PMT

Mark Scheme (Results)

June 2022

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level In Biology (WBI14)

Paper 01
Energy, Environment,
Microbiology and Immunity
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June 2022
Question Paper Log Number P70963A
Publications Code WBI14_01_2206_MS
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2022
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General Marking Guidance

• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the first candidate in exactly
the same way as they mark the last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for what they have shown
they can do rather than penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to their perception of where
the grade boundaries may lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should be used appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners should always award full
marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark scheme. Examiners should also be prepared
to award zero marks if the candidate’s response is not worthy of credit according to the mark
scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the principles by which marks will be
awarded and exemplification may be limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme to a candidate’s
response, the team leader must be consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it with an alternative
response
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
1(a)

• a {chemical / substance / medicine / drug / compound / molecule} ACCEPT pathogen / microorgansims

that {kills / destroys} bacteria DO NOT ACCEPT viruses
antibodies / antigens
DO NOT ACCEPT inhibit the growth (1)
IGNORE descriptions of mechanisms

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
1(b)

• bacteria are prokaryotic (and humans are eukaryotic) ACCEPT named target site e.g. cell
wall, biochemistry, metabolism
only prokaryotic cells
IGNORE specific (1)
antigens
receptors
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
1(c) A description that includes two of the following points: IGNORE advise that would be given
to doctors and not the patients

• finish the course of antibiotics (1)

• take the antibiotics as directed (by the doctor) ACCEPT specific examples e.g.
correct {dose / number / timings},
do not share your antibiotics, do not
take antibiotics not prescribed (by
your doctor)

• warnings / precautions that may be necessary e.g. they might make you sleepy (2)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
1(d) A description that includes the following points: Piece together

• bacteria types J and K are {destroyed / killed / eradicates} (1) ACCEPT antibiotic is bactericidal to
J and K

• antibiotic results in an increase in {proportion / percentage / ratio} IGNORE increase in number

of bacteria types M and N (1)

• bacteria type O and L {not affected / growth inhibited} (1) ACCEPT antibiotic is bacteriostatic (3)
to O and L

Question Answer Mark

number
2(a)
The only correct answer is A.

B is incorrect because this is not a method of counting bacteria

C is incorrect because colonies are counted not weighed (1)
D is incorrect because colonies are counted on agar. Turbidity would not work on agar.
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
2(b) An explanation that includes the following points: ACCEPT a description for both
marking points e.g. sellotape used
in places / sellotape not used all
the way round

• attach lid to dish to ensure {lid does not fall off / bacteria do not ACCEPT a description of how to
enter / bacteria do not leave / no contamination} (1) attach e.g. tape up the petri dish,
use sellotape to seal petri dish

• not completely sealed {so that conditions remain aerobic / prevent ACCEPT leave gaps
the growth of anaerobic bacteria} (1) so there is oxygen

NB leave air holes in the sealing = (2)

this mark

Question Answer Mark

number
2(c)(i)
The only correct answer is C.

A is incorrect because lag comes before exponential and death comes at the end
B is incorrect because exponential comes between lag and death (1)
D is incorrect because lag comes before exponential and stationery comes after

Question Answer Mark

number
2(c)(ii)
The only correct answer is D.

A is incorrect because all four are correct

B is incorrect because all four are correct
C is incorrect because all four are correct (1)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
2(c)(iii)

• log10 Nt and log10 N0 values read from graph and subtracted (1) 6.5 – 2 / 4.5
IGNORE ‘log’ before the 6.5 and 2 if
they clearly haven’t used the log
value

• 2.49 (1) ecf if log of logs have been taken (2)

and given to 2 dps = 0.28

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3(a)(i) A description that includes the following points: ACCEPT other {bacteria /
microorganisms} for pathogens

• compete with pathogen for {space / nutrients / metabolites / ACCEPT nutrition

named nutrient} (1) IGNORE food

• (skin flora) producing toxins (to pathogens) (1) ACCEPT anti-microbials

chemicals if linked to mp 3
or qualified as being poisonous
DO NOT ACCEPT sebum

• preventing {the growth of the pathogens / colonisation (of ACCEPT stimulate the immune (2)
the skin) by pathogens} (1) system
(toxins) kill pathogens
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3(a)(ii)

• keratin / antimicrobial secretions (by the skin) / oils / sebum ACCEPT barrier
IGNORE sweat (1)
explanations and other methods

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3(b)(i) A description that includes the following points: IGNORE reference to ‘others’
throughout
Do not piece together
• majority of bacteria are three types

• males of all ages have the same (predominant) groups of

bacteria present on their skin (1)

• Proteobacteria are the highest group of bacteria in all age ACCEPT Firmicutes is lowest named
groups (1) bacteria in all groups

• middle aged men and elderly men have similar proportions of the ACCEPT teenagers have {more
three types of bacteria present on their skin (1) Firmicutes and Actinobacteria / less
(3)
Proteobacteria} (than middle aged and
elderly men)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3(b)(ii) A description that includes two of the following points:

• collect from same part of {body / skin} (1)

• men should use same washing regime (1) ACCEPT description e.g number of
showers, same soaps

• men from same environment (1) ACCEPT same parts of the world,
named environmental conditions
e.g. UV light, humidity,
temperature
• men should not be taking antibiotics (1)
ACCEPT should not use
antibacterial {soaps / creams} (2)
no skin conditions
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3(c)(i) A description that includes the following points:

• macrophages {engulf / phagocytose / ingest} the bacteria (1) ACCEPT pathogens / microorganisms
DO NOT ACCEPT viruses
DO NOT ACCEPT in context of
opsonisation

• and destroy the bacteria with enzymes (1) ACCEPT digestive enzymes / named (2)
digestive enzyme / lysozyme

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3(c)(ii) A description that includes two of the following points:

• macrophages present antigen (on surface / on MHC) (1)

• (macrophages present antigen) to {T helper / CD4} cells (1) DO NOT ACCEPT to T killer cells /
B cells / other cells

• macrophage engulf opsonised bacteria (1) ACCEPT description of (2)

opsonisation
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
4(a)(i)

• not enough (male) birds left to teach them the song ACCEPT hear the songs of other
birds and learn them (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
4(a)(ii) An explanation that includes the following points:

• female birds will not recognise the males (song / courtship

behaviour) (1)

• therefore the level of breeding may drop (1) ACCEPT reduced mating /
reproduction
• therefore the number of birds will drop (further) / extinction
(1)

• hybridisation may occur (1) ACCEPT mating with another species

would produce infertile offspring
(3)
IGNORE references to reproductive
isolation
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
4(a)(iii) An answer that includes the following points:

• keep them away from other species / house them with (only)
their species (1)
ACCEPT play recorded {songs /
• (in captivity) keep with other birds that can sing the songs (to
videos} / whistle the song
teach them) (1)

• and then release the birds that have learnt the song back into (2)
the wild (1)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
4(b) A description that includes the following points:

• take DNA samples from {feather / dropping / skin / blood} (of

both species) (1)

• use of PCR (1)

• (followed by) (gel) electrophoresis (1) ACCEPT DNA profiling /

bioinformatics

• {number / width / position / patterns} of bands will show ACCEPT similar base sequences (4)
similarities (1) (using DNA profiling /
bioinformatics)
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Answer Mark

5(a)(i)
The only correct answer is C.

A is incorrect because m is an area so two dimensional

B is incorrect because year is one dimensional
D is incorrect because year is one dimensional (1)

Answer Mark

5(a)(ii)
The only correct answer is B.

A is incorrect because NPP = GPP - R

C is incorrect because NPP = GPP - R (1)
D is incorrect because NPP = GPP - R

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
5(a)(iii) ACCEPT 98 : 9.6 : 1
98.3 : 9.6 : 1
• 98 : 10 : 1 100 : 10 : 1

10 : 1 : 0.1
10.3 : 1 : 0.1

1 : 0.1: 0.01 (1)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
5(a)(iv) An explanation that includes the following points:

• because not enough energy (in trophic level 3) (1) IGNORE no energy / biomass

• to sustain (organisms in) a fourth trophic level (1) ACCEPT support

OR

• energy is lost between trophic levels (1)

(2)
• so not enough energy for another trophic level (1) IGNORE no energy / biomass
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
5(a)(v) A description that includes the following points:

• breakdown organic matter (1) ACCEPT dead {tree / gerenuk /

lion} / tissues / named organic
molecule

• with (hydrolytic) enzymes (1) ACCEPT named enzyme

NB release {digestive / hydrolytic}

enzymes onto dead organisms = 2
marks
• releasing carbon dioxide from respiration (to the atmosphere)
(3)
(1)

• where it is used for photosynthesis (by plants) (1)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
*5(b) Level 1 points: Level 1:
• due to natural selection
(Descriptions of differences in features) 1 mark = 1 point made from any
• gerenuk’s food is higher up / springbok’s food is lower down level
• gerenuks have longer {necks / limbs}
• gerenuk’s white areas are {underneath / more concealed} 2 marks = 3 points made from
any level
• better adapted organisms survive and reproduce
• passing their alleles onto their offspring
Level 2 points:
• occupy a different niche because they eat different food Level 2:
(Descriptions of how mutation caused a difference)
NB Must be a reference to the
• change in length of {neck / limbs} due to a mutation
data / context of the question
• change in type of horns due to a mutation
(Explanations of how a features are an adaptation / result in difference in behaviour)
3 marks = 4 points made which
• organisms with longer neck could reach the higher leaves include at least one level 2 point
• organisms with smaller horns did not get caught up in branches
• smaller organisms had to go to waterhole for water 4 marks = 5 points made which
• organisms with larger horns could defend off predators include at least one level 2 point
• male gerenuks kept horns for fighting for females

• reference to {reduced gene flow / change in allele frequency / reproductive isolation} with no links made
Level 3 points: Level 3:
• length of {neck / limbs} is a polygenic characteristic
• type of horns is a polygenic characteristic NB Horns and {leg / neck}
• therefore organisms will show (continuous) variation for this phenotype length must be included
• height of food acted as a selection pressure on size
• {branches / predators} acted as a selection pressure on horns 5 marks = 6 points made which
• organisms that {occupy a different niche / feed on different food} are not in competition with each other includes at least one level 3
• two groups of organisms moved apart depending on where their food was point
• sympatric speciation / organisms not separated by a physical barrier
• therefore reduced gene flow (between the two groups) 6 marks = 7 points made which
• resulting in changes in the allele frequency includes at least one level 3
point (6)
• eventually resulting in reproductively isolated
• and the formation of two species
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Question Answer Mark

number
6(a)(i)
The only correct answer is D.

A is incorrect because R is a glycoprotein

B is incorrect because Q is an enzyme (1)
C is incorrect because S is the capsid

Question Answer Mark

number
6(a)(ii)
The only correct answer is D.

A is incorrect because Q is an enzyme, R is a glycoprotein and S is the protein capsid

B is incorrect because Q is an enzyme, R is a glycoprotein and S is the protein capsid (1)
C is incorrect because Q is an enzyme, R is a glycoprotein and S is the protein capsid

Question Answer Mark

number
6(a)(iii)
The only correct answer is A.

B is incorrect because TMV does not have an envelope

C is incorrect because TMV does not have an envelope (1)
D is incorrect because Ebola virus has both an envelope and RNA

Question Answer Mark

number
6(a)(iv)
The only correct answer is D.

A is incorrect because 60mm is 60 000 000 nm, divide this by 120nm = 500 000
B is incorrect because 60mm is 60 000 000 nm, divide this by 120nm = 500 000 (1)
C is incorrect because 60mm is 60 000 000 nm, divide this by 120nm = 500 000
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
6(b)(i) An explanation that includes two of the following points:

• because the y axis would have to be extended to {37 / 38 / 39 / 40} ACCEPT would require a bigger
(1) scale
larger graph

• otherwise this would make the rest of the data too squashed (1) ACCEPT changes in deaths and new
infections would not be so
OR accurately presented

• so that all the data can be plotted on one graph (1) ACCEPT with data for new
infections and deaths
IGNORE easier / harder
other data

• so that it can all be compared (1) ACCEPT with data for new
infections and deaths
IGNORE easier / harder (2)
other data

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
6(b)(ii) An answer that includes two of the following points:

• two values read from graph, subtracted and divided by 5 (1) (3.2 – 3.1) ÷ 5 = 0.02

• 2 × 105 / 2.0 × 105 / 2.00 × 105 (1) (2)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
6(b)(iii) An explanation that includes two of the following points:

• more infected people are surviving (1) ACCEPT fewer infected people are
dying
IGNORE death rates

• (more) people are surviving due to {better / new} {treatments / IGNORE vaccines, antibiotics, (2)
health care} (1) technology

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
6(b)(iv)
• extrapolation (of data / graph / line) / extending the line ACCEPT extend a line of best fit
(to 2025) (1) IGNORE draw a line of best fit (1)
unqualified

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
6(b)(v) An explanation that includes two of the following points:

• because vaccines result in {(artificial active) immunity / an

immune response} (1)

• due to the {formation / presence} of memory cells (1)

• therefore (as a result of the vaccine) there would be fewer ACCEPT number of infections decrease
people with HIV (1)

• and therefore non-immune people less likely to become ACCEPT herd immunity (3)
infected by someone with HIV (1)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
7(a)
• 83 / 83.0 / 83.3 / 83.33 (%) (1) DO NOT ACCEPT any other values .
including recurring numbers e.g. 83.3 (1)
IGNORE {decrease / - / }
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
*7(b)(i) Table: ACCEPT converse throughout where
appropriate
• Tasmanian devils spend less time feeding in cancer areas (D)
Level 1:
• because there are fewer Tasmanian devils in these areas (E)
• because they have died from the cancer (E) 1 mark = one description only
• because they are sick and get chased away by the other scavengers (E)
• because they are sick and have lost their appetite (E) 2 marks = two descriptions
OR
one simple explanation
• {ravens / quolls / cats} all spend longer feeding in cancer areas (D)
Level 2:
• because there are fewer Tasmanian devils (E)
• therefore more food to go round / less competition (E) 3 marks = more than one
• because there are fewer Tasmanian devils to frighten them away (E) explanation from either table or
• because sick Tasmanian devils are too ill to chase scavengers away (E) graph

• ravens, quolls and feral cats in similar proportions in both areas (D) 4 marks = explanations for both
table and graph
• because they eat different parts of the carcass (E)
• so are not in competition with each other (E) Level 3:

Graph: 5 marks = explanations for both

table and graph, one of which is
• carcasses in cancer areas are lasting longer than those in the healthy area (D) extended

• because there are fewer Tasmanian devils to feed on the carcass (E) 6 marks = to include extended
• because they are sick and have lost their appetite (E) explanations for both table and
• because scavengers do not eat as fast as Tasmanian devils (E) graph
• because scavengers do not eat all the carcasses (E)
• but they eventually breakdown by {decomposers / other scavengers} (E) NB Extended explanation either
offers two alternative explanations (6)
or has two steps to it
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Question number Answer Additional guidance Mark

7(b)(ii) An explanation that includes four of the following points:

• (type or number) {microorganisms / insect species}

that decompose the carcasses (1)

• other species of scavengers as they would also feed on ACCEPT competing for carcass
the carcasses (1)

• people as this could frighten away the {scavengers / ACCEPT named activity of
Tasmanian devils} (1) people and the effect

• other predators because they could affect the number

of {scavengers / Tasmanian devils} feeding (1)

• pathogens as they could affect the number of

{scavengers / Tasmanian devils} feeding (1)
NB If no marks awarded, allow 1 (4)
mark for a named biotic factor
from the mark scheme
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
8(a)(i) A description that includes three of the following points:

• need to withstand {harsh / extreme} environments (1)

• need to be able to withstand {dessication / lack of shade} (1) ACCEPT can live in dry
conditions
• have a low requirement for {minerals / mineral ions / named ACCEPT can grow in {poor
mineral ion / soil} (1) quality soil / bare rock}
IGNORE nutrients
• have {fast life-cycles / grow fast / reproduce asexually / produce lots
of seeds / wide dispersal mechanisms} (1)
(3)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
8(a)(ii) An explanation that includes two of the following points:

• changes to the habitat have to take place before a different ACCEPT (one species) {improves
organism can survive there (1) conditions / provides suitable
conditions} (for the next species)

• credit named improvement (1) e.g. make soil, improve soil,

provide food (for animals)

(2)
• credit organism that would appear in next stage following this e.g. (deeper soil) bushes / trees,
improvement (1) (food / shelter) animals
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
8(b)(i) An answer that includes the following points:

• eruption results in a drop in temperature (within 1.25 years) IGNORE references to subsequent
(1) increase

• by 0.2°C (1) ACCEPT value in range of 0.02 to 0.2,

but must be correct if time period
stated

OR

• (overall) increase in
temperature (1)
(2)
• by {0.1 / 0.15}°C (1)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
8(b)(ii) An explanation that includes the following points: ACCEPT {particles / ash / sulfur
dioxide} throughout

• less (UV / shorter wave length) light will (indirectly) result IGNORE heat
in cooler temperatures (1)

• because there will be less {IR (radiation) / long wave ACCEPT less heat trapped
length} (reflected from the Earth’s surface to warm up the
atmosphere) (1)

• with time, the particles will {disperse / decrease} (1)

• and more (UV / shorter wave length) light will be able to

{reach the Earth / pass through} increasing the
(4)
temperature (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
8(b)(iii)

• 700 / 7 × 102 (times / eruptions) (1) (1)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
8(b)(iv) An answer that includes four of the following points:

• graph shows that there is no significant change in levels of

carbon dioxide following the eruptions (1)

• but there is evidence that volcanoes release some carbon ACCEPT volcanoes {do release /
dioxide (1) increase} carbon dioxide

• so they might contribute to the greenhouse effect and cause ACCEPT volcanoes do contribute to
{climate change / global warming / increase in temperatures} the greenhouse effect and cause
(1) {climate change / global warming /
increase in temperatures}
ACCEPT carbon dioxide is a
greenhouse gas and causes climate
change
• but this might be offset by the {sulfur dioxide / ash} produced
(1) (3)
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