PATHFIT 1 UNIT 2:

INTRODUCTION TO
HUMAN BODY
1st Semester I AY 2024-2025

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

TOPIC OUTLINE:
I. Organization of the Body
II. Anatomical Terms
III. Body Types
IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
V. Homeostasis

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this lesson, learners should be able to:

• Analyze the structure of the human body, especially the

different types of body; anatomical terms, postural deviation;
• Execute the anatomical terms; and
• Describe the importance of homeostasis.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

TOPIC OUTLINE:
I. Organization of the Body
II. Anatomical Terms
III. Body Types
IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
V. Homeostasis

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

I. Organization of the Body
Activity 1: LET’S TRY TO ORGANIZE!
Cells Organelles Human body

Organs
Molecules Tissues Atoms

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

I. Organization of the Body
The structure of the body, which is also termed as anatomy, is
closely interrelated with how it functions, which on the other
hand is termed as physiology.
The study of the processes that disturb normal function is
called pathophysiology, whereas patho means suffering or
disease; therefore, pathophysiology refers to diseased
functioning.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

I. Organization of the Body
The human body is organized in a hierarchy, ranging from the
very simple - a microscopic atom, to the very complex - a
human being.
A. Atoms - link together to form molecules.
B. Molecules - the molecules are organized into various
structures, including organelles.
C. Organelles - the metabolic units within a cell that perform a
specific function necessary to the life of the cell.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

I. Organization of the Body
D. Cells - the smallest living units that make up the body’s
structure. Cells group together to form organ systems.
E. Tissues - are specialized groups of cells with similar
structure and function. Tissues come together to form organs.
F. Organs - are structures of two or more tissue types working
together to carry out a particular function. Examples include the
heart, stomach, and kidney. Organs then form cells.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

I. Organization of the Body

G. Organ Systems - groups of organs that work together. Our

body is made up of eleven organ systems. Each system
fulfills its own vital function, but all systems work together to
maintain the health and efficiency of our body as a whole.
H. Organism – forms one complete individual.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

I. Organization of the Body

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

TOPIC OUTLINE:
I. Organization of the Body
II. Anatomical Terms
III. Body Types
IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
V. Homeostasis

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

II. Anatomical Terms
Terms are very important when describing things or location,
likewise in navigating your way around the human body.
Besides being used to identify the location of various body
parts, the use of proper terms ensures accurate
communication between health-care providers. Since
the body is three-dimensional, a number of different terms
are needed. These include directional terms as well as
terms for body planes.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

II. Anatomical Terms
1. Directional Terms
a. Medial - toward the body’s midline.
b. Lateral - away from the body’s midline.
c. Distal - farthest from the point of origin.
d. Proximal - closest to the point of origin.
e. Superior - above
f. Inferior - below
g. Anterior - toward the front of the body.
h. Posterior - toward the back of the body.
i. Superficial - at or near the body’s surface.
j. Deep - away from the body’s surface.
Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education
II. Anatomical Terms
2. Body Planes
Body planes divide the body, or an organ,
into sections.

a. Sagittal plane - divides the body

lengthwise into right and left sides. It’s
called midsagittal plane if the section is
made exactly at midline. It is often used in
illustrations to reveal the organs in the
head or pelvic cavity.
Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education
II. Anatomical Terms
2. Body Planes
b. Transverse plane - It divides the
body horizontally into upper (superior)
and lower (inferior) portions. It is also
called a horizontal plane, and it’s used
by CT scanners to reveal internal
organs.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

II. Anatomical Terms
2. Body Planes
c. Frontal plane - it divides the body
lengthwise into anterior and posterior
portions. It is also called a coronal
plane. It is often used in illustrations to
show the contents of the abdominal
and thoracic cavities.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

II. Anatomical Terms
3. Anatomical Terms of Movements

Movement terms are used to describe the actions of

muscles on the skeleton. Muscles contract to produce
movement at joints, and the subsequent movements can
be precisely described using the following anatomical
terms:

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

II. Anatomical Terms
3. Anatomical Terms of Movements

Movement terms are used to describe the actions of

muscles on the skeleton. Muscles contract to produce
movement at joints, and the subsequent movements can
be precisely described using the following anatomical
terms:

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

II. Anatomical Terms
3. Anatomical Terms of Movements
a. Flexion and Extension
Flexion and extension are movements
that occur in the sagittal plane.
Flexion refers to a movement that
decreases the angle between two
body parts. While extension refers to
a movement that increases the angle
between two body parts.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

II. Anatomical Terms
3. Anatomical Terms of Movements

b. Abduction and Adduction

Abduction is a term that describes
movement away from the midline.
While adduction is a movement
towards the midline.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

II. Anatomical Terms
3. Anatomical Terms of Movements
c. Medial and Lateral Rotation
Medial rotation refers to a
rotation movement towards the
midline, and is also referred to
as internal rotation. While lateral
rotation is a rotating movement
away from the midline.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

II. Anatomical Terms
3. Anatomical Terms of Movements

d. Elevation and Depression

Elevation refers to movement in
a superior direction, while
depression refers to movement
in an inferior direction.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

II. Anatomical Terms
3. Anatomical Terms of Movements
e. Pronation and Supination
These actions are sometimes
confused with medial and lateral
\

rotation, but they are two

different terms. Supination and
pronation are movements of the
forearm.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

II. Anatomical Terms
3. Anatomical Terms of Movements
f. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
These are terms used to describe
movements at the ankle. They refer to
\

the two surfaces of the foot; the dorsum

(superior surface) and the plantar
surface (the sole). Dorsiflexion refers to
flexion of the ankle, while plantarflexion
is the extension at the ankle.
Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education
II. Anatomical Terms
3. Anatomical Terms of Movements
g. Circumduction
Circumduction is the movement of a
body region in a circular manner, in
which one end of the body region being
moved stays relatively stationary while
the end forms a circle. It is the sequential
combination of flexion, adduction,
extension, and abduction at a joint.
Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education
II. Anatomical Terms
3. Anatomical Terms of Movements
h. Rotation
Circumduction and rotation are two
different movements. Rotation can occur
within the vertebral column, at a pivot
joint, or at ball-and-socket joint. Rotation
is produced by the summation of small
rotational movements available between
adjacent vertebrae.
Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education
TOPIC OUTLINE:
I. Organization of the Body
II. Anatomical Terms
III. Body Types
IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
V. Homeostasis

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

III. Body Types
The Waist to Hip Ratio looks at where a person carries their
weight and the health risks associated with the weight.
1. Ectomorph - Ecto’s have a light build
with small joints and lean muscle. Usually
ectomorph’s have long thin limbs with
stringy muscles. Shoulders tend to be thin
with little width.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

III. Body Types

2. Mesomorph - Muscular body-build

characterized by predominance of structures
(bone and muscle and connective tissue).

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

III. Body Types

3. Endomorph - is solid and generally soft.

They gain fat very easily. Endo’s are usually
of a shorter build with thick arms and legs.
Muscles are strong, especially the upper
legs. Endomorphs find they are naturally
strong in leg exercises like the squat.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

Activity 2: Know Your Body Type!
Let us know your body type, and see how likely you’ll have a disease
based on your risk category. You’ll need tape measure for this activity.
Follow the instructions below:
1. Measure your waist at the narrowest part of the torso.
2. Measure your hip at the level of the maximum extension of the buttocks.
3. To calculate the waist-to-hip ratio, divide the waist circumference (in cm.)
by hip circumference (in cm.)

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

Activity 2: Know Your Body Type!
Table 1: Waist-to-Hip Ratio
Risk category Waist Circumference (in. and cm.)
Men Women
Very low <31.5 in. (80 cm) <27.5 in. (70 cm)
Low 31.5 - 39.0 in. (80 -99 cm.) 27.5 - 35 in. (70 - 89 cm.)
High 39.5 to 47.0 in. (100 - 120 cm.) 35.5 - 43.0 in. (90 - 109
cm.)
Very high >47.0 in. (120 cm.) >43.0 in. (110 cm.)

Adapted from (Bray & Gray, 1988 as cited in Heyward, 2010)

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

Activity 2.1: Interpretation of Waist-to-Hip Ration

Based on the Table 13: Waist-to-hip ratio, answer the

following questions below:

1. What is your waist-to-hip ratio? What can you say about it?
Based on the result, are you healthy or not?
2. What is your risk category? If it’s high, what do you plan to
do to make it low, if it’s low, how will you maintain it?

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

TOPIC OUTLINE:
I. Organization of the Body
II. Anatomical Terms
III. Body Types
IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
V. Homeostasis

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
Correct posture is described as the proper alignment of body
segments in relation to the different body position while
postural deviation is the misalignment of the body segments.

Poor nutrition, improper routinely posture, poor daily habits,

occupational practices, congenital deformities, and lack of
physical exercises are factors that are influencing postural
deviation

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
Postural deviation can happen with either an increase or
decrease of the normal body curves, leading to:
(1) Uneven pressure within the joint surfaces;
(2) Ligaments will be under strain;
(3) Muscles may need to work harder (to hold the body
upright); and
(4) Pain may occur.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
Common deviations among students:
1. Forward Head
Characterized by the head and neck
extended forward. It is the anterior
positioning of the cervical spine. This
posture is sometimes called “Scholar’s
Neck” or “Reading Neck

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
Common deviations among students:
2. Round Shoulder
It is described as the deviation of the
shoulder girdle where the scapula is
abducted and shoulders are oriented
forward. The chest is flat, and usually the
pectoral muscles are shortened while the
longitudinal back muscles are lengthened.
Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education
IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
Common deviations among students:
3. Winged Scapulae
It is characterized by
prominence in the borders of
the scapulae. Both scapula may
be abducted due to weakness
of middle trapezius or tightness
of the pectorals.
Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education
IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
Common deviations among students:
4. Kyphosis
Described as over curvature of the thoracic
vertebrae. It is characterized by an increased
curve in the back region from the lumbar to the
upper portion of the back. The head and the
shoulders are forward and the chest is flattened

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
Common deviations among students:

5. Lordosis
It is described as the deviation where
there is over curvature in the lumbar
vertebrae.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
Common deviations among students:
6. Scoliosis
Scoliosis is described as the lateral curvature
of the vertebral column. Deformities could
either be a single curve “C” or a compound
curve “S”. The two types of scoliosis: “C” and
“S” was named from the alphabet “C” and “S”
due to its form.
Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education
IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
Common deviations among students:
7. Genu varum
Also known as “bowlegs”, is
a deformity of the lower
extremity where in the knees
are separated when in fact it
is joined together.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
Common deviations among students:
7. Genu valgum
It is observed when the
knees are drawn together
and the feet becomes
separated.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
Common deviations among students:
8. Pes planus
Described as a decreased longitudinal
arch of the feet. The depression of the
arch is usually accompanied by a
pronation and abduction of the foot
which makes it weak and inefficient

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
Things To Do to Improve Your Posture:
1. While Sitting at a Desk
a. Keep your feet on the floor or on a footrest, if they don’t reach the floor.
b. Don’t cross your legs. Your ankles should be directly in front of your knees.
c. Keep a small gap between the back of your knees and the front of your seat.
d. Your knees should be at or below the level of your hips.
e. Adjust the backrest of your chair to support your low- and mid-back or use a back support.
f. Relax your shoulders and keep your forearms parallel to the ground.
g. Avoid sitting in the same position for long periods of time. Take breaks and move your
body.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
Things To Do to Improve Your Posture:
2. When Standing
a. Bear your weight primarily on the balls of your feet.
b. Keep your knees slightly bent.
c. Keep your feet about shoulder-width apart.
d. Let your arms hang naturally down the sides of the body.
e. Stand straight and tall with your shoulders pulled down and backward.
f. Tuck your stomach in.
g. Keep your head level. Your earlobes should be in line with your shoulders. Do not push your head
forward, backward, or to the side.
h. Shift your weight from your toes to your heels, or one foot to the other, if you must stand for a long time.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
Things To Do to Improve Your Posture:
3. When Lying Down
a. Find the mattress that is right for you. While a firm mattress is generally recommended,
some people find that softer mattresses reduce their back pain. Your individual comfort
should guide your choice.
b. Choose the right pillow, too. Special pillows are available to help with postural problems
resulting from poor sleeping positions
c. Avoid sleeping on your stomach.
d. Sleep on your side or back, which is often helpful for back pain. If you sleep on your side,
place a pillow between your legs. If you sleep on your back, keep a pillow under your knees.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

TOPIC OUTLINE:
I. Organization of the Body
II. Anatomical Terms
III. Body Types
IV. Body Posture and Postural Deviation
V. Homeostasis

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

V. Homeostasis

For you to function properly, your body must maintain a

relatively constant internal environment despite
changes in external conditions. This constancy, or
balance, is called homeostasis.
.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

V. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is often referred to as
maintaining a dynamic equilibrium
because the body must make
constant changes to maintain
balance. If the body loses
homeostasis, illness or even death
will occur, that’s how important
homeostasis is in our body.

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education

V. Homeostasis
The signal sent by the effector is called feedback; feedback can be
either negative or positive.
• Negative Feedback: when the effector opposes the stimulus (such
as a dropping temperature) and reverses the direction of change
(causing the temperature to rise.)
• Positive Feedback: when the effector reinforces the stimulus (such
as uterine contractions during childbirth, which trigger the release of
the hormone oxytocin) and amplifies the direction of change
(causing even greater contractions and further release of oxytocin).

Palawan State University College of Teacher Education Department of Physical Education