Clinical Manifestation of Ascariasis

Clinical Manifestation of
Ascariasis
Raveinal
Sub division Allergy Immunology Internal Medicine Andalas
University / M Jamil Hospital Padang
INTRODUCTION
• Ascaris lumbricoides is
the largest nematode
(roundworm) parasitizing
the human intestine.
• Ascaris lumbricoides is an
intestinal worm found in
the small intestine of
man.
• They are more common
in children then in adult.
• As many as 500 to 5000
adult worms may inhabit
a single host.
Geographic Distribution
• The most common human helminthic

infection.
• Worldwide distribution.
• Highest prevalence in tropical and
subtropical regions, and areas with
inadequate sanitation.
MORPHOLOGY
• It is a elongated, cylindrical and

tapering at both ends.
• Sexes are separate
• The female is longer than male
20 – 35 cm long, 4-6 mm in
diameter.
• Male is smaller being 15-30 cm
long, 2-4 mm in diameter.
• The posterior end of male is
curved having penial setae near
the end.
Ova of Ascaris lumbricoides
INFECTION TO MAN
• It occurs when the man swallows the infective
eggs of Ascaris with contaminated food or
water.
The Egg of Ascaris
Immunology respon to helminth
• Th2 activation  CD4 lymphosite to release
IL4 and Il5
• IL4  trigger B cell lymphosite to produce IgE
• IL5  trigger of eosinophyl activation
•
LIFE CYCLE
Life cycles
1. Site of inhabitation: small intestine
2. Infetive stage: embryonated eggs
3. Route of infection: by mouth
4. No intermediate and reservoir hosts
5. Life span of the adult: about 1 year
• This worm lives in the lumen of small
intestine, feeding on the intestinal contents,
where the fertilized female lays eggs.
• An adult female can produce approximately
240,000 eggs per day, which are passed in
feces.
• The eggs are development of about three
weeks until a motile embryo is formed within
the egg.
• Unfertilized eggs may be ingested but are
not infective. Fertile eggs embryonate and
become infective after 18 days to several
weeks.
• After infective eggs are swallowed , the

larvae hatch , invade the intestinal
mucosa.
• Carried via the portal, then systemic

circulation to the lungs. larvae mature
further in the lungs (10 to 14 days),
penetrate the alveolar walls, ascend the
bronchial tree to the throat, and are
swallowed.
• Upon reaching the small intestine, they
develop into adult worms. Between 2 and 3
months are required from ingestion of the
infective eggs to oviposition by the adult
female. Adult worms can live 1 to 2 years.
Rhabditiform larvae
Egg hatch------3rd stage larva --- hepatic

portal vessels to liver (3-4 days) ------
Hepatic vein ------ Post caval vein ----- Heart
--- Lungs (7days-3rd moulting) ---Larynx ---
oesophagus --- Stomach (4th moulting)
Symptoms of Ascariasis
• No symptoms
• Stage 1: worm larvae in the bowels attach
to bowel walls
• Stage 2: worm larvae migrate into the
lungs :
- Fever and breathing difficulty
- Coughing and pneumonia
• Stage 3: worms enter the small intestine
and mature into worms and remain
there to feed
• Abdominal discomfort :
– Intestinal blockage - may be partial or complete
– Partial intestinal blockage
– Total intestinal blockage
– Severe abdominal pain
– Vomiting
• Restlessness
• Disturbed sleep
• Worm in stool
• Worm in vomit
CLINICAL FEATURES
• Abdominal pain,
diarrhoea, vomiting and
slight temperature.
• It blocks intestine and
appendix.
• They may enter bile or
pancreatic duct and
interfere with digestion.
• Injure the intestine and
cause peritonitis.
• They produce toxins which irritate the mucous
membrane of the gut, or prevent digestion of
protein by host by destroying an enzyme
trypsin.
• In children they cause stunted growth and
makes the mental capacity dull.
• Larvae causes inflammation and haemorrhage
in the lungs which results in pneumonia – may
prove fatal.
Iii. Diagnosis
The symptoms and signs are for reference
only. The confirmative diagnosis depends
on the recovery and identification of the
worm or its egg.
1. Ascaris pneumonitis: examination of
sputum for Ascaris larvae is sometimes
successful.
2. Intestinal ascariasis: feces are examined
for the ascaris eggs.
2. Intestinal ascariasis: feces are examined for the
ascaris eggs.
- direct fecal film: it is simple and effective.

The eggs are easily found using this way due
to a large number of the female oviposition,
approximately 240,000 eggs per worm per
day. So this method is the first choice.
-recovery of adult worms: when adults or

adolescents are found in feces or vomit and
tissues and organs from the human infected
with ascarids , the diagnosis may be defined
Treatment
• Infections with A.lumbricoides are easily
treated with a number of anthelmintic drugs:
• pyrantel pamoate given as a single dose of 10
mg/kg.
• levamisole given as a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg.
• mebendazole given as a single dose of 500 mg.
• albendazole given as a single dose of 400 mg.
PREVENTION
• Keeping good sanitation conditions is the only way to prevent
the infection of Ascaris.
• Pollution of soil with human faeces should be avoided.
• Vegetable should be thoroughly washed in a mild solution of
Pottasium permanganate and properly cooked before use.
• Finger nails should be regularly cut to avoid the collection of
dirt and eggs below them.
• Hands should be properly washed with some antiseptic soap
before touching edibles or eating.
THANK YOU

Clinical Manifestation of Ascariasis

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Clinical Manifestation of Ascariasis

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Clinical Manifestation of

• The most common human helminthic

• It is a elongated, cylindrical and

• After infective eggs are swallowed , the

• Carried via the portal, then systemic

Egg hatch------3rd stage larva --- hepatic

- direct fecal film: it is simple and effective.

-recovery of adult worms: when adults or

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