.
3
(i) foci (±2, 0), eccentricity = 2
(ii) Centre(2, 1), one of the foci (8, 1) and corresponding directrix 𝑥 = 4.
(iii) passing through (5, −2) and length of the transverse axis along 𝑥 axis and of length 8 units.
4. Find the vertex, focus, equation of directrix and length of the latus rectum of the following.
(i)𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 (ii)𝑥 2 = 24𝑦 (iii)𝑦 2 = −8𝑥
𝑥2 𝑦2 2𝑏2
6. Prove that the length of the latus rectum of the hyperbola 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 is 𝑎
7. Show that the absolute value of difference of the focal distances of any point P on the hyperbola is the
length of its transverse axis.
Example 5.32 - The maximum and minimum distances of the Earth from the Sun respectively are
152 × 106 𝑘𝑚 and 94.5 × 106 km. The sun is at one focus of the elliptical orbit. Find the distance from
the sun to the other focus.[MAY 2022-5M , MAR 2023-3M]
Example 5.33 - A concrete bridge is designed as a parabolic arch. the road over bridge is 40𝑚 long and the
maximum height of the arch is 15 𝑚.Write the equation of the parabolic each. [MAR 2020-3M]
Example 5.34 - The parabolic communication antenna has a focus at 2𝑚 distance from the vertex of
the antenna. Find the width of the antenna 3𝑚 from the vertex.[JULY 2022-5M]
1
Example 5.35 - The equation 𝑦 = 32 𝑥 2 models cross sections of parabolic mirrors that are used for
solar energy. There is a heating tube located at the focus of each parabola; how high is this tube
located above the vertex of the parabola?

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 18

Example 5.36 - A search light has a parabolic reflector (has a cross section that forms a ‘bowl’).
The parabolic bowl is 40𝑐𝑚 wide from rim to rim and 30𝑐𝑚 deep. The bulb is located at the
focus.(1)What is the equation of the parabola used for reflector? (2)How far from the vertex is the bulb
to be placed so that the maximum distancecovered?
𝑥2 𝑦2
Example 5.37 - An equation of the elliptical part of an optical lens system is 16 + 9
= 1. the parabolic part
of the system has a focus in common with the right focus of the ellipse. The vertex of the parabola is at
the origin and the parabola opens to the right. Determine the equation of the parabola.
Example 5.38 - A room 34𝑚 long is constructed to be a whispering gallery.
The room has an elliptical ceiling, as shown in figure. If the maximum
height of the ceiling is 8𝑚, determine where the foci are located
(𝑥−11)2 𝑦2
Example 5.39 - If the equation of the ellipse is 484
+ 64 = 1 (𝑥 and 𝑦 measured in untimeters)
where to the nearest centrimetres should the patient’s kidney stone be placed so that the reflected
sound hits the kidney stone?
5 – MARKS

Example 5.10 - Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (1, 1), (2, −1),and (3, 2).
[MAR 2020-5M]
EXERCISE 5.1
6. Find the equation of the circle through the points (1, 0), (−1, 0) and (0, 1). [JUNE 2023-5M]
9. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 8 = 0 at (2, 2)
Example 5.19 - Find the vertex, focus, directrix and length of the latus rectum of the
parabola 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 1 = 0
1
Example 5.21 - Find the equation of the ellipse whose eccentricity is 2, one of the foci is (2, 3) and a
directrix is 𝑥 = 7. Also find the length of the major and minor axes of the ellipse.
Example 5.22 - Find the foci, vertices and length of major and minor axis of the conic
4𝑥 2 + 36𝑦 2 + 40𝑥 − 288𝑦 + 532 = 0
Example 5.23 - For the ellipse 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 24𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 21 = 0, find the centre, vertices, and the foci.
Also prove that the length of latus rectum is 2.
Example 5.26 - Find the centre, foci, and eccentricity of the hyperbola
11𝑥 2 − 25𝑦 2 − 44𝑥 + 50𝑦 − 256 = 0
EXERCISE 5.2
4. Find the vertex, focus, equation of directrix and length of the latus rectum of the following.
(iv)𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 17 = 0 (v)𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 8𝑥 + 12 = 0 [MAR 2024-5M]
5. Identify the type of conic and find centre, foci, vertices and directrices of each of the following.
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑥2
(i) + = 1[JULY 2022-5M] (ii) + = 1 (iii) − =1 (iv) − =1
25 9 3 10 25 144 16 9
8. Identify the type of conic and find centre, foci, vertices and directrices of each of the following.
(𝑥−3)2 (𝑦−4)2 (𝑥+1)2 (𝑦−2)2 (𝑥+3)2 (𝑦−4)2
(i) + =1 (ii) + = 1 (iii) − =1
225 289 100 64 225 64
(𝑦−2)2 (𝑥+1)2
(iv) 25
− 16
=1 (v)18𝑥 2 + 12𝑦 2 − 144𝑥 + 48𝑦 + 120 = 0[MAR 2023-5M]
(vi)9𝑥 − 𝑦 2 − 36𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 18 = 0 [JUNE 2024-5M]
2

Example 5.29 - Find the equations of tangent and normal to the parabola
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5 = 0 at (1, −3) [MAR 2024-3M]
𝜋
Example 5.30 - Find the equations of tangent and normal to the ellipse 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 32 when 𝜃 = 4 .
EXERCISE 5.4
1. Find the equations of the two tangents that can be drawn from (5, 2) to the ellipse 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑦 2 = 14.
𝑥2 𝑦2
2. Find the equations of tangents to the hyperbola − = 1 which are parallel to 10𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 9 = 0.
16 64

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 19

3. Show that the line 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0 is a tangent to the ellipse 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 12. Also find the coordinates of
the point of contact.
4. Find the equation of the tangent to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 perpendicular to 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3 = 0.
5. Find the equation of the tangent at 𝑡 = 2 to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥. (hint: Use parametric form)
𝜋
6. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to hyperbola 12𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 = 108 at 𝜃 = 3 .
(hint: use parametric form)
7. Prove that the point of intersection of the tangents at ′𝑡1 ′ and ′𝑡2 ′ on the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is
[𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 , 𝑎(𝑡1 + 𝑡2 )] [JUNE 2023-3M]
8. If the normal at the point ′𝑡1 ′ on the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 meets the parabola again at the point ′𝑡2 ′ , then
2
prove that 𝑡2 = − (𝑡1 + 𝑡 ).
1
Example 5.31 - A semielliptical archway over a one-way road has a height of 3𝑚 and a width of 12𝑚.
The truck has a width of 3𝑚 and a height of 2.7𝑚. will the truck clear the opening of the archway?
Example 5.40 - Two coast guard stations are located 600 km apart at points 𝐴(0, 0) and 𝐵(0, 600).
A distress signal from a ship at 𝑃 is received at slightly different times by two stations. It is determined
that the ship is 200 km farther from station 𝐴 than it is from station 𝐵. Determine the equation of
hyperbola that passes through the location of the ship.
Example 5.41 - Certain telescopes contain both parabolic mirror and a hyperbolic
mirror. In the telescope shown in figure the parabola and hyperbola share
focus 𝐹1 which is 14𝑚 above the vertex of the parabola. The hyperbola’s
second focus 𝐹2 is 2𝑚 above the parabola’s vertex. The vertex of the
hyperbolic mirror is 1𝑚 below 𝐹1 . Position a coordinate system with the
origin at the centre of the hyperbola and with the foci and the 𝑦-axis.
Then find the equation of the hyperbola.
EXERCISE 5.5
1. A bridge has a parabolic arch that is 10𝑚 high in the centre and 30𝑚 wide at the bottom. Find the height
of the arch 6𝑚 from the centre, on either sides. [JUNE 2024-5M]
2. A tunnel through a mountain for a four lane highway is to have a elliptical opening. The total width of the
highway (not the opening) is to be 16𝑚, and the height at the edge of the road must be sufficient for a
truck 4𝑚 high to clear if the highest point of the opening is to be 5𝑚 approximately. How wide must the
opening be?
3. At a water fountain, water attains a maximum height of 4𝑚 at horizontal distance of 0.5 𝑚 from its origin.
If the path of water is a parabola, find the height of water at a horizontal distance of 0.75 𝑚 from the
point of origin.
4. An engineer designs a satellite dish with a parabolic cross section. the dish is 5𝑚 wide at the opening,
and the focus is placed 1.2𝑚 from the vertex. (a) Position a coordinate system with the origin at the
vertex and the 𝑥-axis on the parabola’s axis of symmetry and find an equation of the parabola.
(b) Find the depth of the satellite dish at the vertex.
5. Parabolic cable of a 60𝑚 portion of the roadbed of a suspension
bridge are positioned as shown below. Vertical Cables are to be
spaced every 6𝑚 along this portion of the roadbed. Calculate
the lengths of first two of these vertical cables from the vertex.

6. Cross section of a Nuclear cooling tower is in the shape of a

𝑥2 𝑦2
hyperbola with equation − = 1. The tower is 150𝑚
302 44 2
tall and the distance from the top of the tower to the centre
of the hyperbola is half the distance from the base of the
tower to the centre of the hyperbola. Find the diameter of the
top and base of the tower.

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 20

7. A rod of length 1.2𝑚 moves with its ends always touching the coordinate axes. the locus of a point 𝑃 on
the rod, which is 0.3𝑚 from the end in contact with 𝑥-axis is an ellipse.
find the eccentricity.[SEP 2020-5M]
8. Assume that water issuing from the end of the horizontal pipe, 7.5𝑚 above the ground, describes a
parabolic path. The vertex of the parabolic path is at the end of the pipe. At a position 2.5𝑚 below the
line of the pipe, the flow of water has curved outward 3𝑚 beyond the vertical line through the end of the
pipe. How far beyond this vertical line will the water strike the ground?[MAR 2020-5M][MAR 2024-5M]
9. On lighting a rocket cracker it gets projected in a parabolic path and reaches a maximum height of 4𝑚
when it is 6𝑚 away from the point of projection. Finally it reaches the ground 12𝑚 away from the
starting point. Find the angle of projection. [AUG 2021-5M]
10. Points 𝐴 and 𝐵 are 10𝑘𝑚 apart and it is determined from the sound of an explosion heard at those
points at different times that the location of the explosion is 6 𝑘𝑚 closer to 𝐴 then 𝐵. Show that the
location of the explosion is restricted to a particular curve and find an equation of it.

6. APPLICATIONS OF VECTOR ALGEBRA

2 – MARKS

Theorem 9 : (Jacobi’s Identity) For any three vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ we ha

𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) + 𝑏⃗⃗ × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗) + 𝑐⃗ × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) = 0
⃗
Theorem 10 : (Lagrange’s Identity) For any four vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗,we have (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) . (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = |𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗ 𝑎⃗. 𝑑|
𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑑⃗
̂ ⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ⃗⃗
Example 6.12 - If 𝑎⃗ = −3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘 , 𝑏 = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘 , 𝑐⃗ = 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘 , find 𝑎⃗. (𝑏 × 𝑐⃗).
Example 6.13 - Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminus edges are given by the
vectors 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ , 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂.
Example 6.14 - Show that the vectors 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ , 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ are coplanar.
Example 6.15 - If 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ , 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝑖̂ + 𝑚𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ are coplanar, find the value of 𝑚.
EXERCISE 6.2
1. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ , 𝑐⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , find 𝑎⃗. (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗).
2. Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are represented by the vectors
−6𝑖̂ + 14𝑗̂ + 10𝑘̂ , 14𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂ and 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
3. The volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminus edges are 7𝑖̂ + 𝜆𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ ,
𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ , −3𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ is 90 cubic units. Find the value of 𝜆. [JUNE 2024-2M]
6. Determine whether the three vectors 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ are coplanar.
[AUG 2021-2M]
7. Let 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ and 𝑐⃗ = 𝑐1 𝑖̂ + 𝑐2 𝑗̂ + 𝑐3 𝑘̂. If 𝑐1 = 1 and 𝑐2 = 2, find 𝑐3 such that 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑐⃗
are coplanar.
8. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + (1 − 𝑥)𝑘̂ , 𝑐⃗ = 𝑦𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑗̂ + (1 + 𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑘̂ , show that [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] depends on
neither 𝑥 nor 𝑦.[SEP 2020-2M]
9. If the vectors 𝑎𝑖̂ + 𝑎𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂ , 𝑖̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑐𝑖̂ + 𝑐𝑗̂ + 𝑏𝑘̂ are coplanar, prove that 𝑐 is the geometric
mean of 𝑎 and 𝑏Let 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ be three non-zero vectors such that 𝑐⃗ is a unit vector perpendicular to both 𝑎⃗
𝜋 1 2 2
and 𝑏⃗⃗. If the angle between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ is 6 , show that [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] = 4 |𝑎⃗|2 |𝑏⃗⃗|
EXERCISE 6.3
1. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ , 𝑐⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , find (i)(𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × 𝑐⃗ (ii)𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗)
2. For any vector 𝑎⃗, prove that 𝑖̂ × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑖̂) + 𝑗̂ × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑗̂) + 𝑘̂ × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑘̂ ) = 2𝑎⃗
𝑥−1 2−𝑦 𝑧−4 𝑥−3 𝑦−3 5−𝑧
Example 6.32 - Show that the lines = = and = = are parallel.
4 6 12 −2 3 6

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 21

 EXERCISE 6.4
5. Find the acute angle between the following lines.
(i)𝑟⃗ = (4𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ), 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠⃗(−𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ )
𝑥+4 𝑦−7 𝑧+5
(ii) = = , 𝑟⃗ = 4𝑘̂ + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ). (iii)2𝑥 = 3𝑦 = −𝑧 and 6𝑥 = −𝑦 = −4𝑧.
3 4 5
Example 6.39 - If the Cartesian equation of a plane is 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −8, find the vector equation of the
plane in the standard form.
EXERCISE. 6.6
5. Find the intercepts cut off by the plane 𝑟⃗. (6𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ ) = 12 on the coordinate axes.
𝑥−3 𝑦−4 𝑧+3
Example 6.45 - Verify whether the line −4
= −7
= 12
lies in the plane 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 8
Example. 6.47 - Find the acute angle between the planes 𝑟⃗. (2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) = 11 and 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 15
Example 6.48 - Find the angle between the straight line 𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) and the
plane 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5
Example 6.49 - Find the distance of a point (2, 5, −3) from the plane 𝑟⃗. (6𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) = 5
Example 6.51 - Find the distance between the parallel planes 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 1 = 0 and
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 4𝑧 + 5 = 0
EXERCISE 6.9
6. Find the length of the perpendicular from the point (1, −2, 3) to the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5.

3 – MARKS
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Example 6.4 - With usual notations, in any triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, prove by vector method that = =
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
[SEP 2020-3M][JUNE 2023-3M]
Example 6.9 - A particle acted upon by constant forces 2𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ and – 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ is displaced from
the point (4, −3, −2) to the point (6, 1, −3). Find the total work done by the forces.
Example 6.10 - A particle is acted upon by the forces 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ is displaced from the point
(1, 3, −1) to the point (4, −1, 𝜆). If the work down by the forces is 16 units, find the value of 𝜆.
Example. 6.11 - Find the magnitude and the direction cosines of the torque about the point (2, 0, −1)
of a force 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂, whose line of action passes through the origin.[MAR 2020-2M,MAY 2022-3M]
EXERCIS 6.1
1. Prove by a vector method that if a line is drawn from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord,
then the line is perpendicular to the chord.
2. Prove by vector method that the median to the base of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the base.
3. Prove by vector method that an angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
4. Prove by vector method that the diagonals of a rhombus bissect each other at right angles.
5. using vector method, prove that if the diagonals of a parallelogram are equal, then it is a rectangle.
6. Prove by vector method that the area of the quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 having diagonals 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐵𝐷
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵𝐷
|𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |.
2
7. Prove by vector method that the parallelograms on the same base and between the same parallels are
equal in area.
11. A particle acted on by constant forces 8𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂ and 6𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ is displaced from the point (1, 2, 3)
to the point (5, 4, 1). Find the total work done by the forces. [JULY 2022-3M]
12. Forces of magnitudes 5√2 and 10√2 units acting in the directions 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ and 10𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 8𝑘̂,
respectively, act on a particle which is displaced from the point with position vector 4𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ to the
point with position vector 6𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂. Find the work done by the forces.
13. Find the magnitude and direction cosines of the torque of a force represented by 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ about the
point with position vector 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ acting through a point whose position vector is 4𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂.

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 22

14. find the torque of the resultant of the three forces represented by −3𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ , 4𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂ and
4𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ acting at the point with position vector 8𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂, about the point with position vector
18𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 9𝑘̂.
Example 6.17 - If the vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are coplanar, then prove that the vectors 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗
are also coplanar.
Example 6.18 - If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are three vectors, prove that [𝑎⃗ + 𝑐⃗, 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗] = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗].
EXERCIS 6.2
4. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are three non-coplanar vectors represented by concurrent edges of a parallelepiped of volume 4
cubic units, find the value of (𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗). (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) + (𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗). (𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗) + (𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗). (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗).
5. Find the altitude of a parallelepiped determined by the vectors 𝑎⃗ = −2𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ,
𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ and 𝑐⃗ = −3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ if the base is taken as the parallelogram determined by 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑐⃗
10. Let 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ be three non-zero vectors such that 𝑐⃗ is a unit vector perpendicular to both 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗. If the
𝜋 1 2 2
angle between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ is , show that [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] = |𝑎⃗|2 |𝑏⃗⃗|
6 4
2
Example 6.19 - Prove that [𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗] = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]
Example 6.20 - Prove that (𝑎⃗. (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗)) 𝑎⃗ = (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑐⃗)
EXERCISE 6.3
3. Prove that [𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗] = 0 [MAR 2024-3M]
5. 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ , 𝑐⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ then find the value of (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗). (𝑎⃗ × 𝑐⃗).[MAR 2024–3M]
6. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗ are coplanar vectors, show that (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = 0.
7. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝑐⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = 𝑙𝑎⃗ + 𝑚𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑛𝑐⃗, find the values of
𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛
1
8. If 𝑎̂, 𝑏̂,𝑐̂ are three unit vectors such that 𝑏̂ and 𝑐̂ are non-parallel and 𝑎̂ × (𝑏̂ × 𝑐̂ ) = 2 𝑏̂ , find the angle
between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑐⃗. [SEP 2020 – 2M]
Example 6.26 - Find the vector equation in parametric form and Cartesian equations of the line passing
–𝑥−2 𝑦+3 2𝑧−6
Through (−4, 2 , −3) and is parallel to the line = =
4 −2 3
𝑥+3 𝑦−1
Example 6.28 - Find the angles between the straight line 2
= 𝑧 = −𝑧 with coordinate axes.
[MAR 2023-3M]
Example 6.29 - Find the acute angle between the lines 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) and the
straight line passing through the points (5, 1, 4) and (9, 2, 12)
𝑥−4 𝑦 𝑧+1 𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−2
Example 6.30 - Find the acute angle between the straight lines 2
=1= −2
and 4
= −4
= 2
and
state whether they are parallel or perpendicular.[JULY 2022-2M]
Example 6.31 - Show that the straight line passing through the points 𝐴(6, 7, 5) and 𝐵(8, 10, 6) is
perpendicular to the straight line passing through the points 𝐶(10, 2, −5) an 𝐷(8, 3, −4) .
EXERCISE 6.4
1. Find the non-parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of the straight line passing
through the point with position vector 4𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 7𝑘̂ and parallel to the vector 2𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂
2. Find the parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of the straight line passing through
𝑥−1 𝑦+3 8−𝑧
the point (−2, 3, 4) and parallel to the straight line −4
= 5
= 6
.
3. Find the points where the straight line passes through (6, 7, 4) and (8, 4, 9) cuts the 𝑥𝑧 and 𝑦𝑧 planes.
4. Find the direction cosines of the straight line passing through the points (5, 6, 7) and (7, 9, 13). Also, find
the parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of the straight line passing through two
given points.
6. The vertices of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 are 𝐴(7, 2, 1), 𝐵(6, 0, 3) and 𝐶(4, ,2, 4). Find ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶.

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 23

7. If the straight line joining the points (2, 1, 4) and (𝑎 − 1, 4, −1) is parallel to the line joining the points
(0, 2, 𝑏 − 1) and (5, 3, −2) find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏
𝑥−5 2−𝑦 1−𝑧 2𝑦+1 1−𝑧
8. If the straight lines 5𝑚+2 = = and 𝑥 = = are perpendicular each other,find the value of 𝑚.
5 −1 4𝑚 −3
9. Show that the points (2, 3, 4), (−1, 4, 5) and (8, 1, 2) are collinear.
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−4 𝑦−1
Example 6.33 - Find the point of intersection of the lines 2
= 3
= 4
and 5
= 𝑧
=𝑧
Example 6.34 - Find the parametric form of vector equation of a straight line passing through the point
𝑥−2 𝑦−4 𝑧+3
of intersection of the straight lines 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) and = = , and 1 2 4
perpendicular to both straight lines
Example 6.35 - Determine whether the pair of straight lines 𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ),
𝑟⃗ = (2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) are parallel. Find the shortest distance between them.
Example 6.36 - Find the shortest distance between the two given straight lines
𝑥−3 𝑦 𝑧+2
𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(−2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) and = =
2 −1 2
EXERCISE 6.5
1. Find the parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of a straight line passing through
(5,2, 8) and is perpendicular to the straight lines 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) and
𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ).
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−1 𝑥−3 𝑦−𝑚
3. If the two lines = = and = = 𝑧 intersect at a point, find the value of 𝑚.
2 3 4 1 2
Example 6.38 - Find the vector and Cartesian form of the equations of a plane which is at a distance of 12
units from the origin and perpendicular to 6𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
Example 6.40 - Find the direction cosines of the normal to the plane and length of the perpendicular form
the origin to the plane 𝑟⃗. (3𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂ ) = 5 .
Example 6.41 - Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the plane passing through the point with position
vector 4𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ and normal to vector 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ .
Example 6.42 - A variable plane moves in such a way that the sum of the reciprocals of its intercepts on the
coordinate axes is a constant. Show that the plane passes through a fixed point.
EXERCISE. 6.6
1. Find the vector equation of a plane which is at a distance of 7 units from the origin having 3, −4, 5 as
direction ratios of a normal to it.[MAR 2023-2M]
2. Find the direction cosines of the normal to the plane 12𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 65. Also, find the non-parametric
form of vector equation of a plane and the length of the perpendicular to the plane from the origin.
3. Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the plane passing through the point with position vector
2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and normal to the vector 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ . [JUNE 2024-3M]
4. A plane passes through the point (−1, 1, 2) and the nrmal to the plane of magnitude 3√3 makes equal
acute angles with the coordinates axes. Find the equation of the plane.
6. If a plane meets the coordinate axes at 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 such that the centriod of the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is the point
(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) find the equation of the plane.
Example 6.52 - Find the distance between the planes 𝑟⃗. (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) = 6 and 𝑟⃗. (6𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂ ) = 27
Example 6.56 - Find the coordinates of the point where the straight line
𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) intersects the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 5 = 0.
EXERCISE 6.9
1. Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes
𝑟⃗. (2𝑖̂ − 7𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) = 3 and 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0, and the point (−2, 1, 3).
3. Find the angle between the line 𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) and the plane 𝑟⃗. (6𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) = 8
4. Find the angle between eh planes 𝑟⃗. (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) = 3 and 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2.
5. Find the equation of the plane which passes through the point (3, 4, −1) and is parallel to the plane
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 + 7 = 0. Also, find the distance between the two planes.

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 24

 5 – MARKS
Example 6.1 - (Cosine formulae) With usual notations, in any triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, prove the following by vector
method. (i)𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴 (ii)𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑐𝑎 cos 𝐵 (iii)𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
Example 6.2 - With usual notations, in any triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, prove the following by vector method.
(i)𝑎 = 𝑏 cos 𝐶 + 𝑐 cos 𝐵 (ii)𝑏 = 𝑐 cos 𝐴 + 𝑎 cos 𝐶 (ii)𝑐 = 𝑎 cos 𝐵 + 𝑏 cos 𝐴
Example 6.3 - By vector method, prove that cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽.[MAR 2020-5M]
Example 6.5 - Prove by vector method that sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽. [MAR 2024-5M]
Example 6.6 - (Apollonius’s theorem) If 𝐷 is the midpoint of the side 𝐵𝐶 of a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, show by vector
2 2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| + |𝐴𝐶
method that |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 2 (|𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐵𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | ).
Example 6.7 - Prove by vector method that the perpendiculars (attitudes) from the vertices to the
opposite sides of a triangle are concurrent.
Example 6.8 - In triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, the points 𝐷, 𝐸, 𝐹 are the midpoints of the sides 𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐴 and 𝐴𝐵
1
respectively. Using vector method, show that the area of ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 is equal to (area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶) .
4
EXERCIS 6.1
8. If 𝐺 is the centroid of a ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, prove that
1
(area of ∆𝐺𝐴𝐵)= (area of ∆𝐺𝐵𝐶)=(area of ∆𝐺𝐶𝐴) = 3 (area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶).
9. Using vector method, prove that cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽.
[SEP 2020-5M][JULY 2022-5M][AUG 2021-5M][MAR 2023-5M][JUNE 2024-5M]
10. Prove by vector method that sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽. [MAY 2022-5M]
Example 6.16 - Show that the four points (6, −7, 0), (16, −19, −4), (0, 3, −6), (2, −5, 10)lie on a same plane.
Example 6.21 - For any four vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗, we had
(𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑐⃗ − [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]𝑑⃗ = [𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑏⃗⃗ − [𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑎⃗
Example 6.22 - If 𝑎⃗ = −2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ , 𝑐⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, find (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × 𝑐⃗ and
𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗). State whether they are equal
Example 6.23 - If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂, 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ , 𝑐⃗ = 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 𝑑⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , verify that
(i)(𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑐⃗ − [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]𝑑⃗
(ii)(𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = [𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑏⃗⃗ − [𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑎⃗ [JUNE 2024-5M]
EXERCISE 6.3
4. If 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ , 𝑐⃗ = −𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ , verify that
(i)(𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × 𝑐⃗ = (𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗)𝑏⃗⃗ − (𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗)𝑎⃗ [JUNE 2023-5M] (ii)𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = (𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗)𝑏⃗⃗ − (𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗)𝑐⃗
Example 6.24 - A straight line passes through the point (1, 2, −3) and parallel to 4𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 7𝑘̂.
Find (i) vector equation in parametric form (ii) vector equation in non-parametric form
(iii) Cartesian equations of the straight line.
Example 6.25 - The vector equation in parametric form of a line is 𝑟⃗ = (3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ).
Find (i) the direction cosines of the straight line (ii) vector equation in non-parametric form of the line
(iii) Cartesian equations of the line.
Example 6.27 - Find the vector equation in parametric form and Cartesian equations of a straight passing
through the points (−5, 7, −4) and (13, −5, 2). Find the point where the straight line crosses the 𝑥𝑦-
plane.[MAR 2020-3M]
Example 6.37 - Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (−1, 2, 3) to
the straight line 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ). Also, find the shortest distance from the
given point to the straight line.
EXERCISE 6.5
2. Show that the lines 𝑟⃗ = (6𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ ) and 𝑟⃗ = (3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ ) are
skew lines and hence find the shortest distance between them.

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 25

 𝑥−3 𝑦−3 𝑥−6 𝑧−1
4. Show that the lines 3
= −1
,𝑧 − 1 = 0 and 2
= 3
,𝑦 − 2 = 0 intersect. Also find the point of
intersection.
5. Show that the lines 𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑦 = −12𝑧 and 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2 = 6𝑧 − 6 are skew and hence find the shortest
distance between them.
6. Find the parametric form of vector equation of the straight line passing through (−1,2,1) and parallel to
the straight line 𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) and hence find the shortest distance between the
lines.
𝑥+1 𝑦−3 𝑧−1
7. Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (5, 4, 2) to the line 2
= 3
= −1
. Also, find
the equation of the perpendicular. [JUNE 2023-5M]
Example 6.43 - Find the non-parametric form of vector equation, and Cartesian equation of the plane
passing through the point (0, 1, −5) and parallel to the straight lines
𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ ) and 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ).[MAR 2020-5M]
Example 6.44 - Find the vector parametric, vector non-parametric and Cartesian form of the equation
of the plane passing through the points (−1, 2,0), (2, 2, −1) and parallel to the straight
𝑥−1 2𝑦+1 𝑧+1
line 1
= 2
= −1
EXERCISE 6.7
1. Find the non-parametric form of vector equation, and Cartesian equation of the plane passing through the
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−3 𝑥+3 𝑦−3 𝑧+1
point (2, 3, 6) and parallel to the straight lines = = and = =
2 3 1 2 −5 −3
2. Find the parametric form of vector equation, and Cartesian equations of the plane passing through the
points (2, 2, 1), (9, 3, 6) and perpendicular to the plane 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 9.[MAY 2022-5M]
3. Find parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of the plane passing through the points
(2, 2, 1), (1, −2, 3) and parallel to the straight line passing through the points (2, 1, −3) and (−1, 5, −8)
4. Find the non-parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equation of the plane passing through the
𝑥+7 𝑦+3 𝑧
point (1, −2, 4) and perpendicular to the plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 11 and parallel to the line 3
= −1
=1
[SEP 2020-5M]
5. Find the parametric form of vector equation, and Cartesian equations of the plane containing the line
𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) and perpendicular to plane 𝑟⃗. (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) = 8.[MAR 2023-5M]
6. Find the parametric vector, non-parametric vector and Cartesian form of the equations of the plane
passing through the three non-Collinear points (3, 6, −2) (−1, −2, 6) and (6, 4, −2).
7. Find the non-parametric form of vector equation, and Cartesian equations of the plane
𝑟⃗ = (6𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(−𝑖 + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(−5𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ )
Example 6.46 - Show that the lines 𝑟⃗ = (−𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ ) and
𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ )
EXERCISE 6.8
1. Show that the straight lines 𝑟⃗ = (5𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(4𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ ) and 𝑟⃗ = (8𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(7𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂)
are coplanar. Find the vector equation of the plane in which they lie.
𝑥−2 𝑦−3 𝑧−4 𝑥−1 𝑦−4 𝑧−5
2. Show that the lines 1
= 1
= 3
and −3
= 2
= 1
are coplanar. Also, find the plane containing
these lines.
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−3 𝑦−2 𝑧−1
3. If the straight lines 1
= 2
= 𝑚2
and 1
= 𝑚2
= 2
are coplanar, find the distinct real
values of 𝑚.
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧 𝑥+1 𝑦+1 𝑧
4. If the straight lines 2
= 𝜆
= 2 and 5
= 2
= 𝜆 are coplanar, find 𝜆 and equations of the planes
containing these two lines.
Example 6.50 - Find the distance of the point (5, −5, −10) from the point of intersection of a straight
line passing through the points 𝐴(4, 1, 2) and 𝐵(7, 5, 4) with the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5.
Example. 6.53 - Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes
𝑟⃗. (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) + 1 = 0 and 𝑟⃗. (2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ ) = 2 and the point (−1, 2, 1)

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 26

Example 6.54 - Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 + 7 = 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 5 = 0 and is perpendicular to the plane 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 − 5 = 0
Example 6.55 - Find the image of the point whose position vector is 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ in the plane
𝑟⃗. (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) = 38.
EXERCISE 6.9
2. Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2 and
2
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 11 = 3, and at a distance from the point (3, 1, −1).
√3
𝑦
7. Find the point of intersection of the line 𝑥 − 1 = = 𝑧 + 1 with the plane 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2. Also, find
2
the angle between the line and the plane.
8. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular and length of the perpendicular from the point
(4, 3, 2) to the plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2.

VOLUME -II

7. APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

2 – MARKS
Theorem 1 - Intermediate Value Theorem. Theorem 2 - Rolle’s Theorem
Theorem 3 - Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem (or) Rotated Rolle’s Theorem.
Theorem 7 - Extreme Value Theorem. Theorem 8 - Fermat Theorem.
Example 7.2 - The temperature 𝑇 in Celsius in a long rod of length 10 𝑚, insulated at both ends, is a function
of length 𝑥 given by 𝑇 = 𝑥(10 − 𝑥). Prove that the rate of change of temperature at the midpoint of the
rod is zero.
Example 7.5 - A particle is fired straight up from the ground to reach a height of 𝑠 feet in 𝑡 seconds,
where 𝑠(𝑡) = 128 − 16𝑡 2 .(i)Compute the maximum height of the particle reached. (ii)What is the
velocity when the particle hits the ground? [JULY 2022-5M]
EXERCISE 7.1
4. If the volume of a cube of side length 𝑥 is 𝑣 = 𝑥 3 . Find the rate of change of the volume with respect to 𝑥
when 𝑥 = 5 units
6. A stone is dropped into a pond causing ripples in the form of concentric circles. The radius r of the outer
ripple is increasing at a constant rate at 2 cm per second. When the radius is 5 cm find the rate of
changing of the total area of the disturbed water?
EXERCISE 7.2
1. Find the slope of the tangent to the following curves at the respective given points.
𝜋
(i) 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 1 (ii) 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 3 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin3 𝑡 at 𝑡 = 2
EXERCISE 7.3
1. Explain why Rolle’s theorem is not applicable to the following functions in the respective intervals.
1
(i)𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| , 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 1] (ii)𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ [0, 𝜋] (iii)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2 log 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ [2, 7]
3. Explain why Lagrange’s mean value theorem is not applicable to the following functions in the respective
𝑥+1
intervals: (i)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
,𝑥 ∈ [−1, 2] (ii)𝑓(𝑥) = |3𝑥 + 1|, 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 3]
lim 𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
Example 7.33 - Evaluate: ( ) [MAR 2024-2M]
𝑥 → 1 𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3
lim 𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛
Example 7.34 - Compute the limit ( ).
𝑥 → 𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
lim sin 𝑚𝑥
Example 7.35 - Evaluate the limit : ( 𝑥 ). [SEP 2020-2M]
𝑥→0
lim sin 𝑥
Example 7.36 - Evaluate the limit : ( ).
𝑥 → 0 𝑥2

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 27

Example 7.47 - Prove that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 is strictly increasing in (2, ∞)
[JUNE 2023-2M][JUNE 2024-2M]
Example 7.50 - Find the intervals of monotonicity and hence find the local extrema for the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4
3 – MARKS
Example 7.3 - A person learnt 100 words for an English test. The number of words the person remembers
on 𝑡 days after learning is given by 𝑊(𝑡) = 100 × (1 − 0.1 𝑡)2 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 10. What is the rate at which
the person forgets the words 2 days after learning?
𝑡3
Example 7.4 - A particle moves so that the distance moved is according to the law 𝑠(𝑡) = 3
− 𝑡 2 + 3.
At what time the velocity and acceleration are zero. [JUNE 2024-3M]
EXERCISE 7.1
1. A particle moves along a straight line in such a way that after t seconds its distance from the origin is
𝑆 = 2𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 metres. (i) Find the average velocity between t = 3 and t = 6 seconds.
(ii) Find the instantaneous velocities at t = 3 and t = 6 seconds.
5. If the mass m(𝑥) (in kilograms) of a thin rod of length 𝑥 (in metres) is given by, 𝑚(𝑥) = √3𝑥 then what is
the rate of change of mass with respect to the length when it is 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥 = 5 metres.
Example 7.11 - Find the equations of tangent and normal to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2 at
the point (1, 2).[MAR 2023-2M]
Example 7.12 - Find the points on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 at which the tangent is parallel
to the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.[MAY 2022-2M]
Example 7.13 - Find the equation of the tangent and normal at any point to the Lissajous curve given
by 𝑥 = 2 cos 3𝑡 and 𝑦 = 3 sin 2𝑡 , 𝑡 ∈ ℝ.
Example 7.16 - Find the angle of intersection of the curve 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 with the positive 𝑥-axis.
EXERCISE 7.2
2
2. Find the point on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 4 at which the tangent is parallel to the
line 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7.[AUG 2021-3M]
3. Find the points on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 3 where the normal is parallel to the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1729.
4. Find the points on the curve 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 5 for which the tangent is horizontal.
5. Find the tangent and normal to the following curves at the given points on the curve.
(i) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 at (1, 0) [JULY 2022-2M] (ii) 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑒 𝑥 at (0, 2)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(iii) 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 at ( 2 , 2 ) (iv) 𝑥 = cos 𝑡, 𝑦 = 2 sin2 𝑡 at 𝑡 = 3
6. Find the equations of the tangents to the curve 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 3 for which the tangent is orthogonal with the
line 𝑥 + 12𝑦 = 12.
𝑥+1
7. Find the equations of the tangents to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥−1 which are parallel to the line 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6.
8. Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve given by 𝑥 = 7 cos 𝑡 and 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑡 , 𝑡 ∈ ℝ at any
point on the curve.
Example. 7.19 - Compute the value of ′𝑐′ satisfied by the Rolle’s theorem for the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)2 , 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1]
1
Example. 7.20 - Find the value in the interval (2 , 2) satisfied by the Rolle’s theorem for the function
1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + , 𝑥 ∈ [ , 2] . [MAR 2020-2M]
𝑥 2
Example. 7.21 - Compute the value of ′𝑐′ satisfied by Rolle’s theorem for the function
𝑥 2 +6
𝑓(𝑥) = log ( 5𝑥
) in the interval [2, 3].
Example. 7.22 - Without actually solving show that the equation 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 2 = 0 has only one real
root in the interval (0, 1)

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 28

Example. 7.23 - Prove using the Rolle’s theorem that between any two distinct real zeros of the
polynomial 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + … + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 there is a zero of the polynomial
𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 .
Example. 7.24 - Prove that there is a zero of the polynomial, 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 12 in the interval (2, 7)
given that 2 and 7 are the zeros of the polynomial 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 − 11𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 28.
Example. 7.25 - Find the values in the interval (1, 2) of the mean value theorem satisfied by the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 for 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2.
Example. 7.26 - A truck travels on a toll road with a speed limit of 80 km/hr. The truck completes a
164 km journey in 2 hours. At the end of the toll road the trucker is issued with a speed violation
notice. Justify this using the Mean Value Theorem.
Example. 7.27 - Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) is a differentiable function for all 𝑥 with 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≤ 29 and 𝑓(2) = 17.
What is the maximum value of 𝑓(7)?
Example. 7.28 - Prove, using mean value theorem, that |sin 𝛼 − sin 𝛽| ≤ |𝛼 − 𝛽|, 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ ℝ
Example. 7.29 - A thermometer was taken from a freezer and placed in a boiling water. It took 22
seconds for the thermometer to raise from −10℃ to 100℃. Show that the rate of change of
temperature at some time 𝑡 is 5℃ per second.
EXERCISE 7.3
2. Using the Rolle’s theorem, determine the values of 𝑥 at which the tangent is parallel to the 𝑥-axis for the
following functions:
𝑥 2 −2𝑥 𝑥
(i)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ [0,1] (ii)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+2
,𝑥 ∈ [−1, 6] (iii)𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 3 , 𝑥 ∈ [0, 9]
4. Using the Lagrange’s mean value theorem determine the values of 𝑥 at which the tangent is parallel to
the secant line at the end points of the given interval:
(i)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2, 𝑥 ∈ [−2, 2] (ii)𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 7), 𝑥 ∈ [3, 11]
5. Show that the value in the conclusion of the mean value theorem for
1
(i)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 on a closed interval of positive numbers [𝑎, 𝑏] is √𝑎𝑏
𝑎+𝑏
(ii)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 on any interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is 2
6. A race car driver is kilometer stone 20. If his speed never exceeds 150 km/hr, what is the maximum
distance he can reach in the next two hours.
7. Suppose that for a function 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≤ 1 for all 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4. Show that 𝑓(4) − 𝑓(1) ≤ 3.
8. Does there exist a differentiable function 𝑓(𝑥) such that 𝑓(0) = −1, 𝑓(2) = 4 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≤ 2 for all 𝑥.
Justify your answer.
𝜋
9. Show that there lies a point on the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)𝑒 −2 , −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0 where tangent drawn is
parallel to the 𝑥-axis
10. Using mean value theorem prove that for, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0, |𝑒 −𝑎 − 𝑒 −𝑏 | < |𝑎 − 𝑏|.
EXERCISE 7.4
1. Write the Maclaurin series expansion of the following functions:
(i)𝑒 𝑥 (ii)sin 𝑥 (iii)cos 𝑥 (iv)log(1 − 𝑥); − 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 (v)tan−1 (𝑥) ; −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 (vi)cos 2 𝑥
2. Write down the Taylor series expansion, of the function log 𝑥 about 𝑥 = 1 upto three non-zero terms
for 𝑥 > 0
𝜋
3. Expand sin 𝑥 in ascending powers 𝑥 − 4 upto three non-zero terms.
4. Expand the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 in powers of 𝑥 − 1
lim 1−cos 𝑚𝜃
Example 7.37 - If : ( )=1, then prove that 𝑚 = ±𝑛.
𝜃 → 0 1−cos 𝑛𝜃
lim log(1−𝑥
Example 7.38 - Evaluate : − ( cot(𝜋𝑥) ).
𝑥→1
lim 1 1
Example 7.39 - Evaluate : + (𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 −1).
𝑥→0
lim
Example 7.40 - Evaluate : 𝑥 log 𝑥 [JULY 2022-3M]
𝑥 → 0+

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 29

 lim 𝑥 2 +17𝑥+29
Example 7.41 - Evaluate : ( 𝑥4
).
𝑥→∞
lim 𝑒𝑥
Example 7.42 - Evaluate : ( 𝑚), 𝑚 ∈ 𝑁.[AUG 2021-2M]
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
EXERCISE 7.5
Evaluate the following limits, if necessary use 1’Hopital Rule:
lim 1−cos 𝑥 lim 2𝑥 2 −3 lim 𝑥 lim sec 𝑥
1. 2 2. 2 [MAY 2022-3M] 3 . 4. 𝑥
𝜋
→ tan 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥 → ∞ 𝑥 −5𝑥+3 𝑥 → ∞ log 𝑥 2
lim −𝑥 lim 1 1 lim 2 𝑥
5. 𝑒 √𝑥 6. ( − ) 7. ( − )
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 → 0 sin 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 → 1+ 𝑥 2 −1 𝑥−1
Example 7.46 - Prove that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2 is strictly increasing in the interval (2, 7) and
strictly decreasing in the interval (−2, 0).
Example 7.49 - Find the absolute extrema of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 cos 𝑥 on the closed interval [0, 2𝜋
Example 7.48 - Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 on [−3, 2]
Example 7.52 - Prove that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 is increasing on the real line. Also discuss for
the existence of local extrema
EXERCISE 7.6
1. Find the absolute extrema of the following functions on the given closed interval.
(i)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 10 ; [1, 2] [SEP 2020-3M]
4 1
𝜋
(iii)𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 3 ; [−1, 1] (iv)𝑓(𝑥) = 2 cos 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 ; [ 0, 2 ]
EXERCISE 7.7
2. Find the local extrema for the following functions using second derivative test: (iii)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥
EXERCISE 7.8
2. Find two positive numbers whose product is 20 and their sum is minimum. [AUG 2021-5M]
5 – MARKS
Example 7.1 - For the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ [0, 2] compute the average rate of changes in the
Subintervals [0, 0.5], [0.5, 1], [1,1.5], [1.5, 2] and the instantaneous rate of changes at the points
𝑥 = 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2
Example 7.6 - A particle moves along a horizontal line such that its position at any time 𝑡 ≥ 0 is given
by 𝑠(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 + 9𝑡 + 1, where 𝑠 is measured in metres and 𝑡 in seconds? (i) At what time the
particle is at rest? (ii)At what time the particle changes its direction? (iii)Find the total distance travelled
by the particle in the first 2 seconds.
Example 7.7 - If we blow air into a balloon of spherical shape at a rate of 1000 𝑐𝑚3 per second. At what
rate the radius of the baloon changes when the radius is 7cm? Also compute the rate at which the
surface area changes.
Example 7.8 - The price of a product is related to the number of units available (supply) by the equation
𝑃𝑥 + 3𝑃 − 16𝑥 = 234 , where P is the price of the product per unit in Rupees(Rs) and 𝑥 is the
number of units. Find the rate at which the price is changing with respect to time when 90 units are
available and the supply is increasing at a rate of 15 units/week.
Example 7.9 - Salt is poured from a conveyer belt at a rate of 30 cubic meter per minute pile with a circular
base whose height and diameter of base are always equal. forming a conical How fast is the height of the
pile increasing when the pile is 10 metre high?
Example 7.10 - A road running north to south crosses a road going east to west at the point P . Car A is
driving north along the first road, and car B is driving east along the second road. At a particular time car
A 10 kilometres to the north of P and traveling at 80 km/hr, while car B is 15 kilometres to the east of P
and traveling at 100 km/hr. How fast is the distance between the two cars changing?

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 30

 EXERCISE 7.1
2. A camera is accidentally knocked off an edge of a cliff 400 ft high. The camera falls a distance of 𝑠 = 16𝑡 2
in t seconds. (i) How long does the camera fall before it hits the ground?
(ii) What is the average velocity with which the camera falls during the last 2 seconds?
(iii) What is the instantaneous velocity of the camera when it hits the ground? [AUG 2021-5M]
3. A particle moves along a line according to the law 𝑆(𝑡) = 2𝑡 3 − 9𝑡 2 + 12𝑡 − 4 , where t ≥ 0 .
(i) At what times the particle changes direction?
(ii) Find the total distance travelled by the particle in the first 4 seconds.
(iii) Find the particle’s acceleration each time the velocity is zero. [JUNE 2023-5M]
7. A beacon makes one revolution every 10 seconds. It is located on a ship which is anchored 5 km from a
straight shore line. How fast is the beam moving along the shore line when it makes an angle of 45° with
the shore?
8. A conical water tank with vertex down of 12 metres height has a radius of 5 metres at the top. If water
flows into the tank at a rate 10 cubic m/min, how fast is the depth of the water increases when the water
is 8 metres deep? [MAR 2024-5M]
9. A ladder 17 metre long is leaning against the wall. The base of the ladder is pulled away from the wall at a
rate of 5 m/s. When the base of the ladder is 8 metres from the wall.
(i) How fast is the top of the ladder moving down the wall?
(ii) At what rate, the area of the triangle formed by the ladder, wall, and the floor, is changing?.
10. A police jeep, approaching an orthogonal intersection from the northern direction, is chasing a speeding
car that has turned and moving straight east. When the jeep is 0.6 km north of the intersection and the
car is 0.8 km to the east. The police determine with a radar that the distance between them and the car
is increasing at 20 km/hr. If the jeep is moving at 60 km/hr at the instant of measurement, what is the
speed of the car? [MAR 2020-5M]
Example 7.14 - Find the angle between 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)2 [MAR 2024-5M]
Example 7.15 - Find the angle between the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 at their points of
intersection (0, 0) and (1, 1) [MAY 2022-5M]
Example 7.17 - It the curves 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 1 and 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 = 1 intersect each other orthogonally then,
1 1 1 1
show that 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑐 − 𝑑
Example 7.18 - Prove that the ellipse 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 8 and the hyperbola 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 = 4
intersect orthogonally.[MAR 2023-5M]
EXERCISE 7.2
9. Find the angle between the rectangular hyperbola 𝑥𝑦 = 2 and the parabola 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 = 0.[JUNE 2024-5M]
10. Show that the two curves 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 and 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2 where 𝑐, 𝑟 are constants, cut orthogonally.
Example 7.30 - Expand log(1 + 𝑥) as a Maclaurin’s series upto 4 non – zero terms for −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1.
𝜋 𝜋
Example 7.31 - Expand tan 𝑥 in ascending powers of 𝑥 upto 5𝑡ℎ power for – 2 < 𝑥 < 2
1
Example 7.32 - Write the Taylor series expansion of 𝑥 about 𝑥 = 2 by finding the first three non-zero terms.
1
lim (1
Example 7.43 - Using the 1’Hopital Rule, prove that : + + 𝑥)𝑥 = 𝑒.
𝑥→0
1 1
lim (1 lim 1−𝑥
Example 7.44 - Evaluate : + 2𝑥)2 log 𝑥 . Example 7.45 - Evaluate : 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→1
EXERCISE 7.5
Evaluate the following limits, if necessary use 1’Hopital Rule:
lim 𝑥 lim 1 𝑥 lim lim (cos 1/𝑥 2
8. +𝑥 9. (1 + 𝑥) 10. 𝑥 → 𝜋 (sin 𝑥)tan 𝑥 [JUNE 2023-5M] 11. 𝑥)
𝑥→0 𝑥→∞ 2 𝑥 → 0+
12. If an initial amount 𝐴0 of money is invested at an interest rate 𝑟 compounded 𝑛 times a year the value of
𝑟 𝑛𝑡
the investment after 𝑡 years is 𝐴 = 𝐴0 (1 + 𝑛) . If the interest is compounded continuously,
(that is as 𝑛 → ∞), show that the amount after 𝑡 years is 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 𝑟𝑡

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 31

Example 7.51 - Find the intervals of monotonicity and hence find the local extrema for the function
2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3
Example 7.53 - Discuss the monotonicity and local extrema of the function
𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = log(1 + 𝑥) − 1+𝑥 , 𝑥 > −1 and hence find the domain where, log(1 + 𝑥) > 1+𝑥
Example 7.54 - Find the intervals of monotonicity and local extrema of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 log 𝑥 + 3𝑥
1
Example 7.55 - Find the intervals of monotonicity and local extrema of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 1+𝑥2
𝑥
Example 7.56 - Find the intervals of monotonicity and local extrema of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 1+𝑥2
EXERCISE 7.6
1. Find the absolute extrema of the following functions on the given closed interval.
(ii)𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 ; [−1, 2]
2. Find the intervals of monotonicities and hence find the local extremum for the the following functions.
𝑥 𝑒𝑥
(i)𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 (ii)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−5 (iii)𝑓(𝑥) = 1−𝑒 𝑥
𝑥3
(iv)𝑓(𝑥) = 3
− log 𝑥 (v)𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 5, 𝑥 ∈ (0, 2𝜋)
Example. 7.57 - Determine the intervals of concavity of the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)3 . (𝑥 − 5), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ and,
points of inflection if any.
Example. 7.58 - Determine the intervals of concavity of the curve 𝑦 = 3 + sin 𝑥
Example. 7.59 - Find the local extremum of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 32𝑥
Example. 7.60 - Find the local extrema of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 6 − 6𝑥 4 [MAY 2022-5M]
Example. 7.61 - Find the local maximum and minimum of the function 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 on the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10
EXERCISE 7.7
1. Find the intervals of concavity and points of inflexion for the following functions:
1
(i)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 − 4)3 (iii)𝑓(𝑥) = 2 (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2. Find the local extrema for the following functions using second derivative test:
(i)𝑓(𝑥) = −3𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 3 (ii)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 log 𝑥
3. For the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1 find the intervals of monotonicity, local extrema intervals of
3

concavity and points of inflection.

Example 7.62 - We have a 12 square unit piece of thin material and want to make an open box by
cutting small squares from the corners of our material and folding the sides up. The question is, which
cut produces the box of maximum volume?
Example 7.63 - Find the points on the unit circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 nearest and farthest from (1, 1).
Example 7.64 - A steel plant is capable of producing 𝑥 tonner per day of a low-grade steel and 𝑦 tonnes
40−5𝑥
per day of a high-grade steel, where 𝑦 = 10−𝑥
. If the fixed market price of low-grade steel is half that of
high-grade steel, then what should be optimal productions in low- grade steel and high-grade steel in
order to have maximum receipts.
Example 7.65 - Prove that among all the rectangles of the given area square has the least perimeter.
EXERCISE 7.8
1. Find two positive numbers whose sum is 12 and their product is maximum.
[JUNE 2023-3M][MAR 2024-3M]
3. Find the smallest possible value of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 given that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 .
4. A garden is to be laid out in a rectangular area and protected by wire fence. What is the largest possible
area of the fenced garden with 40 metres of wire
5. A rectangular page is to contain 24 𝑐𝑚2 of print. The margins at the top and bottom of the page are 1.5
cm and the margins at other sides of the page is 1 cm. What should be the dimensions of the page so that
the area of the paper used is minimum.
6. A farmer plans to fence a rectangular pasture adjacent to a river. The pasture must contain 1,80,000
sq.mtrs in order to provide enough grass for herds. No fencing is needed along the river. What is the
length of the minimum needed fencing material?
S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 32
7. Find the dimensions of the rectangle with maximum area that can be inscribed in a circle of radius 10 cm.
8. Prove that among all the rectangles of the given perimeter, the square has the maximum area.
[SEP 2020-5M][JULY 2022-5M][JUNE 2024-5M]
9. Find the dimensions of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a semi circle of radius r cm
10. A manufacturer wants to design an open box having a square base and a surface area of 108 sq.cm.
Determine the dimensions of the box for the maximum volume.
11. The volume of a cylinder is given by the formula 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ. Find the greatest and least values of
𝑉 if 𝑟 + ℎ = 6 .
12. A hollow cone with base radius a cm and height b cm is placed on a table. Show that the volume of the
4
largest cylinder that can be hidden underneath is 9
times volume of the cone.
Example 7.69 - Sketch the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6
Example 7.70 - Sketch the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 − 9
𝑥 2 −3𝑥
Example 7.71 - Sketch the curve 𝑦 =
(𝑥−1)
3𝑥
Example 7.72 - Sketch the graph of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 −1
EXERCISE 7.9
2. Sketch the graphs of the following functions:
1 𝑥 2 +1 1
(i)𝑦 = − 3 (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2) (ii)𝑦 = 𝑥√4 − 𝑥 (iii)𝑦 = 𝑥 2 −4 (iv)𝑦 = 1+𝑒 −𝑥

8. DIFFERENTIALS AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

2 – MARKS
Example 8.6 - Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + sin 𝑥. Calculate the differential 𝑑𝑔. [AUG 2021-2M]
EXERCISE 8.2
1. Find differential 𝑑𝑦 for each of the following functions:
(1−2𝑥)3 2 2 −5𝑥+7
(i)𝑦 = (ii)𝑦 = (3 + sin(2𝑥))3 (iii)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos(𝑥 2 − 1)
3−4𝑥
2. Find 𝑑𝑓 for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 and evaluate it for (i)𝑥 = 2 and 𝑑𝑥 = 0.1 [MAR 2020-2M][MAY 2022-2M]
(ii)𝑥 = 3 and 𝑑𝑥 = 0.02 [JULY 2022-2M][MAR 2024-2M]
6. An egg of a particular bird is very nearly spherical. If the radius to the inside of the shell is 5 mm and
radius to the outside of the shell is 5.3 mm, find the volume of the shell approximately.
7. Assume that the cross section of the artery of human is circular. A drug is given to a patient to dilate his
arteries. If the radius of an artery is increased from 2 mm to 2.1 mm, how much is cross-sectional area
increased approximately? [MAY 2022-3M]
9. The relation between the number of words y a person learns in 𝑥 hours is given by
𝑦 = 52√𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 9 .What is the approximate number of words learned when 𝑥 changes from
(i) 1 to 1.1 hour? (ii) 4 to 4.1 hour?
EXERCISE 8.3
lim 3𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑦
1. Evaluate 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦), if the limit exists, where 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 +𝑦2 +3
(𝑥, 𝑦) → (1,2)
lim 𝑥 3 +𝑦 2
2. Evaluate (𝑥, cos (𝑥+𝑦+2 ). If the limit exists.
𝑦) → (0, 0)
𝑦 2 −𝑥𝑦 lim
3. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥− 𝑦 for (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0, 0). Show that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
√ √ (𝑥, 𝑦) → (0, 0)
lim 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦
4. Evaluate (𝑥, cos ( 𝑦 ), if the limit exists. [MAR 2020-3M]
𝑦) → (0, 0)

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 33

 EXERCISE 8.4
10. A firm produces two types of calculators each week, 𝑥 number of type 𝐴 and 𝑦 number of type 𝐵. The
weekly revenue and cost functions (in rupees) are 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦) = 80𝑥 + 90𝑦 + 0.04𝑥𝑦 − 0.05𝑥 2 − 0.05𝑦 2
and 𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦) = 8𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 2000 respectiveely. (i)Find the profit function 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦),
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑝
(ii)Find 𝜕𝑥 (1200, 1800) and 𝜕𝑦 (1200, 1800) and interpret these results.
𝑥 2 +5𝑥𝑦−10𝑦2
Example 8.21 - Show that 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥+7𝑦
is a homogeneous function of degree 1.[JUNE 2024-2M]
EXERCISE 8.7
1. In each of the following cases, determine whether the following function is homogeneous or not. If it is
so, find the degree.
6𝑥 2 𝑦 3 −𝜋𝑦 5 +9𝑥 4 𝑦
(i)𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 6𝑥 3 + 7 (ii)ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) =
2020𝑥 2 +2019𝑦 2
√3𝑥 2 +5𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 𝑦 2 −2𝑧 2
(iii)𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 4𝑥+7𝑦
(iv) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + sin ( 𝑥𝑦
)

3 – MARKS
Example 8.1 - Find the linear approximation for 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 + 𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ −1, at 𝑥0 = 3. Use the linear
approximation to estimate 𝑓(3.2).
Example 8.2 - Use linear approximation to find an approximate value of √9.2 without using a calculator.
Example 8.3 - Let us assume that the shape of a soap bubble is a sphere. Use linear approximation to
approximate the increase in the surface area of a soap bubble as its radius increases from 5 cm to 5.2
cm. Also, calculate the percentage error.
EXERCISE 8.1
2. Use the linear approximation to find approximate values of
2
4 3
(i) (123)3 (ii)√15 (iii) √26
3. Find a linear approximation for the following functions at the indicated points.
𝑥
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 12, 𝑥0 = 2 (ii)𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 9, 𝑥0 = −4 (iii)ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥+1 , 𝑥0 = 1
4. The radius of a circular plate is measured as 12.65 cm instead of the actual length 12.5 cm. find the
following in calculating the area of the circular plate:
(i) Absolute error (ii) Relative error (iii) Percentage error
5. A sphere is made of ice having radius 10 cm. Its radius decreases from 10 cm to
9 8 . cm. Find approximations for the following: (i) change in the volume (ii) change in the surface area
6. The time T , taken for a complete oscillation of a single pendulum with length l , is given by the
𝑙
equation𝑇 = 2𝜋 √𝑔 , where g is a constant. Find the approximate percentage error in the calculated
value of T corresponding to an error of 2 percent in the value of l .
1
7. Show that the percentage error in the 𝑛𝑡ℎ root of a number is approximately times the percentage error
𝑛
in the number.[JUN 2023-2M][JUNE 2024-3M]
Example 8.5 - Let 𝑓, 𝑔: (𝑎, 𝑏) → ℝ be differentiable functions. Show that 𝑑(𝑓𝑔) = 𝑓𝑑𝑔 + 𝑔𝑑𝑓.
Example 8.7 - It the radius of a sphere, with radius 10 𝑐𝑚, has to decrease by 0.1 𝑐𝑚, approximately how
much will its volume decrease?
EXERCISE 8.2
3. Find ∆𝑓 and 𝑑𝑓 for the function 𝑓 for the indicated values of 𝑥, ∆𝑥 and compare
(i)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 ; 𝑥 = 2, ∆𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 0.5 (ii)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3; 𝑥 = −0.5, ∆𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 0.1
4. Assuming log10 𝑒 = 0.4343, find an approximate value of log10 1003.
8. In a newly developed city, it is estimated that the voting population (in thousands) will increase according
to 𝑉(𝑡) = 30 + 12𝑡 2 − 𝑡 3 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 8 where t is the time in years. Find the approximate change in voters
1
for the time change from 4 to 4 6
year

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 34

10. A circular plate expands uniformly under the influence of heat. If it’s radius increases from 10.5 cm to
10.75 cm, then find an approximate change in the area and the approximate percentage change in the
area.[JULY 2022-3M]
11. A coat of paint of thickness 0.2 cm is applied to the faces of a cube whose edge is 10 cm. Use the
differentials to find approximately how many cubic centimeters of paint is used to paint this cube. Also
calculate the exact amount of paint used to paint this cube.
3𝑥−5𝑦+8
Example 8.8 - Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 +𝑦2 +1 for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2. Show that 𝑓 is continuous on ℝ2
𝑥𝑦
Example 8.9 - Consider 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 +𝑦2 if (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0, 0) and 𝑓(0, 0) = 0. show that 𝑓 is not continuous at
(0, 0) and continuous at all other points of ℝ2
2𝑥 2 𝑦
Example 8.10 - Consider 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 +𝑦2 if (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0, 0) and 𝑔(0, 0) = 0. Show that 𝑔 is continous on ℝ2
EXERCISE 8.3
𝑥2𝑦
5. Let 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 +𝑦2
for (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0, 0) and 𝑓(0, 0) = 0
lim
(i)Show that 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 a long every line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥, 𝑚 ∈ ℝ.
(𝑥, 𝑦) → (0, 0)
lim 𝑘
(ii)Show that 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1+𝑘2 along every parabola 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2 , 𝑘 ∈ ℝ\{0}.
(𝑥, 𝑦) → (0, 0)
𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
6. Show that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 +1
is continuous at every (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2
𝑒 𝑦 sin 𝑥
7. Let 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥
, for 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑔(0, 0) = 1. Show that 𝑔 is continuous at (0, 0).
EXERCISE 8.4
1. Find the partial derivatives of the following functions at the indicated points.
(i)𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 2, (2, −5) (ii)𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 2, (1, −2)
𝜋
(iii)ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 sin(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑧 2 𝑥, (2, 4 , 1) (iv)𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥+3𝑦 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ), (−1 , 1)
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈
4. If 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = log(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 ), find ++ . [MAR 2020-3M][JUNE 2023-3M]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤
8. If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + sin(𝑥𝑦), then prove that =
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
Example 8.16 - If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑧 + 𝑧 𝑥, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ, find the differential 𝑑𝑤.
2 2

Example 8.17 - Let 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3 sin 𝑧, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ. Find the linear approximation

for 𝑈 at (2, −1, 0)
EXERCISE 8.5
3 2
1. If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 , 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, Find the linear approximation for w at (1, −1)
2. Let 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 4 , 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ. find the linear approximation for 𝑧 at (2, −1).
1
3. If 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 4 𝑦 2 + 7, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, find the differential 𝑑𝑣.
4. Let 𝑊(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ.Find the linear approximation at (2, −1,0)
5. Let 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ. Find the differential 𝑑𝑉.
EXERCISE 8.7
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 3
4. If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = , prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 𝑢. [MAR 2024-3M]
√𝑥+𝑦

5 – MARKS
Example 8.4 - Aright circular cylinder has radius r =10 cm. and height h = 20 cm. Suppose that the radius
of the cylinder is increased from 10 cm to 10.1 . cm and the height does not change. Estimate the
change in the volume of the cylinder. Also, calculate the relative error and percentage error.
EXERCISE 8.1
3
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = √ 𝑥 . Find the linear approximation at 𝑥 = 27.
3
Use the linear approximation to approximate √27.2
S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 35
 EXERCISE 8.2
5. The trunk of a tree has diameter 30 cm. During the following year, the circumference grew 6 cm.
(i) Approximately, how much did the tree’s diameter grow?
(ii) What is the percentage increase in area of the tree’s cross-section?
Example 8.11 - Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 if 𝑥𝑦 ≠ 0 and 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 if 𝑥𝑦 = 0.
𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑓
(i)Calculate: 𝜕𝑥 (0, 0), 𝜕𝑦 (0, 0). (ii) Show that 𝑓 is not continuous at (0, 0).
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
Example 8.12 - Let 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 7 for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ) ∈ ℝ2. Calculate (−1, 3) and (−2, 1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
3 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
Example 8.13 - Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = sin(𝑥𝑦 2 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 +5𝑦 for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2. Calculate , , and .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝑒𝑦 𝜕 2𝑤 𝜕 2𝑤
Example 8.14 - Let 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 +1 for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2. Calculate 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 and 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
−2𝑦
Example 8.15 - Let 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 cos(2𝑥) for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ . Prove that 𝑢 is a harmonic function in ℝ2 .
2

EXERCISE 8.4
2. For each of the following functions find the 𝑓𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 and show that 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 .
3𝑦 𝑥
(i)𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (ii)𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = tan−1 ( ) (iii)𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = cos(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)
𝑦+sin 𝑥 𝑦
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈
3. If 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = + 3𝑧 2 𝑦, find , and
𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
5. For each of the following functions find the 𝑔𝑥𝑦 , 𝑔𝑥𝑥 , 𝑔𝑦𝑦 and 𝑔𝑦𝑥
(i)𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 (ii)𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = log(5𝑥 + 3𝑦) (iii)𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 7𝑦 + cos(5𝑥)
1 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤
6. Let 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = , (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ≠ (0, 0, 0). Show that + + =0
√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕2 𝑉 𝜕2 𝑉
7. If 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦), then prove that 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦2 = 0
𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣
9. If 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧, show that 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 = 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑦
Example 8.18 - Verify the above theorem for 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 and
𝑥(𝑡) = cot 𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = sin 𝑡 , 𝑡 ∈ [0, 2𝜋].
𝑑𝑔
Example 8.19 - Let 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑥 + sin(𝑥 + 𝑦), 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 3𝑡 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 , 𝑡 ∈ ℝ. Find 𝑑𝑡
.
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔
Example 8.20 - Let 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑦 + 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 = 2𝑟 − 𝑠, 𝑦 = 𝑟 2 + 2𝑠, 𝑟, 𝑠 ∈ ℝ . Find 𝜕𝑟 , 𝜕𝑠
EXERCISE 8.6
𝑑𝑢
1. If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 4 , 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 and 𝑦 = sin 𝑡, find and evaluate it at 𝑡 = 0.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
2. If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 3 , 𝑥 = sin 𝑡 , 𝑦 = cos 𝑡 , 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑒 , find 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑤
3. If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 sin 𝑡 and 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑡 cos 𝑡, find .
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑈
4. Let 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧, 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 cos 𝑡 , 𝑧 = sin 𝑡 , 𝑡 ∈ ℝ. Find 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑤
5. If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 6𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑠 , 𝑦 = cos 𝑠, 𝑠 ∈ ℝ, find 𝑑𝑠
, and evaluate at 𝑠 = 0
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
6. If 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 tan−1 (𝑥𝑦), 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ. Find 𝜕𝑠 and 𝜕𝑡 at 𝑠 = 𝑡 = 1
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈
7. Let 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦, where 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑠 2 𝑡, 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ. Find 𝜕𝑠 , 𝜕𝑡 and evaluate them at 𝑠 = 𝑡 =1
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
8. Let 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 , where 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒 −1 , 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ. Find 𝜕𝑠 and 𝜕𝑡 .
𝜕𝑊 𝜕𝑊
9. 𝑊(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥, 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑣, 𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ ℝ. Find 𝜕𝑢 , 𝜕𝑣 and evaluate
1
them at ( , 1)
2
𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
Example 8.22 - If 𝑢 = sin−1 ( 𝑥+ 𝑦), show that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 tan 𝑢 [JUNE 2023-5M]
√ √
EXERCISE 8.7
2. Prove that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 3 is homogeneous; What is the degree? Verify Euler’s
3 2 2

Theorem for 𝑓.

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 36

 𝑥
3. Prove that 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 log (𝑦) is homogeneous; what is the degree?
Verify Euler’s Theorem for 𝑔.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
5. If 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = log ( 𝑥+𝑦
), prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 1.
5𝑥 3 𝑦 4 +7𝑦 2 𝑥𝑧 4 −75𝑦3 𝑧 4 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
6. If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = log ( ), find 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 .
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

9. APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
2 – MARKS
1
Example 9.7 - Evaluate: ∫0 [2𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 Where [∙] is the greatest integer function.
𝜋
𝜋
Example 9.20 - Show that ∫0 𝑔 (sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫02 𝑔(sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , where 𝑔(sin 𝑥) is a function of sin 𝑥.
2𝜋 𝜋
Example 9.22 - Show that ∫0 𝑔 (cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑔(cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , where 𝑔(cos 𝑥) is a function of cos 𝑥.
𝜋
Example 9.24 - Evaluate ∫ 2𝜋 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .
−
2
log 2
Example 9.25 - Evaluate ∫–log 2 𝑒 −|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 .
EXERCISE 9.3
4 𝑑𝑥
1. Evaluate the following definite integrals: (i)∫3 2 [SEP 202-2M]
𝑥 −4
𝜋
Example 9.37 - Evaluate ∫0 (sin2 𝑥 + cos4 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2

EXERCISE 9.6
𝜋 𝜋
1. Evaluate the following : (i)∫0 sin10 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [MAR 2024-2M]
2 (ii)∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
EXERCISE 9.7
∞
1. Evaluate the following: (i) ∫0 𝑥 5 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [JUNE 2023-2M]
Example 9.47 - Find the area of the region bounded by the line 6𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 30, 𝑥-axis and the lines 𝑥 = −1
and 𝑥 = 3
EXERCISE 9.8
1. Find the area of the region bounded by 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6, 𝑥 = −3, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥-axis.
[AUG 2021-5M],[MAY 2022-5M]
3 – MARKS
𝑏 𝑏
Property 6 - ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 𝑎
Property 7 - ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫0 [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
Property 8 - If 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function, then∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 .
𝑎
Property 9 - If 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function, then∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
2𝑎 𝑎
Property 10 - If 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
2𝑎
Property 11 - If 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0.
3 1 2𝑥+7
Example 9.5 - Evaluate ∫0 (3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 [JUNE 2024-3M] Example 9.6 - Evaluate ∫0 5𝑥 2 +9
𝑑𝑥
𝜋
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 9 1
Example 9.8 - Evaluate ∫03 1+sec2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥. [MAY 2022-3M] Example 9.9 - Evaluate ∫0 𝑥+ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√
2𝑎 𝑎
Example 9.23 - If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑥), then Prove that ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)
Example 9.26 - Evaluate ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)+𝑓(𝑎−𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 [MAY 2022-5M]
3 √𝑥
Example 9.29 - Evaluate ∫2 𝑑𝑥 .[SEP 2020-5M][JUNE 2024-5M]
√5−𝑥−√𝑥

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 37

 EXERCISE 9.3
1 𝑑𝑥 1 1−𝑥
1. Evaluate the following definite integrals: (ii)∫−1 (iii)∫0 √ 𝑑𝑥 [AUG 2021-5M]
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+5 1+𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
1+sin 𝑥 1 1−𝑥 2
(iv)∫02 𝑒 𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 (v)∫02 √cos 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 (vi)∫0 (1+𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑥
1+cos 𝑥
2. Evaluate the following integrals using properties of integration.
𝜋 3𝜋
5 𝑒 𝑥 −1 4 2 2𝜋 3+cos 𝑥 8 1
(i)∫−5 𝑥 cos (𝑒 𝑥 +1) 𝑑𝑥 (iii)∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 (iv)∫0 𝑥 log (3−cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (x)∫𝜋
1+√tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 [MAR 2024-3M]
−
4 8
𝜋
Example 9.31 - Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , where 𝑛 is a positive integer.
1
Example 9.32 - Evaluate ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 .
2𝜋
Example 9.33 - Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , where 𝑛 is a positive integer.
1
Example 9.34 - Evaluate ∫−1 𝑒 −𝜆𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
EXERCISE 9.4
Evaluate the following:
1 −1 𝜋
1 1 sin(3 tan−1 𝑥) tan−1 𝑥 𝑒 sin 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥
1. ∫0 𝑥 3 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2. ∫0 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 3. ∫0√2 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫02 𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑥 2
∞ 1
Example 9.35 - Evaluate ∫𝑏 𝑎2 +𝑥2 𝑑𝑥, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ [MAR 2023-2M]
EXERCISE 9.5
𝜋 𝜋
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1. Evaluate the following : (i)∫0 2
1+5 cos2 𝑥
(ii)∫02 5+4 sin2 𝑥
𝜋 4
Example 9.38 - Evaluate ∫02 |cos5 𝑥 7| 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 3
𝜋 𝜋
Example 9.39 - Find the values of the following. (i) ∫02 sin5 𝑥 cos 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (ii)∫02 sin4 𝑥 cos6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
Example 9.41 - Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 5 (1 − 𝑥 2 )5 𝑑𝑥 Example 9.42 - Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 3 (1 − 𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥
EXERCISE 9.6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1. Evaluate the following: (iii)∫0 sin6 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 (iv)∫06 sin5 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (v)∫02 sin2 𝑥 cos4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2𝜋 𝑥 1
(vi)∫0 sin7 4 𝑑𝑥 (vii)∫02 sin3 𝜃 cos5 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 (viii)∫0 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥
∞
Example 9.44 - Evaluate ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥, where 𝑎 > 0.
Example 9.48 - Find the area of the region bounded by the line 7𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 35, 𝑥-axis and the lines 𝑥 = −2
and 𝑥 = 3
EXERCISE 9.8
2. Find the area of the region bounded by 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0, 𝑦 = −1, 𝑦 = 3 and 𝑦-axis.
Example 9.62 - Find the volume of a sphere of radius 𝑎
Example 9.67 - Find, by integration, the volume of the solid generated by revolving about 𝑦-axis the region
bounded between the parabola 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 + 1, the 𝑦-axis, and the lines 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 = −1.
EXERCISE 9.9
1. Find, by integration, the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the 𝑥-axis, the region enclosed
by 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1
5 – MARKS
0.5
Example 9.1 - Estimate the value of ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 using the Riemann sums corresponding to 5 subintervals of
equal width and applying (i)left-end rule (ii)right-end rule (iii)the mid-point rule.
EXERCISE 9.1
1.5
1. Find the approximate value of ∫1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 by applying the left-end rule with the partition
{1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5} .
1.5
2. Find an approximate value of ∫1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 by applying the right-end rule with the partition.
{1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5}.
S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 38
 1.5
3. Find an approximate value of ∫1 (2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 by applying the mid-point rule with the partition.
{1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5}.
1
Example 9.2 - Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, as the limit of a sum.
4
Example 9.4 - Evaluate ∫1 (2𝑥 2 + 3) 𝑑𝑥, as the limit of a sum
EXERCISE 9.2
1 2
1. Evaluate the following integrals as the limits of sums: (i)∫0 (5𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫1 (4𝑥 2 − 1)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2 𝑥 cos 𝜃
Example 9.10 - Evaluate ∫1 (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
𝑑𝑥. Example 9.11 - Evaluate ∫02 (1+sin 𝜃)+(2+sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃.
1 𝜋
√2 sin−1 𝑥
Example 9.12 - Evaluate ∫0 3 𝑑𝑥. Example 9.13 - Evaluate ∫02 (√tan 𝑥 + √cot 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥.
(1−𝑥 2 )2
1.5
Example 9.14 - Evaluate ∫0 [𝑥 2 ]𝑑𝑥 , where [𝑥] is the greatest integer function.
𝜋
4 𝑑𝑥 1
Example 9.15 - Evaluate ∫−4|𝑥 + 3|𝑑𝑥 Example 9.16 - Show that ∫02 = log e 2 2
4+5 sin 𝑥 3
𝜋
sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜋
Example 9.17 - Show that ∫04 sin4 𝑥+cos4 𝑥 = 4
𝜋
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎
Example 9.18 - Show that ∫04 𝑎2 sin2 𝑥+𝑏2 cos2 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑏 tan−1 (𝑏 ), where, 𝑎, 𝑏 > 0.
𝜋
1 𝜋 𝑥
Example 9.19 - Evaluate ∫04 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Example 9.21 - Evaluate ∫0 1+sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝜋
Example 9.27 - Prove that ∫0 log(1 + tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 8 log 2
4

1 𝜋
Example 9.28 - Show that ∫0 (tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 (1 − 𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 − log 𝑒 2 [SEP 2020-5M]
𝜋 cos2 𝑥
Example 9.30 - Evaluate ∫−𝜋 𝑑𝑥 . [MAR 2020-5M]
1+𝑎𝑥
EXERCISE 9.3
2. Evaluate the following integrals using properties of integration.
𝜋
2𝜋 1
(ii)∫ 2𝜋(𝑥 5 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + tan3 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (V)∫0 sin4 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (vi)∫0 |5𝑥 − 3|𝑑𝑥
−
2
sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 1 log(1+𝑥) 𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑥
(vii)∫0 sin−1 √𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫0 cos −1 √𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (Viii)∫0 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 (ix)∫0 1+sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3𝜋
1 𝜋
(x)∫𝜋8 1+√tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (xi)∫0 𝑥 [sin2(sin 𝑥) + cos 2(cos 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
8
𝜋
𝑑𝑥 2𝑎
Example 9.36 - Evaluate ∫02 4 sin2 𝑥+5 cos2 𝑥 Example 9.40 - Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 2 √2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∞
Example 9.43 - Prove that ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛! , where 𝑛 is a positive integer.
∞ 2
Example 9.45 - Show that Γ(𝑛) = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥.
∞ 𝑥𝑛
Example 9.46 - Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥 , where 𝑛 is a positive integer ≥ 2.
𝑛𝑥
EXERCISE 9.7
𝜋 −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑒 ∞ 2
1. Evaluate the following : (ii)∫ 2
0 cos6 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2. If ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 32, 𝛼 > 0 find 𝛼
𝑥2 𝑦2
Example 9.49 - Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1.
[JULY 2022-5M], [MAR 2024-5M]
Example 9.50 - Find the area of the region bounded between the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 and its latus rectum.
Example 9.51 - Find the area of the region bounded by the 𝑦-axis and the parabola 𝑥 = 5 − 4𝑦 − 𝑦 2
Example 9.52 - Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑥-axis, the sine curve 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, the lines 𝑥 = 0
and 𝑥 = 2𝜋
Example 9.53 - Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑥-axis, the sine curve 𝑦 = | cos 𝑥 |,
the lines 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝜋. [MAR 2020-5M]
Example 9.54 - Find the area of the region bounded between the parabolas 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦.
Example 9.55 - Find the area of the region bounded between the parabola 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 and the curve 𝑦 = |𝑥|.
𝜋 5𝜋
Example 9.56 - Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, the lines 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑥 = 4
.

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 39

Example 9.57 - The region enclosed by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 is divided into two segments by the
line 𝑥 = ℎ. Find the area of the smaller segment.
Example 9.58 - Find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded by the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥,
the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3 and 𝑦 −axis.
Example 9.59 - Find, by integration, the area of the region bounded by the lines 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 15,
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0 and the 𝑥-axis. [JUNE 2023-5M]
Example 9.60 - Using integration find the area of the region bounded by triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, whose vertices
𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are (−1, 1), (3, 2) and (0, 5) respectively.
Example 9.61 - Using integration, find the area of the region which is bounded by 𝑥-axis, the tangent and
normal to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 drawn at (1, √3).
EXERCISE 9.8
3. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥-axis, 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = 3.
4. Find the area of the region bounded by the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 and the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥.
5. Find the area of the region bounded between the curves 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and the lines 𝑥 = 0
and 𝑥 = 𝜋.
𝜋
6. Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = tan 𝑥, 𝑦 = cot 𝑥 and the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 0.
2
7. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2
8. Father of a family wishes to divided his square field bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑦 = 0 along the
curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 into three equal parts for his wife, daughter and son. It is possible to divide?
If so, find the area to be divided among them.
9. The curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 1 has a minimum point at 𝑃. A point 𝑄 on the curve is such that the slope of
𝑃𝑄 is 2. Find the area bounded by the curve and the chord 𝑃𝑄.
10. Find the area of the region common to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 and the parabola 𝑦 2 = 6𝑥.
Example 9.63 - Find the volume of a right-circular cone of base radius 𝑟 and height ℎ.
Example 9.64 - Find the volume of the spherical cap of height ℎ cut of from a sphere of radius 𝑟.
Example 9.65 - Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region bounded by the parabola
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥-axis, ordinates 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1 about the 𝑥 −ax
Example 9.66 - Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region bounded by the ellipse
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1, 𝑎 > 𝑏 about the major axis.
Example 9.68 - Find, by integration, the volume of the solid generated by revolving about 𝑦-axis the region
3
bounded between the curve 𝑦 = 4 √𝑥 2 − 16, 𝑥 ≥ 4 the 𝑦-axis, and the lines 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 = 6.
Example 9.69 - Find, by integration, the volume of the solid generated by revolving about 𝑦-axis the region
bounded by the curves 𝑦 = log 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 2.
EXERCISE 9.9
2. Find, by integration, the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the 𝑥-axis, the region enclosed
by 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1
3. Find, by integration, the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the 𝑦-axis, the region enclosed
by 𝑥 2 = 1 + 𝑦 and 𝑦 = 3
4. The region enclosed between the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is denoted by 𝑅 is rotated through 360°
about 𝑥-axis
5. Find, by integration, the volume of the container which
is in the shape of a right circular conical frustum as shown
in the figure.
6. A watermelon has an ellipsoid shape which can be obtained by revolving an ellipse with major –axis 20 cm
and minor-axis 10 cm about its major-axis. Find its volume using integration.

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 40

 10. ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
2 – MARKS
Example 10.2 - Find the differential equation for the family of all straight line passing through the origin.
[MAR 2024-2M]
Example 10.3 - From the differential equation by eliminating the arbitary constants 𝐴 and 𝐵
from 𝑦 = 𝐴 cos 𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 𝑥[JUNE 2024-2M]
Example 10.5 - Find the differential equation of the family of parabolas 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥, where 𝑎 is an
arbitary constant. [MAR 2020-2M]
EXERCISE 10.3
8. Find the differential equation of the curve represented by 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 2 .
Example 10.7 - Show that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 , where 𝑟 is a constant, is a solution of the differential
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
equation 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑦.
7 1
Example 10.8 - Show that 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + ,𝑚 ≠ 0 is a solution of the differential equation 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 7 −𝑦 =0.
𝑚 𝑦′
EXERCISE 10.4
1. Show that each of the following expressions is a solution of the corresponding given differential equation
(i) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 ; 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 2𝑦 (ii) 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 ; 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 = 0 [JULY 2022-2M]
𝑚𝑥
2. Find the value of 𝑚 so that the function 𝑦 = 𝑒 is a solution of the given differential equation.
(i) 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0 (ii) 𝑦 ′′ − 5𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = 0
𝑑2 𝑦
4. Show that 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛 is a solution of the differential equation 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) − 1 = 0
𝑑2 𝑦
8. Show that 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥 is a solution of the differential equation + 𝑏2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
Example 10.22 - Solve: 𝑑𝑥
+ 2𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥

3 – MARKS
Example 10.4 - Find the differential equation of the family of circles passing through the points
(𝑎, 0) and (−𝑎, 0)
Example 10.6 - Find the differential equation of the family of all ellipse having foci on the 𝑥-axis and
centre at the origin.
EXERCISE 10.3
1. Find the differential equation of the family of : (i) all non-vertical lines in a plane
(ii) all nonhorizontal lines in a plane.
2. Form the differential equation of all straight lines touching the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2
3. Find the differential equation of the family of circles passing through the origin and having their centres
on the 𝑥 -axis.
4. Find the differential equation of the family of all the parabolas with latus rectum 4𝑎 and whose axes are
parallel to the x -axis.
5. Find the differential equation of the family of parabolas with vertex at (0, −1) and having axis along
the 𝑦 -axis.
6. Find the differential equations of the family of all the ellipses having foci on the 𝑦 -axis and centre at
the origin.
7. Find the differential equation corresponding to the family of curves represented by the equation
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 8𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −8𝑥 , where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are arbitrary constants.
2
Example 10.9 - Show that 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐶𝑒 −𝑥 is a solution of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
+ 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 3 = 0
𝑑𝑥
Example 10.10 - Show that 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos(log 𝑥) + 𝑏 sin(log 𝑥) , 𝑥 > 0 is a solution of the differential
equation 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 41

 EXERCISE 10.4
3. The slope of the tangent to the curve at any point is the reciprocal of four times the ordinate at that point.
The curve passes through (2, 5). Find the equation of the curve.
𝑏
5. Show that 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0 is a solution of the differential equation 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0
6. Show that 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑏, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are arbitary constants, is a solution of the differential
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Equation 𝑑𝑥 2
+ 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
2
7. Show that the differential equation representing the family of curves 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑎3 ), where 𝑎 is a
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 5
positive parameter, is (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 ) = 8 (𝑦 ) .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Example 10.16 - Solve 𝑑𝑥 = (3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4)2 . [MAY 2022-5M][JUNE 2023-5M][MAR 2024-3M]
𝑑𝑦
Example 10.11 - Solve (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑦 2 . [MAY 2022-5M][MAR 2024-3M][JUNE 2024-3M]
EXERCISE 10.5
𝑑𝑦 1−𝑦 2
4. Solve the following differential equations: (i) 𝑑𝑥 = √1−𝑥2 [AUG 2021-2M][MAY 2022-2M]
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(iii)sin = 𝑎, 𝑦(0) = 1 (iv) = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Example 10.20 - Solve: 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥
EXERCISE 10.7
𝑑𝑦
Solve the following linear differential equations: 1. cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = 1

5 – MARKS

Example 10.12 - Find the particular solution of (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 satisfying the condition 𝑦(1) = 2
𝑑𝑦
Example 10.13 - Solve 𝑦 ′ = sin2(𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1) Example 10.14 - Solve 𝑑𝑥 = √4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−𝑦+5
Example 10.15 - Solve 𝑑𝑥 = 2(𝑥−𝑦)+7
EXERCISE 10.5
1. If 𝐹 is the constant force generated by the motor of an automobile of mass 𝑀, its velocity 𝑉 is given by
𝑑𝑉
𝑀 = 𝐹 − 𝑘𝑉, where 𝑘 is a constant. Express 𝑉 in terms of 𝑡 given that 𝑉 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡
[MAR 2020-5M]
2. The velocity 𝑣, of a parachute falling vertically satisfies the equation
𝑑𝑣 𝑣2
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔 (1 − 𝑘 2 ), where 𝑔 and 𝑘 are constants. If 𝑣 and 𝑥 are both initially zero, find 𝑣 in terms of 𝑥.
𝑦−1
3. Find the equation of the curve whose slope is 𝑥 2 +𝑥 and which passes through the point (1, 0)
4. Solve the following differential equations:
(ii)𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑥 2 ) tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (v) (𝑒 𝑦 + 1) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 [AUG 2021-5M]
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(vi) (𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦) cot (𝑦) = 𝑛𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 (vii) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥√25 − 𝑥 2 = 0
(viii) 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 log 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 [MAR 2023-3M]
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(ix) tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) + cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) (x) 𝑑𝑥 = tan2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
Example 10.17 - Solve: (𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
Example 10.18 - Solve: (𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 , 𝑦(1) = 0
Example 10.19 - Solve: (2𝑥 + 3𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
Example 10.21 - Solve: (1 + 2𝑒 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑦 (1 − ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦
EXERCISE 10.6
Solve the following differential equations:
𝑦 𝑦
1. [𝑥 + 𝑦 cos (𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 cos (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 2. (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
3. 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 4. 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 42

 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
5. (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 6. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 cos2 (𝑥 )
𝑦 𝑦
𝑦
7. (1 + 3𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑒 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 given that 𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 1
8. (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 . It is given that 𝑦(1) = 1 and 𝑦(𝑥0 ) = 𝑒. Find the value of 𝑥0 .
Example 10.23 - Solve: [𝑦(1 − 𝑥 tan 𝑥) + 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥]𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
Example 10.24 - Solve: 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 cot 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Example 10.25 - Solve : (1 + 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 2
Example 10.26 - Solve: 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑦 3 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦
EXERCISE 10.7
Solve the following Linear differential equations:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
2. (1 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑥𝑦 = 1 3. + = sin 𝑥 [JULY 2023][MAR 2024-5M]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
4. (𝑥 2 + 1) + 2𝑥𝑦 = √𝑥 2 + 4 5. (2𝑥 − 10𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6. 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + (𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)𝑦 = sin 𝑥 7. (𝑦 − 𝑒 sin ) 𝑑𝑦 + √1 − 𝑥 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
8. 𝑑𝑥 + (1−𝑥) 𝑥 = 1 − √𝑥 9. (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 + 𝑦 3 ) = 0 [MAR 2023-5M]
√
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
10. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 log 𝑥 = log 𝑥 11. (𝑥 + 𝑎) 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)4
𝑑𝑦 sin2 𝑥 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
12. = 3 − 𝑦 13. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 1+𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3𝑦 1
14. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑥 2 log 𝑥 =0 15. + = 2 , given that 𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Example 10.27 - The growth of a population is proportional to the number present. If the population of a
colony doubles in 50 years, in how many years will the population become triple?
Example 10.28 - A radioactive isotope has an initial mass 200mg, which two years later is 50mg . Find the
expression for the amount of the isotope remaining at any time. What is its half-life? (half-life means the
time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value).
Example 10.29 - In a murder investigation, a corpse was found by a detective at exactly 8 p.m. Being alert,
the detective also measured the body temperature and found it to be 70℉. Two hours later, the
detective measured the body temperature again and found it to be 60℉. If the room temperature is
50℉, and assuming that the body temperature of the person before death was 98.6℉, at what time did
the murder occur? [log(2.43) = 0.88789; log(0.5) = −0.69315] [MAR 2020-5M]
Example 10.30 - A tank contains 1000 litres of water in which 100 grams of salt is dissolved. Brine (Brine is a
high-concentration solution of salt (usually sodium chloride) in water) runs in a rate of 10 litres per
minute, and each litre contains 5grams of dissolved salt. The mixture of the tank is kept uniform by
stirring. Brine runs out at 10 litres per minute. Find the amount of salt at any time t .
EXERCISE 10.8
1. The rate of increase in the number of bacteria in a certain bacteria culture is proportional to the number
present. Given that the number triples in 5 hours, find how many bacteria will be present after
10 hours? [MAR 2024-5M]
2. Find the population of a city at any time t, given that the rate of increase of population is proportional to
the population at that instant and that in a period of 40 years the population increased from
3,00,000 to 4,00,000. [JUNE 2023-3M][JUNE 2024-5M]
3. The equation of electromotive force for an electric circuit containing resistance and self inductance
𝑑𝑖
𝐸 = 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 , where E is the electromotive force is given to the circuit, R the resistance and L, the
𝑑𝑡
coefficient of induction. Find the current i at time t when E = 0.
4. The engine of a motor boat moving at 10 m / s is shut off. Given that the retardation at any subsequent
time (after shutting off the engine) equal to the velocity at that time. Find the velocity after 2 seconds of
switching off the engine.
5. Suppose a person deposits Rs.10,000 in a bank account at the rate of 5% per annum compounded
continuously. How much money will be in his bank account 18 months later?[MAR 2023-5M]

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 43

6. Assume that the rate at which radioactive nuclei decay is proportional to the number of such nuclei that
are present in a given sample. In a certain sample 10% of the original number of radioactive nuclei have
undergone disintegration in a period of 100 years. What percentage of the original radioactive nuclei will
remain after 1000 years?
7. Water at temperature 100℃ cools in 10 minutes to 80℃ in a room temperature of 25℃ . Find
(i) The temperature of water after 20 minutes (ii) The time when the temperature is 40℃
11
[log 𝑒 15 = −0.3101; log 𝑒 5 = 1.6094]
8. At 10.00 A.M. a woman took a cup of hot instant coffee from her microwave oven and placed it on a
nearby Kitchen counter to cool. At this instant the temperature of the coffee was 180℉, and 10 minutes
later it was 160℉ . Assume that constant temperature of the kitchen was 70℉ .
9
(i) What was the temperature of the coffee at 10.15A.M.?[log = −0.6061]
11
(ii) The woman likes to drink coffee when its temperature is between 130℉ and 140℉ . between what
6
times should she have drunk the coffee? [log 11 = −0.2006]
9. A pot of boiling water at 100℃ is removed from a stove at time t = 0 and left to cool in the kitchen. After 5
minutes, the water temperature has decreased to 80℃ , and another 5 minutes later it has dropped
to 65℃ . Determine the temperature of the kitchen. [SEP 2020-5M]
10. A tank initially contains 50 litres of pure water. Starting at time t = 0 a brine containing with 2 grams of
dissolved salt per litre flows into the tank at the rate of 3 litres per minute. The mixture is kept uniform
by stirring and the well-stirred mixture simultaneously flows out of the tank at the same rate. Find the
amount of salt present in the tank at any time t > 0 .

11. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

2 – MARKS
Property 1 - 𝐸(𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏) = 𝑎𝐸(𝑋) + 𝑏, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants.
Property 3 - 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏) = 𝑎2𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋), where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants.
Example 11.6 - A pair of fair dice is rolled once. Find the probability mass function to get the number
of fours.[SEP 2020-3M][JUNE 2023-2M]
EXERCISE 11.3
𝑥 0<𝑥<1
2. The probability density function of 𝑋 is 𝑓(𝑥) = {2 − 𝑥 1≤𝑥<2
0 otherwise
Find (i)𝑃(0.2 ≤ 𝑋 < 0.6) (ii)𝑃(1.2 ≤ 𝑋 < 1.8) (iii)𝑃(0.5 ≤ 𝑋 < 1.5)
𝑥
−
4. The probability density function of 𝑋 is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑘𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0 Find (i) the value of 𝑘
3

0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ 0
(ii) the distribution function (iii)𝑃(𝑋 < 3) (iv)𝑃(5 ≤ 𝑋) (v)𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 4)
0, −∞<𝑥 <0
1 2
6. If 𝑋 is the random variable with distribution function 𝐹(𝑥) given by, 𝐹(𝑥) = { 2 (𝑥 + 𝑥) 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
1, 1≤𝑥<∞
Then find (i) the probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) (ii) 𝑃(0.3 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 0.6) [AUG 2021-2M]
EXERCISE 11.4
1. For the random variable 𝑋 with given probability mass function as below, find the mean and variance.
1
10
𝑥 = 2, 5 4−𝑥
(i)𝑓(𝑥) = {1 (ii)𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 = 1,2,3
6
5
𝑥 = 0,1,3,4
1 −𝑥
2(𝑥 − 1) 1<𝑥<2 𝑒 2 for 𝑥 > 0
(iii)𝑓(𝑥) = { [MAR 2024-2M] (iv)𝑓(𝑥) = { 2
0 otherwise 0 otherwise

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 44

6. The time to failure in thousands of hours of an electronic equipment used in a manufacture computer has
−3𝑥
the density function 𝑓(𝑥) = {3𝑒 𝑥>0 Find the expected life of this electronic equipment.
0 elsewhere
Example 11.21 - The mean and variance of a binomial variate X are respectively 2 and 1.5.
Find (i) P(X = 0)[SEP 2020-3M] (ii) P(X =1) (iii) P(X ≥1) [JUNE 2023-5M][JUNE 2024-5M]
EXERCISE 11.5
1. Compute P(X = k) for the binomial distribution, B(n, p) where
1 1 1
(i) 𝑛 = 6, 𝑝 = 3 , 𝑘 = 3 (ii) 𝑛 = 10, 𝑝 = 5 , 𝑘 = 4 (iii)𝑛 = 9, 𝑝 = 2 , 𝑘 = 7
3. Using binomial distribution find the mean and variance of X for the following experiments
(i) A fair coin is tossed 100 times, and X denote the number of heads.
(ii) A fair die is tossed 240 times, and X denote the number of times that four appeared.
3
4. The probability that a certain kind of component will survive a electrical test is 4. Find the probability that
exactly 3 of the 5 components tested survive.
3 – MARKS
Property 2 - 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 𝐸(𝑋 2 ) − [𝐸(𝑋)]2
Example 11.1 - Suppose two coins are tossed once. If X denotes the number of tails, (i) write down the
sample space (ii) find the inverse image of 1 (iii) the values of the random variable and number of
elements in its inverse images.
Example 11.2 - Suppose a pair of unbiased dice is rolled once. If X denotes the total score of two dice, write
down (i) the sample space (ii) the values taken by the random variable X, (iii) the inverse image of 10, and
(iv) the number of elements in inverse image of X.
Example 11.3 - An urn contains 2 white balls and 3 red balls. A sample of 3 balls are chosen at random from
the urn. If X denotes the number of red balls chosen, find the values taken by the random variable X and
its number of inverse images.
Example 11.4 - Two balls are chosen randomly from an urn containing 6 white and 4 black balls. Suppose
that we win Rs.30 for each black ball selected and we lose ` 20 for each white ball selected. If X denotes
the winning amount, then find the values of X and number of points in its inverse images.
EXERCISE 11.1
1. Suppose X is the number of tails occurred when three fair coins are tossed once simultaneously. Find the
values of the random variable X and number of points in its inverse images. [MAY 2022-2M]
2. An urn contains 5 mangoes and 4 apples. Three fruits are taken at random. If the number of apples
taken is a random variable, then find the values of the random variable and number of points in its
inverse images.
3. Two balls are chosen randomly from an urn containing 6 red and 8 black balls. Suppose that we win Rs.15
for each red ball selected and we lose ` 10 for each black ball selected. If X denotes the winning amount,
then find the values of X and number of points in its inverse images.
4. A six sided die is marked ‘2’ on one face, ‘3’ on two of its faces, and ‘4’ on remaining three faces. The die is
thrown twice. If X denotes the total score in two throws, find the values of the random variable and
number of points in its inverse images.
Example 11.5 - Two fair coins are tossed simultaneously (equivalent to a fair coin is tossed twice). Find the
probability mass function for number of heads occurred.
EXERCISE 11.2
1. Three fair coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability mass function for number of heads
occurred. [MAR 2024-3M]
2
Example 11.11 - Find the constant 𝐶 such that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝐶𝑥 1 < 𝑥 < 4 is a density function,
0 Otherwise
and compute (i)𝑃(1.5 < 𝑋 < 3.5) (ii)(𝑋 ≤ 2) (iii)𝑃(3 < 𝑋)

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 45

Example 11.13 - If 𝑋 is the random variable with distribution function 𝐹(𝑥) given by,
0, 𝑥<0
F(x) = {𝑥, 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 ,then find (i) the probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) (ii)𝑃(0.2 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 0.7)
1, 1≤𝑥
[JUNE 2024-2M]
Example 11.15 - Let 𝑋 be a random variable denoting the life time of an electrical equipment having
𝑘𝑒 −2 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0
probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ 0
Find (i)the value of 𝑘 (ii)Distribution function (iii)𝑃(𝑋 < 2)
(iv)calculate the probability that 𝑋 is at least for four unit of time (𝑣) (𝑃(𝑋 = 3)

EXERCISE 11.3
𝑘𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0
1. The probability density function of 𝑋 is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = { ,
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ 0
Find the value of 𝑘. [AUG 2021-2M]
0, −∞<𝑥 <0
1
6. If 𝑋 is the random variable with distribution function 𝐹(𝑥) given by, 𝐹(𝑥) = { (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
2
1, 1≤𝑥<∞
Then find (i)the probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) (ii)𝑃(0.3 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 0.6)
Example 11.16 - Suppose that 𝑓(𝑥) given below represents a probability mass function,
𝑥 1 2 3 4 5 6

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐2 2𝑐 2 3𝑐 2 4𝑐 2 𝑐 2𝑐
Find (i) the value of 𝑐 (ii)Mean and variance
EXERCISE 11.4
2
3. If 𝜇 and 𝜎 are the mean and variance of the discrete random variable 𝑋, and 𝐸(𝑋 + 3) = 10
and 𝐸(𝑋 + 3)2 = 116, Find 𝜇 and 𝜎 2 .
5. A commuter train arrives punctually at a station every half hour. Each morning, a student leaves his
house to the train station. Le 𝑋 denote the amount of time, in minutes, that the student waits for the
train form the time he reaches the train station. It is known that the pdf of 𝑋 is
1
0 < 𝑥 < 30
𝑓(𝑥) = {30 , Obtain and interpret the expected value of the random variable 𝑋.
0 elsewhere
8. A lottery with 600 tickets gives one prize of Rs.200, four prizes of Rs.100, and six prizes of Rs.50. If the
ticket costs is Rs.2, find the expected winning amount of a ticket.
Example 11.19 - Find the binomial distribution function for each of the following.
(i) Five fair coins are tossed once and X denotes the number of heads.
(ii) A fair die is rolled 10 times and X denotes the number of times 4 appeared.
EXERCISE 11.5
1
2. The probability that Mr.Q hits a target at any trial is 4. Suppose he tries at the target 10 times. Find the
probability that he hits the target (i) exactly 4 times (ii) at least one time.
5. A retailer purchases a certain kind of electronic device from a manufacturer. The manufacturer indicates
that the defective rate of the device is5%.The inspector of the retailer randomly picks 10 items from a
shipment. What is the probability that there will be (i) at least one defective item (ii) exactly two
defective items.
8. If 𝑋 ~ B(n, p) such that 4P(X = 4) = P(x = 2) and n = 6 . Find the distribution, mean and standard
deviation of 𝑋. [SEP 2020-5M]
9. In a binomial distribution consisting of 5 independent trials, the probability of 1 and 2 successes are
0.4096 and 0.2048 respectively. Find the mean and variance of the random variable.

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 46

 5 – MARKS
Example 11.7 - If the probability mass function f (x) of a random variable X is

𝑥 1 2 3 4

1 5 5 1
𝑓(𝑥)
12 12 12 12
find (i) its cumulative distribution function, hence find (ii) P(X ≤ 3) and, (iii) P(X ≥ 2)
Example 11.8 - A six sided die is marked ‘1’ on one face, ‘2’ on two of its faces, and ‘3’ on remaining three
faces. The die is rolled twice. If X denotes the total score in two throws.
(i) Find the probability mass function.
(ii) Find the cumulative distribution function.
(iii) Find 𝑃(3 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 6) (iv) Find (𝑋 ≥ 4)
Example 11.9 - Find the probability mass function f (x) of the discrete random variable X whose cumulative
0 −∞ < 𝑥 < −2
0.25 −2 ≤ 𝑥 < −1
distribution function F(x) is given by 𝐹(𝑥) = 0.60 −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0 ,Also find (i) P(X < 0) and (ii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ −1) .
0.90 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
{1 1≤𝑥<∞
Example 11.10 - A random variable X has the following probability mass function.
𝑥 1 2 3 4 5 6

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑘 2𝑘 6𝑘 5𝑘 6𝑘 10𝑘
Find 𝑘 [MAY 2022-2M] (i) 𝑃(2 < 𝑋 < 6) [MAR 2020-3M] (ii) P (2≤ 𝑋 < 5)
(iii)𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 4) (iv) 𝑃(3 < 𝑋)
EXERCISE 11.2
2. A six sided die is marked ‘1’ on one face, ‘3’ on two of its faces, and ‘5’ on remaining three faces. The die is
thrown twice. If X denotes the total score in two throws, find
(i) the probability mass function (ii) the cumulative distribution function
(iii) 𝑃(4 ≤ 𝑋 < 10) (iv) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 6) [MAR 2024 -5M]
3. Find the probability mass function and cumulative distribution function of number of girl child in families
with 4 children, assuming equal probabilities for boys and girls.
4. Suppose a discrete random variable can only take the values 0, 1, and 2. The probability mass function is
𝑥 2 +1
defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0,1,2
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Find (i) the value of k (ii) cumulative distribution function (iii) (𝑋 ≥ 1) .
5. The cumulative distribution function of a discrete random variable is given by
0 −∞ < 𝑥 < −1
0.15 −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
0.35 0≤𝑥<1
𝐹(𝑥) = , Find (i) the probability mass function (ii) 𝑃(𝑋 < 1) and (iii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2) .
0.60 1≤𝑥<2
0.85 2≤𝑥<3
{1 𝑥≤𝑥<∞
6. A random variable X has the following probability mass function.
𝑥 1 2 3 4 5
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑘2 2𝑘 2 3𝑘 2 2𝑘 3𝑘
Find (i) the value of k [JULY 2022-2M] (ii) 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑋 < 5) (iii) 𝑃(3 < 𝑋 ) [AUG 2021-5M]

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 47

7. The cumulative distribution function of a discrete random variable is given by
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − ∞ < 𝑥 < −1
1
𝑓𝑜𝑟 0≤𝑥<1
2
3
5
𝑓𝑜𝑟 1≤𝑥<2
𝐹(𝑥) = 4
5
𝑓𝑜𝑟 2≤𝑥<3
9
10
𝑓𝑜𝑟 3≤𝑥<4
{1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 4≤𝑥<∞
Find (i) the probability mass function (ii) P(X < 3) and (iii) P(X ≥ 2) [JULY 2022-5M]
𝑘 1≤𝑥≤5
Example 11.14 - The probability density function of random variable 𝑋 is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0 Other wise
Find (i) Distribution function (ii)𝑃(𝑋 < 3) (iii)𝑃(2 < 𝑋 < 4) (iv)𝑃(3 ≤ 𝑋)
EXERCISE 11.3
3. Suppose the amount of milk sold daily at a milk booth is distributed with a function minimum of 200 litres
𝑘 200 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 600
and a maximum of 600 litres with probability density 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0 Other wise
Find (i)the value of 𝑘 [JULY 2022-2M] (ii)the distribution function
(iii)the probability that dialy sales will fall between 300 litres and 500 litres? [ MAR 2023-5M]
𝑥
−
4. The probability density function of 𝑋 is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑘𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0
3

0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ 0
Find (i)the value of 𝑘 (ii)the distribution function
(iii)𝑃(𝑋 < 3) (iv)𝑃(5 ≤ 𝑋) (v)𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 4)
5. If 𝑋 is the random variable with probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) given by,
𝑥 + 1, −1≤𝑥 <0
𝑓(𝑥) = { −𝑥 + 1, 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 ,then find (i) the distribution function 𝐹(𝑥) (ii)𝑃(−0.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 0.5)
0 Otherwise
0, −∞<𝑥 <0
1 2
6. If 𝑋 is the random variable with distribution function 𝐹(𝑥) given by,𝐹(𝑥) = { (𝑥 + 𝑥) 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
2
1, 1≤𝑥<∞
Then find (i)the probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) (ii)𝑃(0.3 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 0.6)
Example 11.17 - Two balls are chosen randomly from an urn containing 8 white and 4 black balls. Suppose
that we win Rs 20 for each black ball selected and we lose Rs10 for each white ball selected. Find the
expected winning amount and variance.
Example 11.18 - Find the mean and variance of a random variable 𝑋, whose probability density function is
−𝜆𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜆𝑒 for 𝑥 ≥ 0
0 Other wise
EXERCISE 11.4
2. Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn containing four red balls and three
black balls. Let 𝑋 be the possible outcomes drawing red balls. Find the probability mass function and
mean for 𝑋.
4. Four fair coins are tossed once. Find the probability mass function, mean and variance for number of
heads occurred.
−4𝑥
7. The probability density function of the random variable 𝑋 is given by 𝑓(𝑥) { 16𝑥𝑒 for 𝑥 > 0
0 for 𝑥 ≤ 0
Find the mean and variance of 𝑋.
Example 11.20 - A multiple choice examination has ten questions, each question has four distractors with
exactly one correct answer. Suppose a student answers by guessing and if X denotes the number of
correct answers, find (i) binomial distribution (ii) probability that the student will get seven correct
answers (iii) the probability of getting at least one correct answer.

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 48

Example 11.22 - On the average, 20% of the products manufactured by ABC Company are found to be
defective. If we select 6 of these products at random and X denote the number of defective products find
the probability that (i) two products are defective (ii) at most one product is defective (iii) at least two
products are defective.
EXERCISE 11.5
6. If the probability that a fluorescent light has a useful life of at least 600 hours is 0.9, find the probabilities
that among 12 such lights (i) exactly 10 will have a useful life of at least 600 hours; (ii) at least 11 will have
a useful life of at least 600 hours; (iii) at least 2 will not have a useful life of at least 600 hours.
7. The mean and standard deviation of a binomial variate X are respectively 6 and 2. Find (i) the probability
mass function (ii) P(X = 3) (iii) P(X ≥ 2) .

12. DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

2 – MARKS
Theorem1 - (Uniqueness of Identity) In an algebraic structure the identity element(if exists) must
be unique. [Mar 2020-2M]
Theorem2 - (Uniqueness of Inverse) In an algebraic structure the inverse of an element(if exists) must
be unique.
Example 12.1 - Examine the binary operation (closure property) of the following operations on the
respective sets (if it is not, make it binary):
𝑎−1
(i)𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 3𝑎𝑏 − 5𝑏 2 ; ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℤ (ii)𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = (𝑏−1) ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ≠ 1 ∈ ℚ
0 1 1 1
Example 12.8 - Let 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ] be any two Boolean matrices of the same type.
1 1 0 1
Find 𝐴⋁𝐵 and 𝐴 ∧ 𝐵. [MAR 2023 -2M] [JUNE 2023 – 2M]
EXERCISE 12.1
1. Determine whether ∗ is a binary operation on the sets given below.
(i) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎. |𝑏|on ℝ (ii) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = min(𝑎, 𝑏)on A = {1,2,3, 4,5
(iii)(𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) = 𝑎√𝑏 is binary on ℝ .
2. On ℤ , define ∗ by (𝑚 ∗ 𝑛) = 𝑚𝑛 + 𝑛𝑚 : ∀𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ . Is ∗ binary on ℤ ?
−7
3. Let ∗ be defined on ℝ by ∗ (𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 − 7 . Is ∗ binary on ℝ ? If so, find 3 ∗ ( 15 )
[MAY 2022 -3M]
4. Let A = {𝑎 + √5𝑏: 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℤ} . Check whether the usual multiplication is a binary operation on A .
6. Fill in the following table so that the binary operation ∗ on 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} is commutative.
∗ 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑎
𝑐 𝑎 𝑐
7. Consider the binary operation ∗ defined on the set 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑} by the following table:
∗ 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑
𝑏 𝑑 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑐 𝑐 𝑑 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑 𝑑 𝑏 𝑎 𝑐
Is it cummutative and associative?
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
8. Let 𝐴 = (0 1 0 1), 𝐵 = (1 0 1 0) 𝐶 = (0 1 1 0) be any three boolean matrices of
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
the same type. Find (𝑖)𝐴 ∨ 𝐵 (𝑖𝑖)𝐴 ∧ 𝐵 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝐴 ∨ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐶 (𝑖𝑣)(𝐴 ∧ 𝐵) ∨ 𝐶.
S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 49
Example 12.11 - Identify the valid statement from the following sentences.
(1)Mount Everest is the highest mountain of the world. (2)3 + 4 = 8 (3)7 + 5 > 10
(4)Give me that book. (5)(10 − 𝑥) = 7 (6)How beautiful this flower is ! (7)Where are you going?
(8)Wish you all success. (9)This is the beginning of the end.
Example 12.12 - Write the statements in words corresponding to 𝑝, 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞, 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 and 𝑞 ∨ 𝑝, where 𝑝 is ‘it
is cold’ and 𝑞 is ‘It is raining.
Example 12.13 - How many rows are needed for following statement formulae?
(i)𝑝 ∨ 𝑡 ∧ ( 𝑝 ∨ 𝑠) (𝑖𝑖) ((𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∨ (𝑟 ∨ 𝑠)) ∧ (𝑡 ∧ 𝑣)
Example 12.15 - Write down the (i) conditional statement (ii) converse statement (iii) inverse statement,
and (iv) contrapositive statement for the two statements 𝑝 and 𝑞 given below. 𝑝 ∶ The number of primes
is infinite. 1 Ooty is in Kerala.
Example 12.17 - Establish the equivalence property: 𝑝 → 𝑞 ≡ ¬𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 [MAR 202-3M]
EXERCISE 12.2
1. Let p : Jupiter is a planet and q : India is an island be any two simple statements. Give verbal sentence
describing each of the following statements.
(i) ¬𝑝 (ii) 𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞 (iii) ¬𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 (iv) 𝑝 → ¬𝑞 (v) 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞
2. Write each of the following sentences in symbolic form using statement variables 𝑝 and 𝑞 .
(i) 19 is not a prime number and all the angles of a triangle are equal.
(ii) 19 is a prime number or all the angles of a triangle are not equal
(iii) 19 is a prime number and all the angles of a triangle are equal
(iv) 19 is not a prime number
3. Determine the truth value of each of the following statements
(i) If 6 + 2 = 5 , then the milk is white.
(ii) China is in Europe or √3 is an integer
(iii) It is not true that 5 + 5 = 9 or Earth is a planet
(iv) 11 is a prime number and all the sides of a rectangle are equal
4. Which one of the following sentences is a proposition?
(i) 4 + 7 = 12 (ii) What are you doing? (iii)3𝑛 ≤ 81, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
(iv) Peacock is our national bird (v) How tall this mountain is!
5. Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of each of the following implication.
(i) If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are numbers such that 𝑥 = 𝑦, then 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2
(ii) If a quadrilateral is a square then it is a rectangle

3 – MARKS

6. Construct the truth table for the following statements.

(i) ¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞 (ii) ¬( 𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞) (iii) ( 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ∨ ¬𝑞 (iv) (¬𝑝 → 𝑟) ∧ ( 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞)
9. Prove that 𝑞 → 𝑝 ≡ ¬𝑝 → ¬𝑞. [JUNE 2024-3M]

5 – MARKS

Example 12.2 - Verify the (i) closure property, (ii) commutative property, (iii) associative property
(iv) existence of identity and (v) existence of inverse for the arithmetic operation + on ℤ .
Example 12.3 - Verify the (i) closure property, (ii) commutative property, (iii) associative property
(iv) existence of identity and (v) existence of inverse for the arithmetic operation - on ℤ .
Example 12.4 - Verify the (i) closure property, (ii) commutative property, (iii) associative property
(iv) existence of identity and (v) existence of inverse for the arithmetic operation + on ℤ𝑒 = the set
of all even integers.
Example 12.5 - Verify the (i) closure property, (ii) commutative property, (iii) associative property
(iv) existence of identity and (v) existence of inverse for the arithmetic operation + on ℤ0 = the set of
All odd integers.
S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 50
Example 12.6 - Verify (i) closure property (ii) commutative property, and (iii) associative property of the
following operation on the given set. (𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) = 𝑎𝑏 ; ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℕ (exponentiation property) [JULY 2022-3M]
Example 12.7 - Verify (i) closure property, (ii) commutative property, (iii) associative property,
(iv) existence of identity, and (v) existence of inverse for following operation on the given set.
𝑚 ∗ 𝑛 = 𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚𝑛; 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
Example 12.9 - Verify (i) closure property, (ii) commutative property, (iii) associative property,
(iv) existence of identity, and (v) existence of inverse for the operation +5 on ℤ5 using table
corresponding to addition modulo 5.
Example 12.10 - Verify (i) closure property, (ii) commutative property, (iii) associative property,
(iv) existence of identity, and (v) existence of inverse for the operation ×11 on a subset A = {1,3,4,5,9} of
the set of remainders {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}.[JUNE 2024-5M]
EXERCISE 12.1
𝑎+𝑏
5. (i) Define an operation∗ on ℚ as follows:𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = ( 2
) ; 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℚ.
Examine the closure, commutative, and associative properties satisfied by ∗ on ℚ. [AUG 2021 -3M]
𝑎+𝑏
(ii) Define an operation∗ on ℚ as follows: 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = ( 2
) ; 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℚb
Examine the existence of identity and the existence of inverse for the operation ∗ on ℚ.
𝑥 𝑥
9. (𝑖) Let 𝑀 = {( ) : 𝑥𝜖𝑅 − {0}} and let ∗ be the matrix multiplication. Determine whether 𝑀 is closed
𝑥 𝑥
under ∗. If so, examine the commutative and associative properties satisfied by ∗ on 𝑀.[AUG 2021-3M]
𝑥 𝑥
(𝑖𝑖) Let 𝑀 = {( ) : 𝑥𝜖𝑅 − {0}} and let ∗ be the matrix multiplication. Determine whether 𝑀 is
𝑥 𝑥
closed under ∗. If so, examine the existence of identity, existence of inverse properties for the
operation ∗ on 𝑀. [JUNE 2023-5M]
10. (𝑖) Let 𝐴 be ℚ\{1}. Define ∗ on 𝐴 by 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦. Is ∗ binary on 𝐴? If so, examine the
commutative and associative properties satisfied by∗ on 𝐴.
(𝑖𝑖) Let 𝐴 be ℚ\{1}. Define ∗ on 𝐴 by 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦. Is ∗ binary on 𝐴? If so, examine the
existence of identity, existence of inverse properties for the operation ∗ on 𝐴.
Example 12.16 - Construct the truth table for ( 𝑝 ∨̅ 𝑞) ∧ ( 𝑝 ∨ ̅ ¬𝑞) .
Example 12.18 - Establish the equivalence property connecting the bi-conditional with conditional:
𝑝 ↔ 𝑞 ≡ ( 𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑝) [JUNE 2023-3M]
Example 12.19 - Using the equivalence property, show that 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞 ≡ ( 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∨ (¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞) .
EXERCISE 12.2
7. Verify whether the following compound propositions are tautologies or contradictions or contingency
(i) ( 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∧ ¬( 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) (ii) (( 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ∧ ¬𝑝) → 𝑞
(iii) ( 𝑝 → 𝑞) ↔ (¬𝑝 → 𝑞) [JULY 2022-5M] (iv) (( 𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑟)) → ( 𝑝 → 𝑟)
8. Show that (i) ¬( 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ≡ ¬𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑞 (ii) ¬( 𝑝 → 𝑞) ≡ 𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞 . [AUG 2021-5M]
10. Show that 𝑝 → 𝑞 and 𝑞 → 𝑝 are not equivalent. [MAR 2023-3M]
11. Show that ¬( 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞) ≡ 𝑝 ↔ ¬𝑞.
12. Check whether the statement 𝑝 → (𝑞 → 𝑝) is a tautology or a contradiction without using the
truth table.
13. Using truth table check whether the statements ¬( 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ∨ (¬𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) and ¬𝑝 are logically equivalent.
14. Prove 𝑝 → (𝑞 → 𝑟) ≡ ( 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) → 𝑟 without using truth table. [MAY 2022-5M]
15. Prove that 𝑝 → (¬𝑞 ∨ 𝑟) ≡ ¬𝑝 ∨ (¬𝑞 ∨ 𝑟) using truth table. [MAR 2023-5M]

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 51

 BOOK BACK ONE MARKS

1. APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

EXERCISE 1.8
1. If |𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)| = |𝐴|9
, then the order of the square matrix 𝐴 is
(1)3 (2)4 (3)2 (4)5
2. If 𝐴 is a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐴 and 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐴 , then 𝐵𝐵𝑇 =
𝑇 𝑇 −1 𝑇

(1)𝐴 (2)𝐵 (3)𝐼3 (4)𝐵𝑇

3 5 |𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵|
3. If 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 and 𝐶 = 3𝐴, then |𝐶| =
1 2
1 1 1
(1)3 (2)9 (3)4 (4)1
1 −2 6 0
4. If 𝐴 [ ]=[ ], then 𝐴 =
1 4 0 6
1 −2 1 2 4 2 4 −1
(1)[ ] (2)[ ] (3)[ ] (4)[ ]
1 4 −1 4 −1 1 2 1
7 3
5. If 𝐴 = [ ], then 9𝐼2 − 𝐴 = [JUN-2024]
4 2
𝐴−1
(1)𝐴−1 (2) (3)3𝐴−1 (4)2𝐴−1
2
2 0 1 4
6. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ] then |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵)| =
1 5 2 0
(1)−40 (2)−80 (3)−60 (4)−20
1 𝑥 0
7. If 𝑃 = [1 3 0 ] is the adjoint of 3 × 3 matrix 𝐴 and |𝐴| = 4, then 𝑥 is
2 4 −2
(1)15 (2)12 (3)14 (4)11
3 1 −1 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
8. If 𝐴 = [2 −2 0 ] and 𝐴−1 = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] then the value of 𝑎23 is
1 2 −1 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
(1)0 (2)−2 (3)−3 (4)−1
9. If 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are invertible matrices of some order, then which one of the following is not true?
(1)𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐴−1 (2)𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵) [AUG-2021], [MAR-2024]
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1
(3)det 𝐴 = (det 𝐴) (4 )(𝐴𝐵𝐶) = 𝐶 𝐵 𝐴
12 −17 1 −1
10. If (𝐴𝐵)−1 = [ ] and 𝐴−1 = [ ], then 𝐵−1 = [MAR-2020],[JUN-2024]
−19 27 −2 3
2 −5 8 5 3 1 8 −5
(1)[ ] (2)[ ] (3)[ ] (4)[ ]
−3 8 3 2 2 1 −3 2
11. If 𝐴𝑇 𝐴−1 is symmetric, then 𝐴2 = [JUN-2023][ SEP-2020]
(1)𝐴−1 (2)(𝐴𝑇 )2 (3)𝐴𝑇 (4)(𝐴−1 )2
5 3
12. If 𝐴 is a non-singluar matrix such that 𝐴−1 = [ ], then (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = [JULY-2020], [MAR-2024]
−2 −1
−5 3 5 3 −1 −3 5 −2
(1)[ ] (2)[ ] (3)[ ] (4)[ ]
2 1 −2 −1 2 5 3 −1
3 4
5 5
13. If 𝐴 = [ 3] and 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴−1, then the value of 𝑥 is [JULY-2020]
𝑥
5
−4 −3 3 4
(1) 5 (2) 5 (3)5 (4)5
𝜃
1 tan 2
14. If 𝐴 = [ 𝜃
] and 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼2 , then 𝐵 =
− tan 2 1
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
(1)(cos2 2 ) 𝐴 (2)(cos2 2 ) 𝐴𝑇 (3)(cos 2 𝜃)𝐼 (4)(sin2 2 ) 𝐴

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 52

 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑘 0
15. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = [ ], then 𝑘 =
− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 0 𝑘
(1)0 (2)sin 𝜃 (3)cos 𝜃 (4)1
2 3
16. If 𝐴 = [ ] be such that 𝜆𝐴−1 , then 𝜆 is [MAY-2022]
5 −2
(1)17 (2)14 (3)19 (4)21
2 3 1 −2
17. If 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵 = [ ] then 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴𝐵) is
4 −1 −3 1
−7 −1 −6 5 −7 7 −6 −2
(1)[ ] (2)[ ] (3)[ ] (4)[ ]
7 −9 −2 −10 −1 −9 5 −10
1 2 3 4
18. The rank of the matrix [ 2 4 6 8 ] is [JUN-2023]
−1 −2 −3 −4
(1)1 (2)2 (3)4 (4)3
𝑚 𝑏 a m a b
19. If 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑚 , 𝑥 𝑐 𝑦 𝑑 = 𝑒 𝑛 , Δ1 = | | , Δ2 = | | , Δ3 = | |, then the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 are
𝑛 𝑑 c n c d
respectively, [SEP-2020]
Δ Δ Δ Δ
(1)𝑒 (Δ2 /Δ1 ) , 𝑒 (Δ3 /Δ1 ) (2)log (Δ1 ), log (Δ2 ) (3)log (Δ2 ) , log (Δ3 ) (4)𝑒 (Δ1 /Δ3 ) , 𝑒 (Δ2 /Δ3 )
3 3 1 1
20. Which of the following is/are correct? [MAY-2022]
(i)Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is also a symmetric matrix.
(ii) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is also a diagonal matrix.
(iii) If 𝐴 is a square matrix of order 𝑛 and 𝜆 is a scalar, then 𝑎𝑑𝑗(λA) = λn adj(A).
(iv)𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼
(1)Only (i) (2)(ii) and (iii) (3)(iii) and (iv) (4)(i), (ii) and (iv)
21. If 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌([𝐴|𝐵]), then the system 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 of linear equations is [MAR-2020]
(1)Consistent and has a unique solution (2)consistent
(3)Consistent and has infinitely many solution (4)inconsistent
22. If 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 and the system of equations 𝑥 + (sin 𝜃)𝑦 − (cos 𝜃)𝑧 = 0 ,
(cos 𝜃)𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0, (sin 𝜃)𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 has a non-trivial solution then 𝜃 is
2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 6 (4)4
1 2 7 3
23. The augmented matrix of a system of linear equations is [0 1 4 6 ]. The system has
0 0 𝜆−7 𝜇+5
infinitely many solutions if
(1)𝜆 = 7, 𝜇 ≠ −5 (2)𝜆 = −7, 𝜇 = 5 (3)𝜆 ≠ 7, 𝜇 ≠ −5 (4)𝜆 = 7, 𝜇 = −5
2 −1 1 3 1 −1
24. Let 𝐴 = [−1 2 −1] and 4𝐵 = [ 1 3 𝑥 ]. If 𝐵 is the inverse of 𝐴, then the value of 𝑥 is
1 −1 2 −1 1 3
(1)2 (2)4 (3)3 (4)1
3 −3 4
25. If 𝐴 = [2 −3 4], then 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) is
0 −1 1
3 −3 4 6 −6 8 −3 3 −4 3 −3 4
(1)[2 −3 4] (2)[4 −6 8] (3)[−2 3 −4] (4)[0 −1 1]
0 −1 1 0 −2 2 0 1 −1 2 −3 4

2. COMPLEX NUMBERS
EXERCISE 2.9
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3
1. 𝑖 + 𝑖 +𝑖 +𝑖 is [JULY-2022]
(1)0 (2)1 (3)−1 (4)−𝑖
13 𝑛 𝑛−1
2. The value of ∑𝑖=1(𝑖 + 𝑖 ) is [MAR-2020]
(1)1 + 𝑖 (2)𝑖 (3)1 (4)0

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 53

3. The area of the triangle formed by the complex numbers 𝑧, 𝑖𝑧, and 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 in the Argand’s diagram is
1 3
(1) |𝑧|2 (2)|𝑧|2 (3) |𝑧|2 (4)2|𝑧|2
2 2
1
4. The conjugate of a complex number is 𝑖−2. Then, the complex number is
1 −1 −1 1
(1)𝑖+2 (2)𝑖+2 (3)𝑖−2 (4)𝑖−2
3
(√3+𝑖) (3𝑖+4)2
5. If 𝑧 = (8+6𝑖)2
, then |𝑧| is equal to [JUNE-2024]
(1)0 (2)1 (3)2 (4)3
2
6. If 𝑧 is a non zero complex number, such that 2𝑖𝑧 = 𝑧̅ then |𝑧| is [SEP-2020]
1
(1)2 (2)1 (3)2 (4)3
7. If |𝑧 − 2 + 𝑖| ≤ 2, then the greatest value of |𝑧| is [JUNE-2023]
(1)√3 − 2 (2)√3 + 2 (3)√5 − 2 (4)√5 + 2
3
8. If |𝑧 − | = 2 , then the least value of |𝑧| is
𝑧
(1)1 (2)2 (3)3 (4)5
1+𝑧
9. If |𝑧| = 1, then the value of is [MAR-2023][AUG-2021]
1+𝑧̅
1
(1)𝑧 (2)𝑧̅ (3)𝑧 (4)1
10. The solution of the equation |𝑧| − 𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑖 is
3 3 3 3
(1) − 2𝑖 (2)− + 2𝑖 (3)2 − 𝑖 (4)2 + 𝑖
2 2 2 2
11. If |𝑧1 | = 1, |𝑧2 | = 2, |𝑧3 | = 3 and |9𝑧1 𝑧2 + 4𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 𝑧3 | = 12, then the value of |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | is
(1)1 (2)2 (3)3 (4)4 [JUNE-2023][MAR-2024]
1
12. If 𝑧 is a complex number such that 𝑧 ∈ ℂ/ℝ and 𝑧 + 𝑧 ∈ ℝ, then |𝑧| is
(1)0 (2)1 (3)2 (4)3
13. 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 are complex numbers such that 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 = 0 and
|𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = |𝑧3 | = 1 then 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 𝑧32 is
(1)3 (2)2 (3)1 (4)0
𝑧−1
14. If 𝑧+1 is purely imaginary, then |𝑧| is
1
(1) (2)1 (3)2 (4)3
2
15. If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is a complex number such that |𝑧 + 2| = |𝑧 − 2|, then the locus of 𝑧 is [JULY-2022]
(1)real axis (2)imaginary axis (3)ellipse (4)circle
3
16. The principal argument of −1+𝑖 is [JUNE-2024]
−5𝜋 −2𝜋 3𝜋 −𝜋
(1) 6
(2) 3
(3)− 4
(4) 2
17. The principal argument of (sin 40° + 𝑖 cos 40°) is
(1)−110° (2)−70° (3)70° (4)110°
2
18. If (1 + 𝑖)(1 + 2𝑖)(1 + 3𝑖) … (1 + 𝑛𝑖) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, then 2.5.10 … (1 + 𝑛 ) is [MAY-2022][MAR-2024]
(1)1 (2)𝑖 (3)𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 (4)1 + 𝑛2
7
19. If 𝜔 ≠ 1 is a cubic root of unity and (1 + 𝜔) = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝜔, then (𝐴, 𝐵) equals
(1)(1, 0) (2)(−1 1) (3)(0, 1) (4)(1, 1)
2
(1+𝑖√3)
20. The principal argument of the complex number is
4𝑖(1−𝑖√3)
2𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
(1) 3 (2)6 (3) 6 (4)2
21. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0, then 𝛼 2020
+𝛽 2020
is
(1)−2 (2)−1 (3)1 (4)2
3
𝜋 𝜋 4
22. The product of all four values of (cos 3 + 𝑖 sin 3 )
(1)−2 (2)−1 (3)1 (4)2

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 54

 1 1 1
23. If 𝜔 ≠ 1 is a cubic root of unity and |1 −𝜔2 − 1 𝜔2 | = 3𝑘 then 𝑘 is equal to
1 𝜔2 𝜔7
(1)1 (2)−1 (3)√3𝑖 (4)−√3𝑖
1+√3𝑖
24. The value of (1− ) is
√3𝑖
2𝜋 4𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋
(1)𝑐𝑖𝑠 3
(2)𝑐𝑖𝑠 3
(3)−𝑐𝑖𝑠 3
(4)− 𝑐𝑖𝑠 3

2𝜔
𝑧+1 𝜔 𝜔2
25. If 𝜔 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠 3 , then the number of distinct roots of | 𝜔 𝑧 + 𝜔2 1 |=0
𝜔2 1 𝑧+𝜔
(1)1 (2)2 (3)3 (4)4

3. THEORY OF EQUATIONS
EXERCISE 3.7
3
1. A zero of 𝑥 + 64 is [JUNE-2023][JULY-2022][AUG-2021][MAR-2024]
(1) 0 (2)4 (3)4𝑖 (4)−4
2. If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are polynomials of degrees 𝑚 and 𝑛 respectively, and if ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥),
then the degree of ℎ is
(1)𝑚𝑛 (2)𝑚 + 𝑛 (3)𝑚𝑛 (4)𝑛𝑚
3. A polynomial equation in 𝑥 of degree 𝑛 always has [MAR-2020]
(1)𝑛 distinct roots (2)𝑛 real roots (3)𝑛 complex roots (4)at most one root
1
4. If 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 are the zeros of 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟, then ∑ is [MAY-2022][MAR-2024]
𝛼
𝑞 𝑝 𝑞 𝑞
(1)− (2)− (3) (4)−
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑝
5. According to the rational root theorem, which number is not possible rational zero of
4𝑥 7 + 2𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 3 − 5?
5 4
(1)−1 (2)4 (3)5 (4)5
6. The polynomial 𝑥 3 − 𝑘𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 has three real zeros if and only if, 𝑘 satisfies [SEP-2020][JUNE-2024]
(1)|𝑘| ≤ 6 (2)𝑘 = 0 (3)|𝑘| > 6 (4)|𝑘| ≥ 6
4 2
7. The number of real numbers in [0, 2𝜋] satisfying sin 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 + 1 is
(1)2 (2)4 (3)1 (4)∞
3 2
8. If 𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 10𝑎𝑚 + 1999 definitely has a positive zero, if and only if
(1)𝑎 ≥ 0 (2)𝑎 > 0 (3)𝑎 < 0 (4)𝑎 ≤ 0
3
9. The polynomial 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 has
(1)one negative and two imaginary zeros (2)One positive and two imaginary zeros
(3)three real zeros (4)no zeros
10. The number of positive zeros of the polynomial ∑𝑛𝑟=0 nCr (−1)𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 is [JUNE-2023][MAR-2023]
(1)0 (2)𝑛 (3)< 𝑛 (4)𝑟

4. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

EXERCISE 4.6
−1 (cos
1. The value of sin 𝑥), 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 is [JUNE-2024]
𝜋 𝜋
(1)𝜋 − 𝑥 (2)𝑥 − 2 (3)2 − 𝑥 (4)𝑥 − 𝜋
2𝜋
2. If sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑦 = 3
; Then cos−1 𝑥 + cos −1 𝑦 is equal to [MAR-2020]
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) 3 (2)3 (3)6 (4)𝜋
3 12 5 13
3. sin−1 − cos −1 + sec −1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 is equal to
5 13 3 12
12
(1)2𝜋 (2)𝜋 (3)0 (4)tan−1 65

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 55

4. If sin−1 𝑥 = 2 sin−1 𝛼 has a solution, then
1 1 1 1
(1)|𝛼| ≤ (2)|𝛼| ≥ (3)|𝛼| < (4)|𝛼| >
√2 √2 √2 √2
𝜋
5. sin−1(cos 𝑥) =2 − 𝑥 is valid for [SEP-2020]
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
(1)−𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0 (2)0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 (3)− 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
(4)− 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4
3𝜋 9
6. If sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑦 + sin−1 𝑧 = 2
, the value of 𝑥 2017 + 𝑦 2018 + 𝑧 2019
− 𝑥 101 +𝑦101 +𝑧101 is
(1)0 (2)1 (3)2 (4)3
−1 2𝜋 −1
7. If cot 𝑥= for some 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, the value of tan 𝑥 is [JUNE-2023][SEP-2020]
5
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1)− 10 (2)5 (3)10 (4)− 5
8. The domain of the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = sin−1 √𝑥 − 1 is [JUNE-2024]
(1)[1, 2] (2)[−1, 1] (3)[0, 1] (4)[−1, 0]
1
9. If 𝑥 = 5
the value of cos(cos −1 𝑥 + 2 sin−1 𝑥 ) is
24 24 1 1
(1)−√25 (2)√25 (3)5 (4)− 5
1 2
10. tan−1 (4) + tan−1 (9) is equal to [MAR-2020]
1 3 1 3 1 3 1
(1)2 cos−1 (5) (2)2 sin−1 (5) (3)2 tan−1 (5) (4)tan1 (2)
11. If the function 𝑓(𝑥) = sin−1 (𝑥 2 − 3), then 𝑥 belongs to
(1)[−1, 1] (2)[√2, 2] (3)[−2, −√2] ∪ [√2, 2] (4)[−2, −√2]
−1 −1
12. If cot 2 and cot 3 are two angles of a triangle, then the third angle is
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 4 6 3
𝜋 3 𝜋
13. sin−1 (tan ) − sin−1 (√ ) = . Then 𝑥 is a root of the equation
4 𝑥 6

(1)𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0 (2)𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 12 = 0(3)𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12 = 0 (4)𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 = 0

14. sin−1 (2 cos2 𝑥 − 1) + cos −1 (1 − 2 sin2 𝑥) =
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1)2 (2)3 (3)4 (4)6
15. If cot −1(√sin 𝛼) + tan−1(√𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼) = 𝑢, then cos 2𝑢 is equal to
(1)tan2 𝛼 (2)0 (3)−1 (4)tan 2𝛼
−1 2𝑥
16. If |𝑥| ≤ 1, then 2 tan 𝑥− sin−1 1+𝑥 2 is equal to
(1)tan−1 𝑥 −1
(2)sin 𝑥 (3)0 (4) 𝜋
1
17. The equation tan−1 𝑥 − cot −1 𝑥 = tan−1 ( 3) has
√
(1) No solution (2) unique solution
(3) Two solution (4) infinite number of solutions
1 𝜋
18. If sin−1 𝑥 + cot −1 (2) = 2 , then 𝑥 is equal to [JUNE-2023][MAR-2024]
1 1 2 3
(1)2 (2) (3) (4)
√5 √5 √2
𝑥 5 𝜋
19. If sin−1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 = , then the value of 𝑥 is
5 4 2
(1)4 (2)5 (3)2 (4)3
−1
20. sin(tan 𝑥), |𝑥| < 1 is equal to
𝑥 1 1 𝑥
(1) (2) (3) (4)
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2 √1+𝑥 2 √1+𝑥 2

5. TWO DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY- II

EXERCISE 5.6
1. The equation of the circle passing through (1, 5) and (4, 1) and touching 𝑦-axis is
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 9 + 𝜆(4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 19) = 0 where 𝜆 is equal to

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 56

 40 40 −40
(1)0, − 9
(2)0 (3) 9 (4) 9
2. The eccentricity of the hyperbola whose latus rectum is 8 and conjugate axis is equal to half the distance
between the foci is
4 4 2 3
(1)3 (2) (3) (4)2
√3 √3
3. The circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 5 intersects the line 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 𝑚 at two distinct point if
(1)15 < 𝑚 < 65 (2)35 < 𝑚 < 85 (3)−85 < 𝑚 < −35 (4)−35 < 𝑚 < 15
4. The length of the diameter of the circle of the circle which touches the 𝑥-axis at the point (1, 0)and
passes through the point (2, 3)
6 5 10 3
(1)5 (2)3 (3) 3 (4)5
5. The radius of the circle 3𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 4𝑏𝑥 − 6𝑏𝑦 + 𝑏 2 = 0 is [JUNE-2023][MAR-2020][JUNE-2024]
(1)1 (2)3 (3)√10 (4)√11
2
6. The centre of the circle inscribed in a square formed by the lines 𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 12 = 0 and
𝑦 2 − 14𝑦 + 45 = 0 is
(1)(4, 7) (2)(7, 4) (3)(9, 4) (4)(4, 9)
2 2
7. The equation of the normal to the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 which is parallel to the
line 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 3 is
(1)𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3 (2)𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3 = 0 (3)2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3 = 0 (4)𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3 = 0
2 2
8. If 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on 16𝑥 + 25𝑦 = 400 with foci 𝐹1 (3, 0) and 𝐹2 (−3 , 0) then 𝑃𝐹1 + 𝑃𝐹2 is
(1)8 (2)6 (3)10 (4)12 [AUG-2021][MAR-2024]
9. The radius of the circle passing through the point (6, 2) two of whose diameter are 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 and
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 is
(1)10 (2)2√5 (3)6 (4)4
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
10. The area of quadrilateral formed with foci of the hyperbolas 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 and 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = −1 is
1
(1)4(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) (2)2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) (3)𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 (4)2 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
11. If the normals of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 drawn at the end points of its latus rectum are tangents to the
circle (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 𝑟 2 , then the value of 𝑟 2 is
(1)2 (2)3 (3)1 (4)4
2
12. If 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑘 is a normal to the parabola 𝑦 = 12𝑥, then the value of 𝑘 is [JUNE-2024]
(1)3 (2)−1 (3)1 (4)9
𝑥2 𝑦2
13. The ellipse 𝐸1 ∶ 9
+ 4
= 1 is inscribed in a rectangle 𝑅 whose sides are parallel to the coordinate axes.
Another ellipse 𝐸2 passing through the point (0, 4) circumscribes the rectangle 𝑅 . The eccentricity of
the ellipse is
√2 √3 1 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 2 2 4
𝑥2 𝑦2
14. Tangents are drawn to the hyperbola 9
− 4
= 1 parallel to the straight line 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1. One of the
points of contact of tangents on the hyperbola is
9 −1 −9 1 9 1
(1)(2 2
, 2) (2)(2 , ) (3)(2 , 2) (4)(3√3, −2√2)
√ √ √2 √2 2
√ √
𝑥2 𝑦2
15. The equation of the circle passing through the foci of the ellipse 16 + 9
= 1 having centre at (0, 3) is
2 2 2 2
(1)𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6𝑦 − 7 = 0 (2)𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6𝑦 + 7 = 0 [JULY-2022]
2 2
(3)𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6𝑦 − 5 = 0 (4)𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 5 = 0
16. Let 𝐶 be the circle with centre at (1, 1) and radius = 1. If 𝑇 is the circle centered at (0, 𝑦) passing
through the origin and touching the circle 𝐶 externally, then the radius of 𝑇 is equal to
√3 √3 1 1
(1) (2) 2 (3)2 (4)4
√2

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 57

 3
17. Consider an ellipse whose centre is of the origin and its major axis is along 𝑥-axis. If its eccentricity is 5
and the distance between its foci is 6, then the area of the quadrilateral inscribed in the ellipse with
diagonals as major and minor axis of the ellipse is
(1)8 (2)32 (3)80 (4)40
𝑥2 𝑦2
18. Area of the greatest rectangle inscribed in the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 is [MAR-2023]
𝑎
(1)2𝑎𝑏 (2)𝑎𝑏 (3)√𝑎𝑏 (4)𝑏
19. An ellipse has 𝑂𝐵 as semi minor axes, 𝐹 and 𝐹′ its foci and the angle 𝐹𝐵𝐹′ is aright angle. Then the
eccentricity of the ellipse is
1 1 1 1
(1) (2)2 (3)4 (4)
√2 √3
𝑦2
20. The eccentricity of the ellipse (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 9
is
√3 1 1 1
(1) 2 (2)3 (3)3 (4)
√2 √3
21. If the two tangents drawn from a point 𝑃 to the parabole 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 are at right angles then the
locus of 𝑃 is
(1)2𝑥 + 1 = 0 (2)𝑥 = −1 (3)2𝑥 − 1 = 0 (4)𝑥 = 1
22. The circle passing through (1, −2) and touching the axis of 𝑥 at (3, 0) passing through the point
(1)(−5, 2) (2)(2, −5) (3)(5, −2) (4)(−2, 5)
2 −9
23. The locus of a point whose distance from (−2, 0) is times its distance from the line 𝑥 = is
3 2
(1)a parabola (2)a hyperbola (3)an ellipse (4)a circle
24. The values of 𝑚 for which the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 2√5 touches the hyperbola 16𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 = 144 are the
roots of 𝑥 2 − (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 − 4 = 0, then the value of (𝑎 + 𝑏) is
(1)2 (2)4 (3)0 (4)−2
2 2
25. If the coordinates at one end of a diameter of the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 are (11, 2),
the coordinates of the other end are
(1)(−5, 2) (2)(−3,2) (3)(5, −2) (4)(−2, 5)

6. APPLICATIONS OF VECTOR ALGEBRA

EXERCISE 6.10
1. If 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ are parallel vectors, then [𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗] is equal to [MAR-2023]
(1)2 (2)−1 (3)1 (4)0
2. If a vector 𝛼⃗ lies in the plane of 𝛽⃗ and 𝛾⃗, then [JULY-2022][MAR-2024]
(1)[𝛼⃗, 𝛽⃗ , 𝛾⃗] = 1 (2)[𝛼⃗, 𝛽⃗ , 𝛾⃗] = −1 (3)[𝛼⃗, 𝛽⃗ , 𝛾⃗] = 0 (4) [𝛼⃗, 𝛽⃗ , 𝛾⃗] = 2
3. If 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ = 𝑐⃗. 𝑎⃗ = 0, then the value of [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] is [JUNE-2023]
1
(1)|𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗||𝑐⃗| (2) |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗||𝑐⃗|
3
(3)1 (4)−1
4. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are three unit vectors such that 𝑎⃗ is perpendicular to 𝑏⃗⃗ and is parallel to 𝑐⃗ then 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) is
equal to
(1) 𝑎⃗ (2)𝑏⃗⃗ (3)𝑐⃗ (4)0⃗⃗
⃗⃗
𝑎⃗⃗.(𝑏×𝑐⃗) ⃗⃗
𝑏.(𝑐⃗×𝑎⃗⃗) 𝑐⃗.(𝑎⃗⃗×𝑏) ⃗⃗
5. If [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] = 1, then the value of (𝑐 ⃗⃗
+ ⃗⃗
+ ⃗⃗
is
⃗×𝑎⃗⃗).𝑏 (𝑎⃗⃗×𝑏).𝑐⃗ (𝑐⃗×𝑏 ).𝑎⃗⃗
(1)1 (2)−1 (3)2 (4)3
6. The volume of the parallelepiped with its edges represented by the vectors 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂, 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂, 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝜋𝑘̂ is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1)2 (2)3 (3)𝜋 (4)4 [AUG-2021]
𝜋
7. If 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ are unit vectors such that [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗] = 4 , then the angle between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1)6 (2)4 (3)3 (4)2

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 58

8. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂, 𝑐⃗ = 𝑖̂ and (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × 𝑐⃗ = 𝜆𝑎 + 𝜇𝑏, then the value of 𝜆 + 𝜇 is [SEP-2020]
(1)0 (2)1 (3)6 (4)3 [JUNE-2024]
2
9. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are three non-coplanar, non-zero vectors such that [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ ]=3, then {[𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗]}
is equal to
(1)81 (2)9 (3)127 (4)18
𝑏+𝑐⃗ ⃗⃗
10. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are three non-coplanar vectors such that 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = 2 , then the angle between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ is
√
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
(1) (2) (3) (4)𝜋
2 4 4
11. If the volume of the parallelepiped with 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗ as coterminous edges is 8 cubic units, then
the volume of the parallelepiped with (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗), (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗) and (𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗) × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) as
coterminous edges is
(1)8 cubic units (2)512 cubic units
(3)64 cubic units (4)24 cubic units
12. Consider the vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗ such that (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = ⃗0⃗. Let 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 be the planes determined
by the pairs of vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗ respectively. Then the angle between 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 is
(1)0° (2)45° (3)60° (4)90°
13. If 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × 𝑐⃗, where 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are any three vectors such that 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ ≠ 0 and 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ ≠ 0,
then 𝑎⃗ and 𝑐⃗ are
(1)perpendicular (2)parallel
𝜋 𝜋
(3)inclined at an angle 3 (4)inclined at an angle 6
14. If 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ , 𝑐⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ , then a vector perpendicular to 𝑎⃗ and lies in the
plane containing 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑐⃗ is
(1)−17𝑖̂ + 21𝑗̂ − 97𝑘̂ (2)17𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 123𝑘̂
(3)−17𝑖̂ − 21𝑗̂ + 97𝑘̂ (4)−17𝑖̂ − 21𝑗̂ − 97𝑘̂
𝑥−2 𝑦+1 𝑥−1 2𝑦+3 𝑧+5
15. The angle between the lines 3
= −2 , 𝑧 = 2 and 1
= 3
= 2
is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1)6 (2)4 (3)3 (4)2
𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧+2
16. If the line 3
= −5
= 2
lies in the plane 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝛼𝑧 + 𝛽 = 0, then (𝛼, 𝛽) is
(1)(−5, 5) (2)(−6, 7) (3)(5, −5) (4)(6, −7)
̂ ̂
17. The angle between the line 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑘 ) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘 ) and the plane 𝑟⃗. (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂) + 4 = 0 is
(1)0° (2)30° (3)45° (4)90° [MAR-2024]
̂ ̂
18. The coordinates of the point where the line 𝑟⃗ = (6𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘 ) + 𝑡(−𝑖̂ + 4𝑘 ) meets the plane
𝑟⃗. (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) =3 are [SEP-2020]
(1)(2, 1, 0) (2)(7, −1, −7) (3)(1, 2, −6) (4)(5, −1, 1)
19. Distance from the origin to the plane 3𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 7 = 0 is [MAR-2023][JULY-2022][JUNE-2024]
(1)0 (2)1 (3)2 (4)3
20. The distance between the planes 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 7 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 + 7 = 0 is [MAR-2020]
√7 7 √7 7
(1)2 (2)2 (3) 2 (4)2
√2 √2
1 1 1
21. If the direction cosines of a line are , , , then
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
(1)𝑐 = ±3 (2)𝑐 ± √3 (3)𝑐 > 0 (4)0 < 𝑐 < 1
̂ ̂
22. The vector equation 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘 ) + 𝑡(6𝑖̂ − 𝑘 ) represents a straight line passing through the points
(1)(0, 6, −1) and (1, −2, −1) (2)(0, 6, −1) and (−1, −4, −2)
(3)(1, −2, −1) and (1, 4, −2) (4)(1, −2, −1) and (0, −6, 1)
23. If the distance of the point (1, 1, 1) from the origin is half of its distance from the plane
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑘 = 0, then the values of 𝑘 are
(1)±3 (2)±6 (3)−3, 9 (4)3, −9

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 59

24. If the planes 𝑟⃗. (2𝑖̂ − 𝜆𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) = 3 and 𝑟⃗. (4𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝜇𝑘̂ ) = 5 are parallel, then the value of 𝜆 and 𝜇 are
1 1 1 1
(1)2 , −2 (2)− 2 , 2 (3)− 2 , −2 (4)2 , 2 [AUG-2021]
1
25. If the length of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 1, 𝜆 > 0 is 5 ,
then the value of 𝜆 is
(1)2√3 (2)3√2 (3)0 (4)1

7. APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

EXERCISE 7.10
1. The volume of a sphere is increasing in volume at the rate of 3𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 /sec.
1
The rate of change of its radius when radius is 𝑐𝑚
2
1
(1)3 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 (2)2 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 (3)1 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 (4)2 𝑐𝑚/𝑠
2. A balloon rises straight up at 10 m/s. An observer is 40 m away from the spot where the balloon left the
ground. Find the rate of change of the balloon’s angle of elevation in radian per second when the balloon
is 30 metres above the ground.
3 4 1 1
(1)25 radians/sec (2)25 radians/sec (3)5 radians/sec (4)3 radians/sec
3. The position of a particle moving along a horizontal line of any time 𝑡 is given by 𝑠(𝑡) = 3𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 − 8.
The time at which the particle is at rest is [AUG-2021][MAR-2020]
1
(1)𝑡 = 0 (2)𝑡 = 3 (3)𝑡 = 1 (4)𝑡 = 3
4. A stone is thrown up vertically. The height it reaches at time 𝑡 seconds is given by 𝑥 = 80𝑡 − 16𝑡 2 .
The stone reaches the maximum height in time 𝑡 seconds is given by [JULY-2022]
(1)2 (2)2.5 (3)3 (4)3.5
3
5. Find the point on the curve 6𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 at which 𝑦-coordinate changes 8 times as fast as 𝑥-coordinate is
(1)(4, 11) (2)(4, −11) (3)(−4, 11) (4)(−4, −11)
6. The abscissa of the point on the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = √8 − 2𝑥 at which the slope of the tangent is −0.25?
(1)−8 (2)−4 (3)−2 (4)0 [MAR-2023]
𝜋
7. The slope of the line normal to the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 cos 4𝑥 at 𝑥 = 12 is
√3
(1)−4√3 (2)−4 (3)12 (4)4√3
8. The tangent to the curve 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 9 = 0 is vertical when
1
(1)𝑦 = 0 (2)𝑦 = ±√3 (3)𝑦 = 2 (4)𝑦 = ±3
9. Angle between 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 at the origin is [MAR-2023][JULY-2022][SEP-2020]
3 4 𝜋 𝜋
(1)tan−1 4 (2)tan−1 (3) (3)2 (4)4
lim 1
10. The value of the limit (cot 𝑥 − 𝑥) is [JUNE-2024]
𝑥→0
(1)0 (2)1 (3)2 (4)∞
4 4
11. The function sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 is increasing in the interval
5𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1)[ 8 ,4
] (2)[ 2 ,8
] (3)[ 4 , 2 ] (4)[0, 4 ]
12. The number given by the Rolle’s theorem for the function 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ [0, 3] is [SEP-2020][MAR-2024]
3
(1)1 (2)√2 (3)2 (4)2
1
13. The number given by the Mean value theorem for the function 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ [1, 9]is [JUNE-2023]
(1)2 (2)2.5 (3)3 (4)3.5
14. The minimum value of the function |3 − 𝑥| + 9 is [MAY-2022]
(1)0 (2)3 (3)6 (4)9
15. The maximum slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ [0, 2𝜋] is at
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
(1)𝑥 = 4
(2)𝑥 = 2
(3)𝑥 = 𝜋 (4)𝑥 = 2

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 60

16. The maximum value of the function 𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0 is [MAR-2023]
1 1 1 4
(1) (2) (3) (4)
𝑒 2𝑒 𝑒2 𝑒4
17. One of the closest points on the curve 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 4 to the point (6, 0) is
(1)(2, 0) (2)(√5, 1) (3)(3, √5) (4)(√13, −√3)
18. The maximum value of the product of two positive numbers, when their sum of the
squares is 200, is
(1)100 (2)25√7 (3)28 (4)24√14
4 2
19. The curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 with 𝑎𝑏 > 0
(1)has no horizontal tangent (2)is concave up
(3)is concave down (4)has no points of inflection
3
20. The point of inflection of the curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1) is [MAY-2022][JUNE-2024]
(1)(0, 0) (2)(0, 1) (3)(1, 0) (4)(1, 1)

8. DIFFERENTIALS AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

EXERCISE 8.8
1. A circular template has a radius of 10 cm. the measurement of radius has an approximate error 0.02 cm.
Then the percentage error in calculating area of this template is
(1)0.2% (2)0.4% (3)0.04% (4)0.08%
2. The percentage error of fifth root of 31 is approximately how many times the percentage error in 31?
1 1
(1) (2) (3)5 (4)31 [JULY-2022]
31 5
2 +𝑦2 𝜕𝑢
3. If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 , then 𝜕𝑥 is equal to [JUNE-2023][MAR-2020]
2 +𝑦2
(1)𝑒 𝑥 (2)2𝑥𝑢 (3)𝑥 2 𝑢 (4)𝑦 2 𝑢
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
4. If 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = log(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 ) then + is equal to
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1
(1)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 (2) (3)2 (4)1
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 𝑦
𝜕𝑤
5. If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 , 𝑥 > 0, then 𝜕𝑥 is equal to [SEP-2020]
(1)𝑥 𝑦 log 𝑥 (2)𝑦 log 𝑥 (3)𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 (4)𝑥 log 𝑦
𝜕2 𝑓
6. If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 , then 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 is equal to
(1)𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 (2)(1 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑒 𝑥𝑦 (3)(1 + 𝑦)𝑒 𝑥𝑦 (4)(1 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥𝑦
7. If we measure the side of a cube to be 4 cm with an error of 0.1 cm, then the error in our calculation of
the volume is [AUG-2021]
(1)0.4 cu. cm (2)0.45 cu.cm (3)2 cu. cm (4)4.8 cu. cm
2
8. The change in the surface area 𝑆 = 6𝑥 of a cube when the edge length varies from 𝑥0 to 𝑥0 + 𝑑𝑥 is
(1)12𝑥0 + 𝑑𝑥 (2)12𝑥0 𝑑𝑥 (3)6𝑥0 𝑑𝑥 (4)6𝑥0 + 𝑑𝑥
9. The approximate change in the volume 𝑉 of a cube of side 𝑥 metres caused by increasing the side by 1% is
(1)0.3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑚3 (2)0.03𝑥𝑚3 (3)0.03𝑥 2 𝑚3 (4)0.03𝑥 3 𝑚3
𝑑𝑔
10. If 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 , 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 and 𝑦(𝑡) = cos 𝑡, then 𝑑𝑡 is equal to
(1)6𝑒 2𝑡 + 5 sin 𝑡 − 4 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡 (2)6𝑒 2𝑡 − 5 sin 𝑡 + 4 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡
(3)3𝑒 2𝑡 + 5 sin 𝑡 + 4 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡 (4)3𝑒 2𝑡 − 5 sin 𝑡 + 4 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑥
11. If 𝑓(𝑥) = , then its differential is given by [MAR-2024][MAY-2022]
𝑥+1
−1 1 1 −1
(1)(𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥 (2)(𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥 (3) 𝑑𝑥 (4) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1 𝑥+1
𝜕𝑢
12. If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 2019, then 𝜕𝑥 | is equal to
(4,−5)
(1)−4 (2)−3 (3)−7 (4)13

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 61

 𝜋
13. Linear approximation for 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 2 is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1)𝑥 + (2)−𝑥 + (3)𝑥 − (4)−𝑥 −
2 2 2 2
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
14. If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑧) + 𝑦 2 (𝑧 − 𝑥) + 𝑧 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦), then 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝜕𝑧 is
(1)𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 (2)𝑥(𝑦 + 𝑧) (3)𝑦(𝑧 + 𝑥) (4)0
15. If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥, then 𝑓𝑥 − 𝑓𝑧 is equal to [JUNE-2024]
(1)𝑧 − 𝑥 (2)𝑦 − 𝑧 (3)𝑥 − 𝑧 (4)𝑦 − 𝑥

9. APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
EXERCISE 9.10
2
𝑑𝑥
1. The value of ∫0 3 is [MAR-2020]
√4−9𝑥 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1)6 (2)2 (3)4 (4)𝜋
2
2. The value of ∫−1|𝑥|𝑑𝑥 is [JUNE-2023][JULY-2022][JUNE-2024]
1 3 5 7
(1)2 (2)2 (3)2 (4)2
𝜋 2𝑥
3. For any value of 𝑛𝜖ℤ, ∫0 𝑒 cos cos3[(2𝑛 + 1)𝑥]𝑑𝑥 is
𝜋
(1) (2)𝜋 (3)0 (4)2
2
𝜋
4. The value of ∫ sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is [AUG-2021]
2
𝜋
–
2
3 1 2
(1)2 (2)2 (3)0 (4)3
4 𝑥2 𝑥 4 +1
5. The value of ∫–4[tan−1 (𝑥 4 +1) + tan−1 ( 𝑥2
)] 𝑑𝑥 is
(1)𝜋 (2)2𝜋 (3)3𝜋 (4)4𝜋
𝜋
4 2𝑥 7 −3𝑥 5 +7𝑥 3 −𝑥+1
6. The value of ∫ ( 𝜋 ) 𝑑𝑥 is
– cos2 𝑥
4
(1)4 (2)3 (3)2 (4)0
𝑥 𝑑𝑓
7. If 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫0 𝑡 cot 𝑡 𝑑𝑡, then 𝑑𝑥
= [SEP-2022][JUNE-2024]
(1)cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 sin 𝑥 (2)sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (3)𝑥 cos 𝑥 (4)𝑥 sin 𝑥
2
8. The area between 𝑦 = 4𝑥 and its latus rectum is [JULY-2022][MAR-2023][MAR-2024]
2 4 8 5
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 3 3 3
1
9. The value of ∫0 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)99 𝑑𝑥 is [MAY-2022]
1 1 1 1
(1)11000 (2)10100 (3)10010 (4)10001
𝜋 𝑑𝑥
10. The value of ∫0 1+5cos 𝑥
is
𝜋 3𝜋
(1) (2)𝜋 (3) (4)2𝜋
2 2
Γ(𝑛+2)
11. If Γ(𝑛) = 90 then 𝑛 is
(1)10 (2)5 (3)8 (4)9
𝜋
12. The value of ∫0 cos 3 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is
6

2 2 1 1
(1)3 (2)9 (3)9 (4)3
𝜋
13. The Value of ∫0 sin4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 is [JUNE-2023][MAR-2020]
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
(1)10 (2) 8 (3) 4 (4) 2
∞
14. The value of ∫0 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 is [MAY-2022]
7 5 4 2
(1)27 (2)27 (3)27 (4)27

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 62

 𝑎 1 𝜋
15. If ∫0 4+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 = 8
then 𝑎 is
(1)4 (2)1 (3)3 (4)2
2
16. The volume of solid of revolution of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑎 − 𝑥) about 𝑥-axis is
𝜋𝑎 3 𝜋𝑎 3 𝜋𝑎 3
(1)𝜋𝑎3 (2) (3) (4)
4 5 6
2
𝑥 𝑒 sin 𝑢 3 𝑒 sin 𝑥 1
17. If 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫1 𝑢
𝑑𝑢, 𝑥 > 1 and ∫1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 2 [𝑓(𝑎) − 𝑓(1)], then one of the possible value of 𝑎 is
(1)3 (2)6 (3)9 (4)5
1
18. The value of ∫0 (sin−1 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 is
𝜋2 𝜋2 𝜋2 𝜋2
(1) 4 − 1 (2) 4 + 2 (3) 4 + 1 (4) 4 − 2
𝑎 3
19. The value of ∫0 (√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 is [MAR-2024]
𝜋𝑎 3 3𝜋𝑎 4 3𝜋𝑎 2 3𝜋𝑎 4
(1) 16 (2) 16
(3) 8
(4) 8
𝑥 1
20. If ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 + ∫𝑥 𝑡𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡, then the value of 𝑓(1) is
1 3
(1)2 (2)2 (3)1 (4)4

10. ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

EXERCISE 10.9
1
1
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
1. The order and degree of the differential + (𝑑𝑥 )
+ 𝑥 4 = 0 [AUG-2021][JUNE-2024]
equation 𝑑𝑥 2
(1)2, 3 (2)3, 3 (3)2, 6 (4)2, 4
2. The differential equation representing the family of curves 𝑦 = 𝐴 cos(𝑥 + 𝐵), where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are
parameters, is [JULY-2022]
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑥
(1)𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑦 = 0 (2)𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 0 (3)𝑑𝑥 2 = 0 (4)𝑑𝑦 2 = 0
3. The order and degree of the differential equation √sin 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦) = cos 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦) is
(1)1, 2 (2)2, 2 (3)1, 1 (4)2, 1
4. The order of the differential equation of all circles with centre at (ℎ, 𝑘) and radius ′𝑎′ is [JULY-2022]
(1)2 (2)3 (3)4 (4)1 [MAR-2020]
5. The differential equation of the family of curves 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥 , where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are arbitary
constants is [MAR-2024]
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(1)𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 0 (2)𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑦 = 0 (3)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 (4)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
6. The general solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 is [MAR-2023]
(1)𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘 (2)𝑦 = 𝑘 log 𝑥 (3)𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 (4)log 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑦
7. The solution of the differential equation 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3 represents
𝑑𝑥
(1)straight lines (2)circles (3)parabola (4)ellipse
𝑑𝑦
8. The solution of 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 = 0 is [MAY-2022][AUG-2021]
(1)𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 (2)𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 (3)𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑦 (4)𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1+𝑦
9. The integrating factor of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝜆 is
𝑥 𝑒𝜆
(1)𝑒 𝜆 (2) 𝑥 (3)𝜆𝑒 𝑥 (4)𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
10. The integrating factor of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥) is 𝑥, then 𝑃(𝑥)
𝑥2 1 1
(1)𝑥 (2) 2 (3)𝑥 (4)𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 2 1 𝑑𝑦 3
11. The degree of the differential equation 𝑦(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑑𝑥 + 1.2 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 1.2.3 (𝑑𝑥 ) + ⋯ is
(1)2 (2)3 (3)1 (4)4
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
12. If 𝑝 and 𝑞 are the order and degree of the differential equation 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥𝑦 = cos 𝑥 when
(1)𝑝 < 𝑞 (2)𝑝 = 𝑞 (3)𝑝 > 𝑞 (4)𝑝 exists and 𝑞 does not exist

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 63

 𝑑𝑦 1
13. The solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + = 0 is
√1−𝑥 2
(1)𝑦 + sin−1 𝑥 = 𝑐 (2)𝑥 + sin−1 𝑦 = 0 (3)𝑦 2 + 2 sin−1 𝑥 = 𝐶 (4)𝑥 2 + 2 sin−1 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
14. The solution of the differential equation = 2𝑥𝑦 is
𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 2
(1)𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 (2)𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶 (3)𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶 (4)𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
15. The general solution of the differential equation log (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 is
(1)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝐶 (2)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝐶 (3) 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝐶 (4)𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
16. The solution of 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦−𝑥 is
1 1
(1)2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝐶 (2)2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 𝐶 (3)2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 𝐶 (4)𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝜙( )
𝑥
17. The solution of the differential equation = + 𝑦 is [SEP-2020]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝜙′ ( )
𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
(1)𝑥𝜙 (𝑥 ) = 𝑘 (2)𝜙 (𝑥 ) = 𝑘𝑥 (3)𝑦𝜙 (𝑥 ) = 𝑘 (4)𝜙 (𝑥 ) = 𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑦
18. If sin 𝑥 is the integrating factor of the linear differential equation + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, then 𝑃 is [MAY-2022]
𝑑𝑥
(1)log sin 𝑥 (2)cos 𝑥 (3)tan 𝑥 (4)cot 𝑥 [JUNE-2024]
19. The number of arbitrary constants in the general solution of order 𝑛 and 𝑛 + 1 are respectively
(1)𝑛 − 1, 𝑛 (2)𝑛, 𝑛 + 1 (3)𝑛 + 1, 𝑛 + 2 (4)𝑛 + 1, 𝑛
20. The number of arbitary constants in the particular solution of a differential equation of third order is
(1)3 (2)2 (3)1 (4)0
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦+1
21. Integrating factor of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥+1
is
1 1
(1)𝑥+1 (2)𝑥 + 1 (3) 𝑥+1 (4)√𝑥 + 1
√
22. The population 𝑃 in any year 𝑡 is such that the rate of increase in the population is proportional to the
population. Then [JUNE-2023]
(1)𝑃 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 (2)𝑃 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 (3)𝑃 = 𝐶𝑘𝑡 (4)𝑃 = 𝐶
23. 𝑃 is the amount of certain substance left in after time 𝑡 . in the rate of evaporation of the substance is
proportional to the amount remaining, then
(1)𝑃 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 (2)𝑃 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 (3)𝑃 = 𝐶𝑘𝑡 (4)𝑃𝑡 = 𝐶
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥+3
24. If the solution of the differential equation = represents a circle, then the value of 𝑎 is
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦+𝑓
(1)2 (2)−2 (3)1 (4)−1
𝑑𝑦
25. The slope at any point of a curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is given by = 3𝑥 2 and it passes through (−1, 1) .
𝑑𝑥
Then the equation of the curve is
(1)𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2 (2)𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 4 (3)𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 + 4 (4)𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 5

11. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

EXERCISE 11.6
2
𝑥≥1
1. Let X be random variable with probability density function𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑥 3
0 𝑥<1
Which of the following statement is correct?
(1)both mean and variance exist (2)mean exists but variance does not exist
(3)both mean and variance do not exist (4)variance exists but Mean does not exist
2. A rod of length 2𝑙 is broken into two pieces at random. The probability density function of the shorter of
1
0<𝑥<𝑙
the two pieces is𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑙 The mean and variance of the shorter of the two pieces
0 𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 < 2𝑙
are respectively
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2
(1) , (2) , (3)𝑙, (4) ,
2 3 2 6 12 2 12

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 64

3. Consider a game where the player tosses a six-sided fair die. If the face that comes up is 6 the player wins
Rs.36, other wise he loses Rs.𝑘 2, where k is the face that comes up 𝑘 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. The expected
amount to win at this game in Rs is
19 19 3 3
(1) 6 (2)− 6
(3)2 (4)− 2
4. A pair of dice numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 of a six-sided die and 1, 2, 3, 4 of a four-sided die is rolled and the
sum is determined. Let the random variable 𝑋 denote this sum. Then the number of elements in the
inverse image of 7 is [AUG-2021]
(1)1 (2)2 (3)3 (4)4
5. A random variable 𝑋 has binomial distribution with 𝑛 = 25 and 𝑝 = 0.8 then standard deviation of 𝑋 is
[JUNE-2023][MAR-2020][MAR-2024]
(1)6 (2)4 (3)3 (4)2
6. Let 𝑋 represent the difference between the number of heads and the number of tails obtained when a
coin is tossed 𝑛 times. Then the possible values of 𝑋 are
(1)𝑖 + 2𝑛, 𝑖 = 0, 1, 2, … 𝑛 (2)2𝑖 − 𝑛, 𝑖 = 0, 1, 2, … 𝑛
(3)𝑛 − 𝑖, 𝑖 = 0,2, … 𝑛 (4)2𝑖 + 2𝑛, 𝑖 = 0, 1,2, . . . 𝑛
1
7. If the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 12 for 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏, represents a probability density function of a continuous random
variable 𝑋, then which of the following cannot be the value of 𝑎 and 𝑏?
(1)0 and 12 (2)5 and 17 (3)7 and 19 (4)16 and 24
8. Four buses carrying 160 students from the same school arrive at a football stadium. The buses carry,
respectively, 42, 36, 34, and 48 students. One of the students is randomly selected. Let 𝑋 denote the
number of students that were on the bus carrying the randomly selected student. One of the 4 bus
drivers is also randomly selected. Let 𝑌denote the number of students on that bus.
Then 𝐸[𝑋] and 𝐸[𝑌] respectively are
(1)50, 40 (2)40, 50 (3)40.75, 40 (4)41, 41
9. Two coins are to be flipped. The first coin will land on heads with probability 0.6, the second with
Probability 0.5. Assume that the results of the flips are independent, and let 𝑋 equal the total number of
heads that result. The value of 𝐸[𝑋] is
(1)0.11 (2)1.1 (3)11 (4)1
10. On a multiple-choice exam with 3 possible destructives for each of the 5 questions, the probability that a
student will get 4 or more correct answers just by guessing is
11 3 1 5
(1)243 (2)8 (3)243 (4)243
11. If 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 1). If 𝐸[𝑋] = 3 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋), then 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) is
2 2 1 1
(1)3 (2)5 (3)5 (4)3
12. If 𝑋 is a binomial random variable with expected value 6 and variance 2.4, then 𝑃(𝑋 = 5) is
10 3 6 2 4 10 3 10 10 3 4 2 6 10 3 5 2 5
(1)( ) (5) (5) (2)( ) (5) (3)( ) (5) (5) (4)( ) (5) (5)
5 5 5 5
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 0 < 𝑥 < 1
13. The random variable 𝑋 has the probability density function𝑓(𝑥) = {
0 otherwise
7
and 𝐸(𝑋) = 12, then 𝑎 and 𝑏 are respectively
1 1
(1)1 and 2 (2)2 and 1 (3)2 and 1 (4)1 and 2
14. Suppose that 𝑋 takes on one of the values 0,1, and 2. If for some constant 𝑘,
1
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑖) = 𝑘𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑖 − 1) for 𝑖 = 1,2 and 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 7, then the value of 𝑘 is [MAR-2023]
(1)1 (2)2 (3)3 (4)4
15. Which of the following is a discrete random variable?
I. The number of cars crossing a particular signal in a day.
II. The number of customers in a queue to buy train tickets at a moment.
III. The time taken to complete a telephone call
(1)I and II (2)II only (3)III only (4)II and III

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 65

 2𝑥 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
16. If 𝑓(𝑥) = { is a probability density function of a random variable, then the value of 𝑎 is
0 otherwise
(1)1 (2)2 (3)3 (4)4
17. The probability mass function of a random variable is defined as The 𝐸(𝑋) is equal to
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑘 2𝑘 3𝑘 4𝑘 5𝑘
1 1 1 2
(1)15 (2)10 (3)3 (4)3
18. Let 𝑋 have a Bernoulli distribution with mean 0.4, then the variance of (2𝑋 − 3) is
(1)0.24 (2)0.48 (3)0.6 (4)0.96
19. If in 6 trails, 𝑋 is a binomial variable which follows the relation 9𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 2),
then the probability of success is [JUNE-2024]
(1)0.125 (2)0.25 (3)0.375 (4)0.75
20. A computer salesperson knows from his past experience that he sells computers to one in every twenty
customers who enter the showroom. What is the probability that he will sell a computer to exactly two
of the next three customers?
57 57 193 57
(1)203 (2)202 (3)203 (4)20

12. DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

EXERCISE 12.3
1. A binary operation on a set S is a function from
(1) 𝑆 → 𝑆 (2) (𝑆 × 𝑆) → 𝑆 (3) 𝑆 → (𝑆 × 𝑆) (4)(𝑆 × 𝑆) → (𝑆 × 𝑆)
2. Subtraction is not a binary operation in [MAR-2020]
(1)ℝ (2) ℤ (3) ℕ (4) ℚ
3. Which one of the following is a binary operation on ℕ ?[JULY-2022][MAY-2022]
(1) Subtraction (2) Multiplication (3) Division (4) All the above
4. In the set ℝ of real numbers ‘ ∗ ’ is defined as follows. Which one of the following is not a binary
operation on ℝ ? [AUG-2021]
(1) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑎. 𝑏) (2) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) (3) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 (4) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏
𝑎𝑏
5. The operation ∗ defined by 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 7
is not a binary operation on [MAR-2023][SEP-2020]
+
(1) ℚ (2) ℤ (3) ℝ (4) ℂ
6. In the set ℚ define 𝑎 ⊙ 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 . For what value of y, 3 ⊙ (𝑦 ⊙ 5) = 7 ?
2 −2 −3
(1) 𝑦 = (2) 𝑦 = (3) 𝑦 = (4) 𝑦 = 4
3 3 2
7. If 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = √𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 on the real numbers then ∗ is
(1) commutative but not associative (2) associative but not commutative
(3) both commutative and associative (4) neither commutative nor associative
8. Which one of the following statements has the truth value ?
(1) sin 𝑥 is an even function. (2) Every square matrix is non-singular
(3) The product of complex number and its conjugate is purely imaginary
(4) √5 is an irrational number
9. Which one of the following statements has truth value F ?
(1) Chennai is in India or √2 is an integer (2) Chennai is in India or √2 is an irrational number
(3) Chennai is in China or √2 is an integer (4) Chennai is in China or √2is an irrational number
10. If a compound statement involves 3 simple statements, then the number of rows in the truth
table is[JUNE-2023][JUNE-2024]
(1) 9 (2) 8 (3) 6 (4) 3

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 66

11. Which one is the inverse of the statement ( 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) → ( 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ?
(1) ( 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) → ( 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) (2)¬( 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) → ( 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞)
(3) (¬𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑞) → (¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞) (4) (¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞) → (¬𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑞)
12. Which one is the contrapositive of the statement ( 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) → 𝑟?
(1) ¬𝑟 → (¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞) (2) ¬𝑟 → ( 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞)
(3) 𝑟 → ( 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) (4) 𝑝 → (𝑞 ∨ 𝑟)
13. The truth table for ( 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∨ ¬𝑞 is given below
𝒑 𝒒 (𝒑 ∧ 𝒒) ∨ (¬𝒒)
𝑇 𝑇 (𝑎)
𝑇 𝐹 (𝑏)
𝐹 𝑇 (𝑐)
𝐹 𝐹 (𝑑)
Which one of the following is true?
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) T T T T (2) T F T T
(3) T T F T (4) T F F F
14. In the last column of the truth table for ¬( 𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑞) the number of final outcomes of the
truth value ′𝐹 ′ are
(1)1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
15. Which one of the following is incorrect? For any two propositions 𝑝 and 𝑞 , we have
(1) ¬ ( 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ≡ ¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞 (2) ¬ ( 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ≡ ¬𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑞
(3) ¬ ( 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ≡ ¬𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑞 (4) ¬ (¬𝑝) ≡ 𝑝
16. Which one of the following is correct for the truth value of ( 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) → ¬𝑝 ?
𝒑 𝒒 (𝒑 ∧ 𝒒) → ¬𝒑
𝑇 𝑇 (𝑎)
𝑇 𝐹 (𝑏)
𝐹 𝑇 (𝑐)
𝐹 𝐹 (𝑑)

(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)

(1) T T T T (2) F T T T
(3) F F T T (4) T T T F
17. The dual of ¬ ( 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ∨ [ 𝑝 ∨ ( 𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑟)] is
(1) ¬ ( 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∧ [ 𝑝 ∨ ( 𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑟)] (2) ( 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∧ [ 𝑝 ∧ ( 𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑟)]
(3) ¬ ( 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∧ [ 𝑝 ∧ ( 𝑝 ∧ 𝑟)] (4) ¬ ( 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∧ [ 𝑝 ∧ ( 𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑟)]
18. The proposition 𝑝 ∧ (¬𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) is
(1) a tautology (2) a contradiction
(3) logically equivalent to 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 (4) logically equivalent to 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞
19. Determine the truth value of each of the following statements:
(a) 4 + 2 = 5 and 6 + 3 = 9 (b) 3 + 2 = 5 and 6 + 1 = 7
(c) 4 + 5 = 9 and1 + 2 = 4 (d) 3 + 2 = 5 and 4 + 7 = 11
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) F T F T (2) T F T F
(3) T T F F (4) F F T T
20. Which one of the following is not true?
(1) Negation of a negation of a statement is the statement itself.
(2) If the last column of the truth table contains only 𝑇 then it is a tautology.
(3) If the last column of its truth table contains only 𝐹 then it is a contradiction
(4) If p and q are any two statements then 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞 is a tautology.

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 67

 COME BOOK ONE MARKS

1. APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

1. Which of the following are correct ?
1 1
(i) |𝐴−1 | = |𝐴| (ii) (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑇 (iii) (𝜆𝐴−1 ) = 𝜆A-1, 𝜆 ≠ 0
(1) (i)only (2)(i)and (ii)only (3)(i) and (iii)only (4)all
2. Which of the following are incorrect?
(i) A is non singular and 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝐶
(ii) A is non singular and 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴 ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝐶
(iii) A and B are non singular of same order then (AB)-1 = B-1A-1
(iv) A is non singular then A = (A-1)-1
(1) none (2)(i)and (ii) (3)(ii) and (iii) (4)(iii) and (iv)
3. Which of the following is incorrect?
(1) 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = |𝐴|n-2 A (2) |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = An-1
2
(3) |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)| = |𝐴|(𝑛−1) (4) (adj A)T = adj(AT)
4. A is of order n, 𝜆 ≠ 0 then adj (𝜆A) =
1
(1) 𝜆n-1adj (A) (2) 𝜆n-2adj(A) (3)𝜆 adj(A) (4) 𝜆nadj(A)
5. If A is a n, non singular matrix then [adj (A)]-1 is
1 1
(1) ≠ adj (A−1 ) and = |𝐴| A (2) = adj (A−1 ) and ≠ |𝐴|
A
1 1
(3) ≠ adj (A−1 ) and ≠ |𝐴|
A (4)= adj (A−1 ) and = |𝐴|
A
6. Consider the statements:
𝐴: 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐵 ∶ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴𝐵) = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴). 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐵),
Choose the correct option
(1) Both statements are correct (2) Neither statements are correct
(3) A is correct, B is incorrect (4) A is incorrect, B is correct
7. A is orthogonal and consider the statements and select the suitable option:
A : A−1 = AT B : A AT = AT A = I
(1) A and B are true (2) A only true (3)B only true (4)both are false
8. Which of the following are correct in the case of a rank of a matrix A of order m × n?
(i) rank of In is n
(ii) A is of order m × n then 𝜌(A) ≤ min (m,n)
(iii) The necessary and sufficient condition to find inverse of an n×n matrix is 𝜌(A) = n
(1) all (2)(i) and (iii) (3)(ii) and (iii) only (4)(iii) and (iv)
9. In the case of Cramer’s rule which of the following are correct?
(i) ∆ = 0 (ii) ∆ ≠ 0
(iii) the system has unique solution (iv) the system has infinitely many solutions
(1) (i) and (iv) (2)(ii) and (iii) (3)all (4) none
10. If 𝜌 represent the rank and, A and B are n×n matrices, then
(1) 𝜌 (A+B) = 𝜌 (A) + 𝜌 (B) (2) 𝜌 (AB) = 𝜌 (A) 𝜌 (B) (3) 𝜌 (A − B) = 𝜌(A) – 𝜌(𝐵) (4) 𝜌(A+B)≤ n

2. COMPLEX NUMBERS
1. If √−1 = 𝑖 and 𝑛 𝜖 ℕ then
(1) 𝑖 4𝑛+3 = −𝑖 (2) 𝑖 8𝑛+2 = 1 (3) 𝑖 100𝑛+4 = −1 (4) 𝑖 4𝑛+5 = 1
2. Which of the statement is incorrect if 𝑖 = √−1 and z is any complex number?
𝜋
(1) 𝑖𝑍 is obtained by rotating z in the anti clockwise direction through an angle 2

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 68

 𝜋
(2) 𝑖𝑍 is obtained by rotating z in the clockwise direction through an angle 2
(3) −𝑍 is obtained by rotating z in the anti clock wise direction through an angle 𝜋
𝜋
(4) −𝑖𝑍 is obtained by rotating 𝑧 in the clockwise direction through an angle
2
3. Find the correct statements.
(i) Conjugate of the sum of two complex numbers is equal to the sum of their conjugates.
(ii) Conjugate of the difference of two complex numbers is equal to the difference of their conjugates.
(iii) Conjugate of the product of two complex numbers is equal to the product of their conjugates.
(iv) Conjugate of the quotient of two complex numbers is equal to the quotient of their conjugates.
(1) all (2) (i) and (iii)only (3) (i)and (iv)only (4)(ii),(iii),(iv)only
4. Identify the incorrect statement.
1
(1) |𝑧|2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑧
= 𝑧̅ (2) Re(z)≤ |𝑧| (3)||𝑧1 | − |𝑧2 || ≥ |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | (4) |𝑧 𝑛 | = |𝑧|𝑛
5. If |𝑧 − 𝑧1 | = |𝑧 − 𝑧2 | , the locus of z is
(1) the perpendicular bisector of line joining z1 and z2
(2) a line parallel to the line joining the points z1 and z2
(3) a circle, where z1 and z2 are the end points of a diameter
(4) a line joining z1 and 𝑧2
6. Which of the following are correct statements?
𝜋
(i) 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (ii)𝑒 𝑖 2 = 𝑖
(iii) 𝑒 𝑖(𝑥+𝑖𝑦) = 𝑒 −𝑦 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) (iv) 𝑒 −𝑖(𝑦−𝑖𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)
(1) (i) and (iv) only (2) (iii)only (3) (i),(ii),and (iii) (4) all
7. Which of the following are correct?
(i) arg (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) = arg(𝑧1 ) + arg(𝑧2 ) (ii) arg (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) = arg(𝑧1 ) − arg (𝑧2 )
𝑧
(iii) arg (z1z2) = arg(z1)+arg (z2) (iv) arg ( 1 ) = arg(z1) − arg (z2)
𝑧2
(1)(i),(ii)and (iv) (2) all (3)(iii) and (iv) (4)(i) and (ii)
8. Which of the following are incorrect?
(i) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝜃 if 𝑚 is a negative integer
𝜋 𝜋
(ii) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 ( − 𝜃) + 𝑖 sin 𝑛 ( − 𝜃)
2 2
(iii) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) −𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝜃 if 𝑚 is a negative integer
(iv) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃
(1)none (2)(i) and (iv) (3)(i)and (ii) (4)(iii) and (iv)
𝑡ℎ
9. In the case 𝑛 roots of unity, identify the correct statements.
(i) the roots are in G.P (ii) sum of the roots is zero
𝑛+1
(iii) Product of the roots is (−1) (iv) the roots are lying on a unit circle
(1) (i) and (ii) only (2) (ii)and (iii)only (3)all (4)(i),(ii)and (iii) only
28
10. cis 5
𝜋 is equal to
2𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
(i)𝑐𝑖𝑠 (− 5
) (2) 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( 5 ) (3) 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( 5 ) (4) 𝑐𝑖𝑠 (− 5
)

3. THEORY OF EQUATIONS
1. The statement “A polynomial equation of degree 𝑛 has exactly 𝑛 roots which are either real or complex”is
(1) Fundamental theorem of Algebra (2)Rational root theorem
(3) Descartes rule (4) Complex conjugate root theorem
2. Identify the correct answer regarding the statements
Statements A : If a complex number 𝑧0 is a root of 𝑝(𝑥) = 0 then 𝑧̅0 is also a root.
Statements B : For a polynomial equation with real coefficients, complex (imaginary)
Roots occur in conjugate pairs
(1) Both are true (2) Both are false (3) A is false, B is true (4) A is false, B is true

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 69

3. If 𝑝 + √𝑞 and −𝑖√𝑞 are the roots of a polynomial equation with rational coefficients then the least
possible degree of the equation is
(1) 2 (2)1 (3)3 (4)4
𝑝
4. If (where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are co-primes), is a root of a polynomial equation 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎0 = 0,
𝑞
then identify the correct option.
Statements A : 𝑝 is a factor of 𝑎0 and 𝑞 is a factor of 𝑎𝑛 .
Statements B: 𝑞 is a factor of 𝑎0 and 𝑝 is a factor of 𝑎𝑛 .
(1)both are not true (2) both are true
(3) A is correct but B is false (4) A is incorrect but B is correct
5. A polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) of degree 𝑛 is said to be a reciprocal polynomial if
1 1 1 1
(1) either 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑝 (𝑥) 𝑜𝑟 𝑝(𝑥) = −𝑥 𝑛 𝑝 (𝑥) (2) 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑝 (𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝(𝑥) = −𝑥 𝑛 𝑝 (𝑥)
1 1 1 1
(3) either 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑝 (𝑥) 𝑜𝑟 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑝 (− 𝑥) (4) 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑝 (𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑝 (− 𝑥)
6. Regarding Descarte’s Rule, which of the following are true, where 𝑠1 , 𝑠2 are the number of sign changes
in 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑝(−𝑥) respectively.
(i) the number of positive zeros >𝑠1 (ii) the number of positive zeros ≤ 𝑠1
(iii) the number of negative zeros ≤ 𝑠2 (iv) the total number of zeros = 𝑠1 + 𝑠2
(1) (ii) and (iii) only (2) (i) and (iv) (3) all (4)none

4. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 is a periodic function with period
(1)0 (2)𝜋 (3) 2𝜋 (4) 4𝜋
2
2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 is
(1) an odd function (2) an even function
(3) neither odd nor even (4) either even are odd
3. If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 then the amplitude and period are respectively
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
(1) 𝑎, (2)|𝑏|, |𝑎| (3) |𝑎|, |𝑏| (4) 𝑏,
𝑏 𝑎
4. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (sin−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 if
𝜋
(1)|𝑥| ≤ 1 (2) |𝑥| ≥ 1 (3) |𝑥| < 1 (4) |𝑥| ≤ 2
5. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin 𝑥) = 𝑥 if
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) |𝑥| ≤ 2
(2) |𝑥| < 2
(3) |𝑥| ≥ 2
(4) |𝑥| ≤ 1
−1
6. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (cos 𝑥) = 𝑥 if
(1) |𝑥| < 1 (2) |𝑥| ≤ 1 (3) |𝑥| ≥ 1 (4) |𝑥| = 0
−1
7. cos (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) = 𝑥 if
𝜋 𝜋
(1) −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
(2) 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 (3) 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 (4)−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
8. The amplitude and period of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑥 are respectively
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) |𝑎|, |𝑏|
(2) 𝑎, 𝑏
(3) not defined, |𝑏|
(4) not defined, 𝑏
9. The domain of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 function is
𝜋 𝜋
(1) ℝ ∖ (−1,1) (2) ℝ ∖ {−1,1} (3) [− , ] (4) ℝ − {0}
2 2
−1
10. The domain of secant function and 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 function are respectively
𝜋 𝜋
(1) [0, 𝜋]\ { } 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℝ ∖ (−1,1) (2) ℤ ∖ (−1,1)𝑎𝑛𝑑(0, 𝜋]\ { 2 }
2
𝜋 𝜋
(3) [0, 𝜋]\ { } 𝑎𝑛𝑑 {−1,1} (4) ℤ ∖ {−1,1}𝑎𝑛𝑑(0, 𝜋]\ { 2 }
2

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 70

 5. TWO DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY- II
1. If the point (𝑎, 𝑏)satisfies the inequality 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 < 0 then (𝑎, 𝑏)
(1)lies within the circle (2) lie on the circle (3)lie outside the circle (4) can’t be determined
2. The number of tangents to the circle from inside the circle is
(1) 2 real (2)0 (3) 2 imaginary (4) can’t be determined
3. Which of the following are correct about parabola?
(i) axis of the parabola is axis of symmetry
(ii) vertex is the point of intersection of the axis and the parabola
(iii)latus rectum is a focal chord perpendicular to the axis
(iv) length of latus rectum is 4 times the distance between focus and vertex
(1)all (2)(i)and (ii)only (3)(iii) and (iv)only (4)(i),(ii)and only(iii)only
2 2 2
4. For the equation 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 if 𝐵 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0,
(1) 𝑒 = 1 and represents parabola (2) 𝑒 = 0 and represents parabola
(3) 𝑒 = 1 and represents a circle (4) 𝑒 = 0 and represents a circle
2
5. For the parabola (𝑥 − ℎ) = −4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘), the equation of the directrix is
(1) 𝑦 = 𝑘 (2)𝑦 = 𝑎 (3)𝑥 = 𝑘 + 𝑎 (4) 𝑦 = 𝑘 + 𝑎
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
6. For the ellipse 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2
= 1, 𝑎 < 𝑏
𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑎2
(1) 𝑒 = √1 − <1 (2) 𝑒 = √1 − >1 (3) 𝑒 = √1 − <1 (4) 𝑒 = √1 + < 1 7.
𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏2
Which of the statements are correct?
(i) The some of the focal distances of any point on the ellipse is equal to length of major axis.
(ii) The difference of the focal distances of any point on the hyperbola is equal to the length of its
transverse axis.
(iii) The values of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 decide the type of ellipse.
(iv) The values of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 do not decide the type of the hyperbola
(1) (i) and (ii) only (2) all (3) (i) and (iii) only (4) (i)and (iv) only
2 2
8. In the general equation 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0, if 𝐴 = 𝐶 = 𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝐵 = 𝐷 = 𝐸 = 0
then the curve represents
(1) parabola (2) hyperbola (3) circle or ellipse (4) none of the above
2
9. If 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is a tangent to the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 then the point of contact is
𝑎 2𝑎 −𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 −2𝑎 −𝑎 −2𝑎
(1) ( , ) (2) ( , ) (3) ( , ) (4) ( , )
𝑚2 𝑚 𝑚2 𝑚 𝑚2 𝑚 𝑚2 𝑚
𝑥2 𝑦2
10. Equation of any tangent to the hyperbola 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 is of the form
(1) Either 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + √𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − √𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2
(2) Either 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + √𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − √𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2
(3) Either 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + √𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − √𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2
(4) Either 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + √𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − √𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2
11. 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is a tangent to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 then
𝑎 𝑚
(1) 𝑐 = (2) 𝑐 = (3) 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑚2 (4) 𝑚 = 𝑐
𝑚 𝑎
𝑥2 𝑦2
12. If 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is a tangent to the ellipse 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1 then
(1) 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2 (2) 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑎 𝑚 2 2
(3) 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑚2 (4) 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2
𝑥2 𝑦2
13. The point of contact of the tangent 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 and the ellipse 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1 is
𝑎2 𝑚 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑚 −𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑚 𝑏2 −𝑎 2 𝑚 −𝑏2
(1)( 𝑐
, 𝑐
) (2) ( 𝑐
, 𝑐
) (3) (− 𝑐
, 𝑐
) (4) ( 𝑐
, 𝑐 )

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 71

 6. APPLICATIONS OF VECTOR ALGEBRA
1. Which one is meaningful?
(1) (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑏⃗⃗ . 𝑐⃗) (2) 𝑎⃗ × (5 + 𝑏⃗⃗) (3) (𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ . 𝑑⃗) (4) (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗). (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗)
2. With usual notation which one is not equal to 𝑎⃗. (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗)?
(1)−𝑎⃗ ∙ (𝑐⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) (2) 𝑐⃗ ∙ (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑎⃗) (3) −𝑏⃗⃗ ∙ (𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗) (4) (𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗) ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗
3. Identify the correct statements.
(i)If three vectors are coplanar then their scalar triple product is O.
(ii) If scalar triple product of three vectors is O then they are coplanar
(iii)If 𝑝⃗ = 𝑥1 𝑎⃗ + 𝑦1 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑧1 𝑐⃗ , 𝑞⃗ = 𝑥2 𝑎⃗ + 𝑦2 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑧2 𝑐⃗ , 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥3 𝑎⃗ + 𝑦3 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑧3 𝑐⃗ , and 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are
coplanar then 𝑝⃗, 𝑞⃗, 𝑟⃗ are coplanar
(iv) 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ and 𝑑⃗ are coplanar then (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = 0 ⃗⃗
(1)(i)and (ii)only (2) all (3)(i) and (ii)only (4) (i),(ii)and (iii)only
4. The non-parametric form of vector equation of a straight line passing through a point whose position
vector is 𝑎⃗ and parallel to 𝑢 ⃗⃗ is
(1)𝑟⃗=𝑎⃗ +t𝑢 ⃗⃗ (2) 𝑟⃗ = 𝑢
⃗⃗ +𝑡𝑎⃗ (3)( 𝑟⃗ − 𝑢 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ) × 𝑎⃗ = 0 (4) ( 𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗ ) × 𝑢⃗⃗ = 0⃗⃗
5. Which one of the following is insufficient to find the equation of a straight line?
(1) two points on the line
(2) one point on the line and direction ratios of one parallel line
(3) one point on the line and direction ratios of its perpendicular line
(4) a perpendicular line and a parallel line in Cartesian form.
6. Which of the following statement is incorrect?
(1) if two lines are coplanar then their direction ratios must be same
(2) two coplanar lines must lie in a plane
(3) skew lines are neither parallel nor intersecting
(4) if two lines are parallel or intersecting then they are coplanar
7. The shortest distance between the two skew lines 𝑟⃗=𝑎⃗ +t𝑢 ⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗=𝑏⃗⃗ +t𝑢
⃗⃗ is
⃗⃗−𝑎⃗⃗)∙(𝑢
|(𝑏 ⃗⃗×𝑣
⃗⃗)| ⃗⃗−𝑎⃗⃗)∙(𝑢
|(𝑏 ⃗⃗×𝑣
⃗⃗)| ⃗⃗−𝑎⃗⃗)∙(𝑢
|(𝑏 ⃗⃗ × 𝑣
⃗⃗)| ⃗⃗−𝑎⃗⃗)∙(𝑢
|(𝑏 ⃗⃗ 𝑋𝑣
⃗⃗)|
(1) |𝑢⃗⃗×𝑣⃗⃗|
(2) ⃗⃗×𝑣⃗⃗
(3) ⃗⃗ |
(4) |𝑎⃗⃗|
𝑢 |𝑎⃗⃗×𝑏
8. The non-parametric form of a vector equation passing through a point whose position vector is 𝑎⃗ and
parallel to two vectors 𝑢 ⃗⃗ and 𝑣⃗ is
(1) [𝑟⃗ − 𝑢
⃗⃗, 𝑢
⃗⃗, 𝑣⃗] = 0 (2) [𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗, 𝑢
⃗⃗, 𝑣⃗] = 0 (3) [𝑟⃗ − 𝑣⃗, 𝑢
⃗⃗, 𝑣⃗] = 0 (4) [𝑟⃗ − 𝑢
⃗⃗, 𝑎⃗, 𝑣⃗] = 0
9. The non-parametric form of a vector equation passing through two points whose
position vectors are 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ and parallel to 𝑢 ⃗⃗ is
⃗⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗ 𝑢
(1) [𝑟⃗ − 𝑢 ⃗⃗] = 0 (2) [𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗ 𝑢⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗ 𝑢⃗⃗] = 0
⃗⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗ 𝑢
(3) [𝑟⃗ − 𝑢 ⃗⃗] = 0 (4)[𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗ 𝑢⃗⃗] = 0
10. Which of the following is/are false, in the case of a plane passing through three points whose position
vectors are 𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑐⃗ ?
(i) [𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗ 𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗] = 0 (ii) [𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗ 𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗] = 0
(iii) [𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗ 𝑎⃗ − 𝑐⃗] = 0 (iv) [𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗ 𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑎⃗ − 𝑐⃗] = 0
(1) (ii)and (iii) (2) (iii) and (iv) (3)all (4) none
11. With usual notations which of the following are correct?
1 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗.𝑛
𝑛 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(i)angle between 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑛
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 𝑃1 and 𝑟⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛2 = 𝑃2 is related by cos 𝜃 = ||𝑛⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗||𝑛
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
|
1 2
|𝑢
⃗⃗∙ 𝑛
⃗⃗|
(ii) angle between 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑡𝑢
⃗⃗ and the plane 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑝 is related by sin 𝜃 = |𝑢⃗⃗||𝑛⃗⃗|
|𝑢
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑛
⃗⃗−𝑝|
(iii)the distance between a point with position vector 𝑢
⃗⃗ and the plane 𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗=p is |𝑛
⃗⃗|

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 72

 ⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑢 𝑣
⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗= 𝑏⃗⃗+t𝑣⃗ is related by cos 𝜃 =|𝑢⃗⃗||𝑣⃗⃗|
(iv) the angle between 𝑟⃗= 𝑎⃗+s𝑢
(1) all (2)(ii)and (iii) only (3)(i) and (iv) only (4) (i),(ii)and (iv)only
12. Suppose you are given two lines which are lying in the required plane. In how many ways one can find
the equation of the plane?
(1)1 (2)2 (3)3 (4)4
13. What will be happened when finding the distance between two skew lines becomes zero?
(1) they are intersecting lines (2) they are perpendicular lines
(3) parallel lines (4) neither parallel nor intersecting
14. The shortest distance between 𝑟⃗+ 𝑎⃗+s𝑢 ⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗ = 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑡𝑢⃗⃗ is
⃗⃗−𝑎⃗⃗)×𝑢
|(𝑏 ⃗⃗| ⃗⃗−𝑎⃗⃗)×𝑢
(𝑏 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗−𝑎⃗⃗)×𝑢
(𝑏 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗−𝑎⃗⃗)×𝑢
(𝑏 ⃗⃗
(1) |𝑢
⃗⃗|
(2) |𝑢
⃗⃗|
(3) 𝑎⃗⃗
(4) ⃗⃗
𝑏

7. APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

1. If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 1 and 𝑎1 𝑥 2 + 𝑏1 𝑦 2 = 1 intersest each other orthogonally then which one
incorrect?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(1) 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 (2) 𝑎 − 𝑎 = 𝑏 − 𝑏 (3) 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑎 (4)𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑏 − 𝑎
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2. “Let 𝑓(𝑥) be continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏] and differentiable in (𝑎, 𝑏). If 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏) then there
exists atleast one point 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0”. This statement is
(1) Intermediate value theorem (2)Rolles theorem
(3)Lagrange mean value theorem (4) Taylors theorem
3. Lagrange mean value theorem becomes Rolles theorem if
(1) 𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(𝑎) (2)𝑓 ′ (𝑏) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) (3) 𝑓(𝑎) = 0 (4) 𝑓(𝑏) = 0
𝜋
4. For the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ [0, ], Rolles theorem is not applicable, since
2
𝜋 𝜋
(1)not continuous in [0, ] (2)not differentiable in (0, )
2 2
𝜋
(3) 𝑓(𝑜) ≠ 𝑓 ( 2 ) (4) 𝑓′(𝑥) does not exist at 𝑥 = 0
𝜋 𝜋
5. Largrange mean value theorem, constant 𝑐 for the function 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 in [− 2 , 2 ] is
(1) 1 (2) -1 (3)not exist (4) 0
6. Rolles constant 𝑐 for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|, 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1] is
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) −1 (4)not existing
7. The Maclaurin’s series is obtained from the Taylors series by putting
(1) 𝑥 = 𝑎 (2) 𝑥 = 0 (3) 𝑎 = 0 (4) 𝑎 = 𝑛
8. l’H 𝑜̂pital’s Rule is not applicable for the limit tends to
0 ∞
(1)0 (2) ∞ − ∞ (3) ∞ (4) 10
9. “If 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏] then f has both absolute maximum and absolute
minimum in [𝑎, 𝑏]”. This statement is
(1) Extreme value theorem (2) Intermediate value theorem
(3) Lagrange mean value theorem (4) Taylors theorem
10. For the function 𝑓 (𝑥) , critical numbers are obtained by solving:
(1) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 if 𝑓 ′(𝑥) exists; and the values of 𝑥 for which 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) does not exist
(2) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 if 𝑓 ′(𝑥) does not exist ; and the values for which 𝑓 ′(𝑥) exists
(3) 𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 0 if 𝑓 ′(𝑥) does not exist ; and the values for which 𝑓 ′(𝑥)does not exists
(4) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 if 𝑓 ′(𝑥) exists; and the values for which 𝑓 ′(𝑥) exists
11. Let c be a critical number for 𝑓(𝑥) then which of the following is incorrect?
(i) 𝑓 ′(𝑥) changes from negative to positive through c then 𝑓(𝑥) has a local minimum
(ii) 𝑓 ′(𝑥) changes from positive to negative through c then 𝑓(𝑥) has a local miximum
(iii) 𝑓″(𝑐) exists and 𝑓″ (𝑐) changes sign through 𝑐 then (𝑐, 𝑓(𝑐)) is a point of inflection.

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 73

 (iv) 𝑓″(𝑐) exists at the point of inflection then 𝑓″ (𝑐) = 0
(1) all (2) (i) and (ii) only (3) (i) only (4) (i),(ii)and (iv) only
12. If 𝑐 is a critical point and 𝑓′(𝑐) = 0, further 𝑓″ (𝑐) exists then which is incorrect?
(1) 𝑓 has a relative maximum at 𝑐 𝑖𝑓 𝑓″ (𝑐) < 0
(2) 𝑓 has a relative minimum at 𝑐 𝑖𝑓 𝑓″ (𝑐) > 0
(3) 𝑓″ (𝑐) = 0, there is no information regarding relative maxima
(4) 𝑓 has a relative maximum at 𝑐 𝑖𝑓 𝑓″ (𝑐) > 0
1
13. The vertical asymptote of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
is
(1) 𝑥 = 0 (2) 𝑦 = 0 (3) 𝑥 = 𝑐 (4) 𝑦 = 𝑐
1
14. The horizontal asymptote of 𝑓(𝑥) = is
𝑥
(1) 𝑦 = 0 (2) 𝑥 = 0 (3) 𝑥 = 𝑐 (4) 𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥 2 −6𝑥+7
15. The slant asymptote of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+5
is
(1) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 11 = 0 (2) 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 11 = 0 (3) 𝑥 = −5 (4) 𝑦 = 𝑥 – 11
2𝑥 2 −8
16. The vertical asymptotes of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −16
are
(1) 𝑦 = ±4 (2) does not exist (3) 𝑥 = ± 16 (4) 𝑥 = ± 4
2𝑥 2 −8
17. The horizontal asymptote of 𝑓(𝑥) = is
𝑥 2 −6
(1) 𝑥 = 2 (2) 𝑦 = 2 (3) 𝑦 = ± 4 (4) 𝑦 = 4
𝑥2
18. The vertical asymptotes of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −1
are
(1) 𝑥 = ± 1 (2) 𝑦 = ± 1 (3) 𝑥 = 0 (4) 𝑦 = 0
𝑥2
19. The horizontal asymptote of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −1
𝑖𝑠
(1) 𝑥 = 1 (2) 𝑥 = ± 1 (3) 𝑦 = 1 (4) 𝑦 = ± 1
𝑥2
20. The vertical asymptote of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1
𝑖𝑠
(1) 𝑥 = −1 (2) 𝑥 = 1 (3) 𝑦 = 1 (4) 𝑦 = −1
𝑥2
21. The slant asymptote of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1
𝑖𝑠
(1) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 (2) 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 (3) 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 1 (4) 𝑥 = 𝑦
3𝑥
22. The vertical asymptotes of f(x) =
√𝑥 2 +2
2
(1) 𝑥 − 2 (2) does not exist (3) 𝑥 = √2 (4) 𝑥 = −√2
3𝑥
23. The horizontal asymptotes of 𝑓(𝑥) = are
√𝑥 2 +2
(1) 𝑦 = ± 3 (2) 𝑥 = ± 2 (3) 𝑦 = ± 2 (4) 𝑦 = 0
𝑥 2 −6𝑥−1
24. The vertical asymptote of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+3
is
(1) 𝑥 = −3 (2) 𝑥 = 3 (3) does not exist (4) 𝑥 = ± 3
𝑥 2 −6𝑥−1
25. The slant asymptote of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+3
is
(1) 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 9 (2) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 9 (3) 𝑥 = 𝑦 (4) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
𝑥 2 +6𝑥−4
26. The vertical asymptote of 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥−6
is
(1) 𝑥 = 2 (2) 𝑥 = 3 (3) 𝑦 = 2 (4) 𝑦 = 3
𝑥 2 +6𝑥−4
27. The slant asymptote of 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥−6 is
𝑥 8 𝑥 8 𝑦 8 𝑥
(1) 𝑦 = 3
−3 (2) 𝑦 = 3 + 3 (3) 𝑥 = 3
+3 (4) 𝑦 = 3
+ 8

8. DIFFERENTIALS AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

1. Identify the incorrect statements
𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
(i) absolute error = |𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑎𝑝𝑝. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | (ii) relative error =
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 74

 (iii) percentage error = relative error x 100
(iv) absolute error has unit of measurement but relative error and percentage errors are units free
(1)all (2) (i)and (ii)only (3) (i),(ii),(iii) only (4)none
2. If 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 for all 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑓(𝑥)) then 𝑑g is
1 1 1 1
(1) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (2) 𝑥 (3) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (4) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. If 𝑓 and g are differentiable functions, then 𝑑(𝑓𝑔) is
(1)𝑓𝑑𝑔 + 𝑔𝑑𝑓 (2)𝑓 ∙ 𝑑𝑓 – 𝑔 ∙ 𝑑𝑔 (3) 𝑓 ∙ 𝑑𝑓 + 𝑔 𝑑𝑔 (4) 𝑓𝑑𝑔 – 𝑔𝑑𝑓
2
4. Let 𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)/𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ } and 𝑓: 𝐴 → ℝ , 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 only if
(1) 𝑓𝑥𝑦 , 𝑓𝑦𝑥 exist and continuous in A (2) 𝑓𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 exist and continuous in A
(3) 𝑓𝑥𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 exist and continuous in A (4) 𝑓𝑥𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 exist and continuous in A
2
5. Let A = {(x,y)/x,y∈ ℝ } A function f: A → ℝ is said to be harmonic if
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
(1)𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦2 = 0 ∀(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐴 (2) 𝜕𝑥 2 − 𝜕𝑦2 = 0 ∀(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐴
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
(3) 𝜕𝑥 2 ÷ 𝜕𝑦2 = 0 ∀(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐴 (4) 𝜕𝑥 2 × 𝜕𝑦2 = 0 ∀(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐴
6. If w is a function of 𝑥 and 𝑦 ; and 𝑥 and 𝑦 are function of 𝑡 , then which of the
following is undefined?
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(1) 𝜕𝑥 (2) 𝜕𝑦 (3) 𝜕𝑡 (4) 𝑑𝑡
7. If 𝑤 is a function of 𝑥 and 𝑦 ; and 𝑥 and 𝑦 are functions of 𝑠 and 𝑡 then which of the
following are correct?
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
(i) is not defined (ii) is not defined (iii) is not defined (iv) = +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡
(1) all (2)(i)and (iii)only (3)(iii)&(iv) only (4) (i),(ii) and (iii)only

9. APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
1. If 𝑓(𝑥) is a continuous function on [𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝐹(𝑥) is an anti derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) then by
𝑏
Second fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
(1) 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎) (2) 𝐹′(𝑏) − 𝐹′(𝑎) (3) 𝐹(𝑎) – 𝐹(𝑏) (4) 0
𝑥
2. If 𝑓(𝑥) is a continuous function on [𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢, 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 then by
𝑑
fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus 𝑑𝑥 𝐹(𝑥) =
(1) 𝐹′(𝑥) (2) 𝑓(𝑥) (3) 𝑓 ′(𝑥) (4) 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑏
3. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎 𝑏
(1) 𝑓(𝑎) – 𝑓(𝑏) (2) ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (3) 0 (4) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2𝑎
4. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
(1) 0 (2) 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (3) 𝑎 (4) ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2𝑎
5. If 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) then ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
(1) 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (2) ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (3) 0 (4) ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2𝑎
6. If 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓 (𝑥) then ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
(1) 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (2) ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (3) 0 (4) ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏
7. ∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 =
(1) 𝑓(𝑏) (– 𝑓(𝑎)) (2)0 (3) 𝑓(𝑏) – 𝑓(𝑎) (4) 1
𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)
8. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)+𝑓(𝑎−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎
(1) 0 (2) 𝑎 (3) 2
(4) 2𝑎

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 75

 𝜋
9. If 𝐼𝑚,𝑛 =∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥cosn 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 then 𝐼𝑚,𝑛 = (ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ≥ 2)
𝑛−1 𝑛+1 𝑛−1 𝑛
(1) 𝑚+𝑛 𝐼𝑚,𝑛−2 (2) 𝑚+𝑛 𝐼𝑚,𝑛−2 (3) 𝑚+𝑛 𝐼𝑚,𝑛−1 (4) 𝑚+𝑛 𝐼𝑚,𝑛−2
1
10. If 𝐼𝑚,𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 𝑚 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 then 𝐼𝑚,𝑛 = (here n≥1)
𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 𝑛
(1) 𝑚+𝑛+1 , 𝐼𝑚,𝑛−1 (2) 𝑚+𝑛+1 , 𝐼𝑚,𝑛−1 (3) 𝑚−𝑛+1 , 𝐼𝑚,𝑛−1 (4) 𝑚+𝑛−1 , 𝐼𝑚,𝑛−1
∞ ∞
11. The values of ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 and ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 are respectively
(1)𝑚! and (𝑛 − 1)! (2) (𝑛 + 1)! and (𝑛 − 1)! (3) 𝑛! and (𝑛 − 1)! (4) 𝑛! and (𝑛 + 1)!

10. ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. Consider the statements
A : The order of a differential equation (D.E) is the highest order derivative present in the D.E
B : In the polynomial form of D.E., the degree of the D.E is the integral power of the
highest order derivative. Identify the correct option
(1)both are correct (2) both are false (3) A is true, B is false (4) A is false, B is true
2. Formation of a differential equation is
(1) eliminating arbitrary constants from the given relationship by minimum number of
differentiations
(2) eliminating constants from the given relationship by minimum number of differentiations
(3) eliminating arbitrary constants from the given relationship by maximum number
of differentiations
(4) eliminating constants from the given relationship
3. Consider the statements:
A: The general solution of a differential equation is the solution which contains as many arbitrary
constants as the order of the D.E
B: Giving particular values to the arbitrary constants in the general solution of the
D.E is the particular solution.
(1) both are correct (2) both are incorrect
(3) A is correct, B is incorrect (4) A is incorrect, B is correct
4. An equation of the form 𝑓1 (𝑥)𝑔1 (𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓2 (𝑥)𝑔2 (𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is called
(1) linear differential equation (2) homogeneous
(3) linear differential equation of first order (4) variable separable
5. A differential equation is said to be homogeneous if
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(1) 𝑑𝑥 = g (𝑥 ) (2) 𝑑𝑥 = g (𝑥 + 𝑦) (3) 𝑑𝑥 = g (𝑥𝑦) (4) 𝑑𝑥 = g (𝑥 − 𝑦)
6. A first order linear differential equation is of the form
𝑑𝑦
(1) 𝑑𝑥 +𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, where P and Q are functions of 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
(2) 𝑑𝑦 +𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, where P and Q are functions of 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
(3) 𝑑𝑥 +𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄, where P and Q are functions of 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
(4) 𝑑𝑥 +𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, where P and Q are functions of 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(Or) 𝑑𝑦
+𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄, where P and Q are functions of 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
7. The integrating factor of +𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 is (P and Q are functions of 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
(1)𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑦 (2) 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 (3) 𝑒 ∫ 𝑄𝑑𝑦 (4) 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
8. The integrating factor of 𝑑𝑦 +𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄 is (P and Q are functions of 𝑦)
(1)𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑦 (2) 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 (3) 𝑒 ∫ 𝑄𝑑𝑦 (4) 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑦

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 76

9. Assume that a population (𝑥) grows or decays at a rate directly proportional to the amount of
𝑑𝑥
population present at that time i.e. 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘𝑥, then
(1) 𝑘 < 0 if it is a growth problem (2) 𝑘 > 0 if it is a decay problem
(3) 𝑘 < 0 if it is a decay problem and 𝑘 > 0 if it is a growth problem (4) 𝑘 = 0
10. The Newton’s law of cooling ( 𝑇 – temperature of a body at any time 𝑡, Tm temperature
Of the surrounding medium) says
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
(1) 𝑑𝑡 𝛼 (T−Tm) (2) 𝑑𝑡
= T−Tm always
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑡
(3) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘 (T−Tm), k is constant of proportionality (4) 𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘 (T−Tm)
𝑑𝑦
11. The order and degree of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5 are
(1) 0,0 (2)0,1 (3)1,0 (4) 1,1
3
𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 7
12. The order and degree of the differential equation (𝑑𝑥 4 ) + 4(𝑑𝑥 ) +6𝑦 = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 are
(1)12, 7 (2) 4,3 (3)3,4 (4)7,12
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑2 𝑦
13. The order and degree of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 2
+ 3(𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2log (𝑑𝑥 2 ) are
(1) 2, not defined (2) 3,2 (3) 2,3 (4) 2,2
3
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 2
14. The order and degree of the differential equation 3 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) = [4 + (𝑑𝑥 ) ] are
3 3
(1) 2, 2 (2)2,2 (3) 2
,3 (4)3,2
15. The order and degree of the differential equation 𝑑𝑦 + (𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 are
(1) 1, 1 (2)1,0 (3)0,0 (4)0,1
𝑑𝑦
16. The order and degree of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 are
(1) 1,0 (2) 1,1 (3) 0,1 (4)0,0
2
𝑑3 𝑦 3 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
17. The order and degree of the differential equation ( ) −3 +5 +4 =0 are
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
(1)2,2 (2)3,3 (3)2,3 (4) 3,2
2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑2 𝑦
18. The order and degree of the differential equation(𝑑𝑥2 ) +(𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑑𝑥2 ) are
(1)2, not defined (2)2,2 (3)2,1 (4)1,2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
19. The order and degree of the differential equation √𝑑𝑥 − 4 𝑑𝑥 −7𝑥 = 0 are
(1) 2,1 (2)1,1 (3) 1,2 (4)2,2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
20. The order and degree of the differential equation 𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
are
( )+( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(1)1,4 (2)4,1 (3)1,3 (4)3,1
1
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 2
21. The order and degree of the differential equation 𝑥 2 + [1 + ( ) ] =0 are
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
(1)2,1 (2)2,2 (3)1,2 (4)1,1
3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
22. The order and degree of the differential equation ( ) = √1 + ( ) are
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
(1) 2,6 (2)6,2 (3)2,3 (4)2,4
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
23. The order and degree of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 2
= 𝑥𝑦 +cos (𝑑𝑥 ) are
(1) 2,1 (2)1,2 (3)2, not defined (4)1,1
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
24. The order and degree of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 2
+ 5 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 are
(1) 3,2 (2)1,2 (3) 2,1 (4)3,1
𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑦( )
25. The order and degree of the differential equation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 are
(1) 1, 1 (2) 0,1 (3) 1,0 (4)2,1

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 77

26. Radium decays at a rate proportional to the amount Q present.The corresponding differential
equation is(𝑘 is the constant of proportionality)
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄
(1) =𝑘 (2) =Q (3) = −𝑘 (4) = kQ
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
27. The population P of a city increases at a rate proportional to the product of population and the
difference between 5,00,000 and the population. The corresponding differential equation is (𝑘 is the
constant of proportionality)
𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃
(1) 𝑑𝑡
= P(50000 – P) (2) 𝑑𝑡 = k(50000 – P)
𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃
(3) 𝑑𝑡
= kP(50000 – P) (4) 𝑑𝑡 = kP
28. For a certain substance, the rate of change of vapor pressure P with respect to temperature T is
proportional to the vapor pressure and inversely proportional to the square of the temperature.
The corresponding differential equation is (𝑘 is the constant of
proportionality)
𝑑𝑃 𝑃 𝑑𝑃 𝑃 𝑑𝑃 𝑃 𝑑𝑃
(1) 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑇2 (2) 𝑑𝑡 = k 𝑇 (3) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘 𝑇2
(4) 𝑑𝑡 = k P
29. A saving amount (𝑥) pays 8% interest per year, compounded continuously. In addition, the income from
𝑑𝑥
another investment is credited to the amount continuously at the rate of 400 per year. Then 𝑑𝑡 =
8 8 1
(1) 100 𝑥 +400 (2) 100 𝑥 (3) 8𝑥 +400 (4) 100 𝑥 + 400
30. Assume that a spherical rain drop evaporates at a rate proportional to its surface area. The rate of
𝑑𝑟
change of the radius (𝑟) of the rain drop 𝑑𝑡 =(𝑘 is the constant of Proportionality and 𝑘 > 0)
(1) 𝑘𝑟 (2) 𝑘 (3) – 𝑘 (4) – 𝑘𝑟

11. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

1. A random variable 𝑋 is a function from
(1) S → ℝ (2) ℝ→ S (3) S → ℕ (4) ℕ → S
2. 𝑋: 𝑆 → ℝ is said to be discrete random variable if
(1) range of 𝑋 is countable (2) range of 𝑋 is uncountable
(3) range of 𝑋 is ℕ (4) range of 𝑋 is ℝ
3. 𝑃 [𝑋 = 𝑥𝑘 ], 𝑘 = 1,2, … ..n is called a probability mass function if
(1) 𝑃[𝑋 = 𝑥𝑘 ] ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∑𝑘 𝑃 [𝑋 = 𝑥𝑘 ] = 1 (2) 𝑃[𝑋 = 𝑥𝑘 ] > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∑𝑘 𝑃 [𝑋 = 𝑥𝑘 ] = 1
(3) 𝑃[𝑋 = 𝑥𝑘 ] = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∑𝑘 𝑃 [𝑋 = 𝑥𝑘 ] = 1 (4) 𝑃[𝑋 = 𝑥𝑘 ] ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∑𝑘 𝑃 [𝑋 = 𝑥𝑘 ] = 0
4. Let 𝑋 be a discrete random variable and taking the values 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … … . 𝑥𝑛 with 𝑝. 𝑚. 𝑓
P[X = 𝑥𝑘 ]. The cumulative distribution function 𝐹(𝑥) is defined as
(1) 𝑃[𝑋 ≤ 𝑥] (2)1 − 𝑃[𝑋 ≤ 𝑥] (3) 𝑃[𝑋 < 𝑥] (4) 1 − 𝑃[𝑋 < 𝑥]
5. Which of the following are true in the case of 𝑐. 𝑑. 𝑓 𝐹(𝑥)? (𝑋 is a discrete random Variable)
(i) 0 ≤ 𝐹(𝑥) ≤ 1 (ii) lim 𝐹(𝑥) = 0 and lim 𝐹(𝑥) = 1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
(iii) 𝑃[𝑥1 < 𝑋 ≤ 𝑘2 ] = 𝐹(𝑥2 ) – 𝐹(𝑥1 ) (iv) 𝑃[𝑋 > 𝑥] = 1 – 𝑃[𝑋 ≤ 𝑥] = 1 – 𝐹(𝑥)
(1)(i) and (iv) only (2)(ii),(iii),(iv) only (3) (i), (ii), (iii) only (4) all
6. Let 𝑋 be a continuous random variable. The function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be a 𝑝. 𝑑. 𝑓 if
𝑏 𝑏
(1) 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 and ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 (2) 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 and ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑏 𝑏
(3) 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 and ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 (4) 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 and ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
7. For a continuous random variable, which of the following is/are incorrect?
(i) 𝑃[𝑋 = 𝑥] = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃[𝑎 < 𝑋 < 𝑏] = 𝐹(𝑏) – 𝐹(𝑎)
(ii) 𝑃[𝑋 = 𝑥] = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃[𝑎 < 𝑋 < 𝑏] = 𝐹(𝑏) – 𝐹(𝑎)
(iii) 𝑃[𝑋 = 𝑥] = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃[𝑎 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 𝑏] = 𝑃[𝑎 < 𝑋 < 𝑏]
(iv) 𝑃[𝑎 < 𝑋 < 𝑏] = 𝑃[𝑎 ≤ 𝑋 < 𝑏] = 𝑃[𝑎 < 𝑋 ≤ 𝑏] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃[𝑋 = 𝑥] = 0
(1) (ii) and (iii) only (2) (ii) only (3)(i) and (ii) only (4) (iv) only
8. With usual notations, which of the following are correct?
S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 78
 (i)𝑉𝑎𝑟 (𝑋) = 𝐸(𝑋 2 ) – [(𝐸(𝑋)]2 (ii) 𝑉𝑎𝑟 (𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏) = 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎𝑟 (𝑋)
∞
(iii) 𝐸(𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏) = 𝑎𝐸 (𝑋) + 𝑏 (iv) 𝐸(𝑋) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑋 is continuous
(1) all (2) (i), (ii), (iii) only (3) (i), (ii), (iv) only (4) (ii), (iii), (iv) only
9. If 𝑋 is a Bernoulli’s random variable which follows Bernoulli’s distribution with Parameter P, then
(1) 𝜇 = 𝑝, 𝜎 = 𝑝𝑞 (2) 𝜇 = 𝑝𝑞, 𝜎 = 𝑝 (3) 𝜇 = 𝑝𝑞, 𝜎 = 𝑞 (4) 𝜇 = 𝑝, 𝜎 2 = 𝑝𝑞
10. If 𝑋 ~𝐵 (𝑛, 𝑝) then
(1) 𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝, 𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝(1 – 𝑝) (2) 𝜇 = 𝑛𝑞, 𝜎 = 𝑛𝑝(1 – 𝑝)
(3) 𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝, 𝜎 = 𝑛𝑝(1 – 𝑝) (4) 𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞, 𝜎 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞

12. DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

1. Which of the following is not a binary operation on ℝ ?
(1) + (2) − (3) ÷ (4) 𝑥
2. The operation ′−′ is binary on
(1) ℕ (2) ℚ \{0} (3) ℝ\{0} (4) ℚ
3. The operation ′ ÷′ is binary on
(1) ℝ\{0} (2) ℂ (3) ℝ (4) ℤ
4. The additive inverse do not exists for some elements in the set
(1) ℝ (2)−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 (3) ℤ (4) Q
5. The multiplicative inverse exists for each element in the set
(1) − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 (2) ℤ (3) ℝ\{0} (4) ℂ
6. The identity element under addition exists in
(1) ℕ (2) ℂ\{0} (3) (0 , ∞ ) (4)−3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
7. The properties closure, associative, identity, inverse and commutative under addition
Satisfy in the set
(1) ℝ (2) ℕ (3) {1, −1,0} (4) ℚ \{0}
8. The fourth roots of unity under multiplication satisfies the properties
(1) Closure only (2) closure and associative only
(3) Closure, associative and identity (4) closure, associative identity and inverse
9. Which one of the following is correct?
(1) [3] +4 [2] = [5] (2)[0] +10 [12]=[0] (3) [4] ×5 [3]=[12] (4) [5] ×6 [4]=[2]
10. Which of the following is not true?
(1) A Boolean matrix is a real matrix whose entires are either 0 or 1
1 0 0 1
(2) The product [ ][ ] is a Boolean matrix
0 1 1 0
(3) All identity matrices 𝐼𝑛 are Boolean matrices
1 0 1 0 2 0
(4) [ ]⋁[ ] =[ ]
0 1 0 1 0 2

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 79

 PREVIOUS YEAR PUBLIC CREATIVE QUESTIONS
𝜋
𝑓(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝜋
1. Prove that∫02 𝑑𝑥 = . [March 2020 – 2M]
𝑓(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)+𝑓(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 4
2. Find the equation of the parabola if the curve is open leftward, vertex is (2,1) and passing through
the point (1,3). [March 2020 – 2M ]
4
3. Find the critical numbers(only 𝑥 values) of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 (𝑥 − 4)2 . [March 2020 – 3M]
𝑘𝑥(1 − 𝑥)2 , 0 < 𝑥 < 1
4. Let X be a continuous random variable and 𝑓(𝑥) is defined as: 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0 , otherwise
Find the value 𝑘. [March 2020 – 3M]
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 𝑥−𝑥2 𝑦−𝑦2 𝑧−𝑧2
5. If the lines 𝑙1
= 𝑚1
= 𝑛1
and 𝑙2
= 𝑚2
= 𝑛2
lie on the same plane, then write the number of
ways to find the Cartesian equation of the above plane and explain in detail. [March 2020 – 3M]
6. A square shaped thin material with area 196 sq.units to make into an open box by cutting small
equal squares from the four corners and folding the sides upward. Prove that the length of the side of a
7
removed square is 3 when the volume of the box is maximum.[ March 2020 – 5M ]
7. Three fair coins are tossed once. Find the probability mass function, mean and variance for number of
heads occurred. Verify the results by binomial distribution. [ March 2020 – 5M ]
1+𝑖 𝑛
8. Find the least positive integer 𝑛 such that (1−𝑖) = 1. [ Sep 2020 – 2M ]
9. Find the differential equation of the family of𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑎,𝑏 are parameters and 𝑐 is a
constant. [ Sep 2020 – 2M ]
∂r
10. Show that, if 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, then is equal to 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. [Sep 2020 – 2M]
∂x
𝑥2 dz
11. Suppose that 𝑧 = 𝑦𝑒 , where 𝑥 = 2𝑡 and 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑡 then find . [Sep 2020 – 3M]
dt
12. Show that ((¬𝑞)⋀𝑝)⋀𝑞 is a contradiction. [Sep 2020 – 3M]
13. Prove that 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧1 𝑧2 ) = 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧1 ) + 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧2 ). [Sep 2020 – 5M]
𝜋 𝜋
14. Draw the graph of 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 in (− 2 , 2 ) and tan−1 𝑥 in (−∞, ∞). [Sep 2020 – 5M]
15. A Car 𝐴 is travelling from west at 50 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 and Car 𝐵 is travelling towards north at 60 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟.
Both are headed for the intersection of the two roads. At what rate are the Cars approaching each
other when Car A is 0.3 kilometers and Car B is 0.4 kilometers from the intersection?
[Sep 2020 – 5M]
𝑥2 𝑦2
16. Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse + = 1 and its latus rectums. [Sep 2020-5M]
25 16
5 1
17. If 𝑧 = (2 + 3𝑖) (1 − 𝑖) , then prove that z −1 = 6
− 𝑖 26 . [Aug 2021 – 2M]
18. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 then prove that 𝛼 − 𝛽 = ±5. [Aug 2021 – 2M] 2 2

19. Show that the differential equation corresponding to 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 , where 𝐴 is an arbitrary
constant is, 𝑦 = 𝑦′𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥. [Aug 2021 – 2M]
20 . A force 13𝑖̂ + 10𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ acts on a particle which is displaced from the point with position vector
4𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ to the point with position vector 6𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ . Show that the work done by the
force is 69 units. [Aug 2021 – 3M]
21 . An egg of a particular bird is spherical shape. If the radius to the inside of the shell is 4 𝑚𝑚 and
radius to the outside of the shell is 4.2 𝑚𝑚, prove that the approximate volume of the shell is
12.8𝜋 𝑚𝑚3 .[Aug 2021 – 3M]
1 √𝑥 1
22. Show that ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = 2. [Aug 2021 – 3M]
√1−𝑥+√𝑥
23 . Solve the system of equations 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2 , 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 7, 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 by
cramer’s rule. [Aug 2021 – 5M]
𝑥2 𝑦2
24. Find the eccentricity, centre, vertices and foci of the ellipse + = 1and also draw the
16 9
rough diagram. [Aug 2021 – 5M]

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 80

25. Show that the Cartesian equation of the plane passing through the points (1,2,3) and (2,3,1) and
also perpendicular to the plane 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 5 = 0 is 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 7 = 0. [Aug 2021 – 5M]
26. Show that the differential equation of the family of curves 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥 , where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are
𝑑2 𝑦
arbitrary constants, is 𝑑𝑥2 − 𝑦 = 0. [May 2022 – 2M]
27. Show that the distance from the origin to the plane 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 7 = 0 𝑖𝑠 1. [May 2022 – 2M]
28. Prove that the general equation of the circle whose diameter is the line segment joining the
points (−4, −2) and (−1, −1), is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6 = 0. [May 2022 – 3M]
29. Cramer’s rule is not applicable to solve the system 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 , 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1,
7𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 5. Why? [May 2022 – 5M]
30. The distribution function of a continuous random variable 𝑋 is:
0, 𝑥<1
𝑥−2
𝐹(𝑋) = { 4 , 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5 . Find (i) 𝑃(𝑋 < 3) (ii) 𝑃(2 < 𝑋 < 4) (iii) 𝑃(3 ≤ 𝑋) [May 2022 – 5M]
1, 𝑥>5
31. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 then show that 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 = 12 . [July 2022 – 2M]
32. Find the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1) . [July 2022 – 2M]
33. Form the differential equation of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 , where 𝑎,𝑏,𝑐 are arbitrary
constants . [July 2022 – 2M]
34. Prove that the roots of the equation 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 − 4 = 0 are ±2, ±𝑖 [July 2022 – 3M]
1
35. Prove that ∫0 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1. [July 2022 – 3M]
36. Show that the area between the parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 and its latusrectum (using integration)
128
is 3
. [July 2022 – 3M]
37. Show that the Cartesian equation of the plane passing through the points (𝑎, 0, 0), (0, 𝑏, 0), (0, 0, 𝑐)
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Is 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1. [July 2022 – 5M]
38. If the radius of a sphere with radius 10𝑐𝑚, has to decrease by 0.1𝑐𝑚 , approximately how
much will its volume decrease? [March 2023 – 2M]
40. Express 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 in 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 form. [March 2023 – 2M]
41. If 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 and 𝑎,𝑏,𝑐 are rational numbers then, prove that the roots of the equation
(𝑏 + 𝑐 – 𝑎)𝑥 2 + (𝑐 + 𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 + (𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐) = 0 are rational numbers. [March 2023 – 3M]
logx
42. Find the maximum value of 𝑥
[March 2023 – 5M]
𝑥2 𝑦2
43. Find the area of the smallest region to the ellipse 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1 and the straight
𝑥 𝑦
Line 𝑎
+ 𝑏 = 1. [March 2023 – 5M]
44. Show that the vectors 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂̂ + 3𝑘̂ , 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ and 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 6𝑘 ̂ are coplanar. [March 2024 – 2M]
2 −1 3
45. If 𝐴 = [−5 3 1] , then find |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)|. [March 2024 – 3M]
−3 2 3
x−2 y−2 z−1
46. Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the plane containing 2 = 3 = 3 and parallel to the line
𝑥+1 𝑦−1 𝑧+1
3
= 2
= 1
.[March 2024 – 5M]
47. Show that the equation 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7 = 0 cannot be satisfied by any real values of 𝑥. [JUNE 2024-2M]

S.SANTHOSH KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., [PG ASST], HARUR - 636903 Page 81