INTRODUCTION

• Ascaris lumbricoides is the

largest nematode
(roundworm) parasitizing the
human intestine.
• Ascaris lumbricoides is an
intestinal worm found in the
small intestine of man (mainly
in the jejunum and upper part
of the ileum).
• They are more common in
children than in adults
• As many as 500 to 5000 adult
worms may inhabit a single
host.
 Geographical distribution
• Worldwide
• High prevalence in underdeveloped countries
that have poor sanitation (parts of Asia, South
America and Africa)
• Occurs during rainy months, tropical and
subtropical countries
• Even occurs in rural areas in the United States
 MORPHOLOGY
• It is a elongated, cylindrical and
tapering at both ends.
• Sexes are separate
• The female is longer than male 25
– 40 cm long, 4-6 mm in
diameter.
• Male is smaller being 15-30 cm
long, 2-4 mm in diameter.
• The posterior end of male is
curved ventrally in the form of a
hook
• The digestive and respiratory
organs of the worm float inside
the body cavity possessing a toxic
fluid known as ascaron
 The Mouth Parts

• The mouth opens at the anterior

end.
• It is surrounded by three finely
toothed lips.
• The lips are one dorsal and two
ventrolateral.
• These lips bear sensory structures
called labial papillae
Adult worms of A. lumbricoides
A mature female A. lumbricoides lays enormous number of eggs
(nearly 2,00,000 eggs daily) which are passed in the faeces

There are two kinds of the eggs. They are fertilized eggs, and
unfertilized eggs

 We usually describe an egg in 5 aspects: size, color, shape,

shell and content

Decorticated eggs: Both fertilized and unfertilized eggs

sometimes may lack their outer albuminous coats and are
colorless
 Fertilized Egg

 Broad oval in shape, brown in color,

an average size 60× 45µm.
 The shell is thicker and consists of
chitinous layer, and mammillated
albuminous coat stained brown by
bile.
 The content is a fertilized ovum.
 There is a new-moon(crescent)
shaped clear space at the each end
inside the shell.
Unfertilized egg
 Narrower and longer and measure
90 µm in length and 55 µm in
breadth
 They are bile stained and brown in
colour
 The chitinous layer and albuminous
coat are thinner and irregular than
those of the fertilized eggs
 The content is made of small
atrophied ovum suurounded by
many refractable granules of various
size.
 Heaviest of all the helminthic eggs
Decorticated eggs
Both fertilized and unfertilized eggs
sometimes may lack their outer
albuminous coats and are colorless.
 Life cycle
• The life cycle of A. lumbricoides is passed in only one host,
man
• No intermediate host is required
• Fertilised eggs containing unsegmented ovum are passed
in the faeces
• They have to undergo a period of incubation in soil before
acquiring infectivity
• A first stage rhabditiform larva develops from the
unsegmented ovum within the egg
• This is followed by first moulting and a fully developed
second stage rhabditiform larva within the egg
 Modes of transmission
• Occurs mainly via ingestion of water or food (raw
vegetables or fruits in particular) contaminated with A.
lumbricoides eggs.

• Occasionally inhalation of contaminated dust

• Children playing in contaminated soil may acquire the

parasite from their hands

• Enhanced by the fact that individuals can be

asymptomatically infected and continues to shed eggs for
years
 Life cycle
Egg hatch----- 3rd stage larvae --- hepatic
portal vessels to liver (3-4 days) ------ via
Hepatic vein---inferior venacava, ------right
heart ----- pulmonary artery --- Lungs (2nd
on 5th day and 3rd moulting on 10th day) ---
Lung alveoli ---- Larynx --- oesophagus ---
Stomach and localize in the upper part of
the small intestine (4th moulting, on 25th to
29th day of infection)
Pathogenesis
Disease produced by A. lumbricoides is known as ascariasis and
is caused by both adult worms and migrating larvae

There are two phases in ascariasis:

1. The blood-lung migration phase of the larvae

2. The intestinal phase of the adults
 The blood-lung migration phase of the
larvae
 In persons repeatedly infected with Ascaris and sensitised to the
parasite antigens, the migrating larvae may lead to inflammatory and
hypersensitivity reactions in the lungs

 There is formation of granuloma and eosinophilic infiltrates

 It leads to fever, cough, dyspnoea, urticarial rash and eosinophilia

The sputum may be blood-tinged, and may contain Ascaris larvae and
Charcot-Leyden crystals.

 This condition is known as Loeffler’s syndrome

 Allergic inflammatory reaction to migrating larvae may involve other

organs such as liver and kidneys

 Larvae and adult A. lumbricoides secrete allergens which cause

hypersensitivity reactions in host
 The intestinal phase of the adults

• Adult worms produces various pathological

lesions in the following ways

1. Mechanical action
2. Spoliative action
3. Allergic reaction
• The severity of intestinal disease depend upon the worm
load of the intestine and nutritional status of the host
• The presence of a few adult worms in the lumen of the small
intestine usually produces no symptoms, but may give rise to
vague abdominal pains or intermittent colic, especially in
children
• Heavy infection with a large number of worms causes
impairment of host nutrition and growth retardation in
children
• Heavy worm load especially in younger children may lead to
intussusceptions and partial or total intestinal obstruction
• Wandering adults may block the appendical lumen or the
common bile duct and even perforate the intestinal wall
Complications

Complications such as intestinal obstruction, appendicitis,

biliary ascariasis, perforation of the intestine,
cholecystitis, pancreatitis and peritonitis, etc., may occur,
in which biliary ascariasis is the most common
complication.
 Laboratory diagnosis
Done by following methods
1. Parasitic diagnosis
a) Demonstration of adult worm
b) Demonstration of eggs
c) Demonstration of larvae
2. Serodiagnosis
3. Eosinophilia
 Demonstration of adult worms
Worm may be passed through anus, mouth, nose and rarely
through ear

Barium meal may occasionally reveal the presence of adult

worms in the small intestine

Demonstration of eggs
Eggs may be detected in stool or duodenal bile aspirate by
direct microscopy or after concentration of faeces

Eggs may not be seen if only male worms are present

 Demonstraion of larvae
Ascaris larvae may be detected in the sputum during the stage
of migration

2. Serodiagnosis
Ascaris antibody can be detected by indirect haemagglutination
(IHA) And immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) test

These tests are useful for the diagnosis of extraintestinal –

ascariasis like Loeffler’s syndrome

3. Eosinophilia
It is seen in larval invasion stage
 Treatment
• Pyrantel pamoate, in a single dose of 11 mg
per kilogram body weight (maximum 1 gm)

• Mebendazole in a dose of 100 mg twice daily

for 3 days, and piperazine citrate in a dose of
75 mg per kg body weight daily for 2 days
 Prophylaxis
Ascariasis can be prevented by

• Proper disposal of human faeces

• Avoidance of eating raw vegetables and salads
• Periodic treatment with an effective
anthelminthic, in communities that lack
sanitary facilities
 Larva Migrans
• This is a term used to describe human
infections with helminth larvae, which are not
adapted to human beings
• The condition is usually caused by animal
parasites, man being an abnormal host, these
larvae are not able to reach the normal
habitat and keep wandering in the abnormal
host (man), hence, known as larva migrans
Divided into 2 types

1) Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) also known

as creeping eruption
2) Visceral larva migrans (VLM)
Common points between CLM and VLM

• Man always acquires the infection as an

accidental host
• The causative agents are usually zoophilic
helminths
• The host mounts an inflammatory response
directed against somatic antigens of parasites
• Both diseases affect primarily the children
• Both are widespread in tropical and temperate
countries of the world
 Cutaneous larva migrans
Definition
 CLM or creeping eruption is an intense pruritic
condition caused by prolonged migration of the
dog and cat hookworms in man

Aetiology
1) Ancylostoma braziliense
2) A. caninum
3) Gnathostoma spinigerum
4) Necator americanus
5) Strongyloides stercoralis
 Clinical manifestations
• The migration of the larvae in the skin is accompanied by
severe itching
• Scratching may lead to secondary bacterial infection
• In heavy infections itching is so intense that the patient
cannot sleep and may become psychotic
• The larva migrates and unoccupied area of the burrow
dries and becomes crusted within a few days and
ultimately disappears
• Loffler’s syndrome may occur in one fourth to one-half of
the cases
Lab diagnosis

1) Skin biopsy: Larvae are rarely found in skin

lesions
2) Clinical diagnosis

Treatment

 Thiabendazole given orally or applied locally as a

10% aqueous solution is effective
 Freezing the advancing part of creeping eruption
with ethyl chloride is also effective
 Visceral larva migrans
Definition
 Is a syndrome caused by migration of parasitic
larvae in the viscera of the host for months and
years
Aetiology
1) Toxocara canis
2) Toxocara catis
3) Angiostrongylus cantonensis
4) Anisakine species
5) Gnathostoma spinigerum
 Mode of transmission

 Transmitted by ingestion of eggs of Toxocara species in

contaminated food or soil
 Children with the habit of pica are at high risk
 Pathogenesis
• The infected dogs with T. canis infection pass eggs
in the soil
• When ingested by man larvae are liberated in the
intestine, penetrate the wall and are carried in
the blood to the liver and then to lungs
• The larvae migrate freely in the tissues, causing
haemorrhage, necrosis, eosinophilic
inflammatory reaction and eventually granuloma
formation
 Clinical features
There are two distinct varieties of VLM
1) Systemic or visceral form
2) Ocular form

 In a systemic variety the symptoms are those of

allergy including urticaria and asthma attacks
 Failure to gain weight, arthralgia and myalgia
may be there
 In the ocular form, unilateral, painless, solitary
lesion in the eye which may be confused with
retinoblastoma
 Lab diagnosis
1) DLC: High degree of eosinophilia
2) Elevated levels of IgG, IgE
3) Demonstration of larvae on biopsy or
autopsy in liver
4) ELISA using excretory and secretory (ES)
antigens of second stage larvae of T. canis
 Treatment
3 week oral course of diethylcarbamazine