Internet

ESSENTIALS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE: Page no-1
History of Internet
The first prototype of the Internet introduced in the late 1960s with the creation
of ARPANET (the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). Originally funded by the
U.S. Department of Defense.
On October 29, 1969, ARPA net delivered its first message: a “node-to-node”
communication from one computer to another. (The first computer was located in a
research lab at UCLA and the second was at Stanford; each one was the size of a small
house) The message—“LOGIN”—was short and simple, but it crashed the fledgling ARPA
network anyway: The Stanford computer only received the “LO” first two letters.
The technology continued to grow in the 1970s after scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton
Cerf developed Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) and Internet Protocol(IP), (or)
TCP/IP, a communications model that set standards for how data could be transmitted
between multiple networks.
ARPANET adopted TCP/IP on January 1, 1983, and from there researchers began to
assemble the “network of networks” that became the modern Internet.
The online world then spread form in 1989, when computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee
invented the World Wide Web. While it’s often confused with the internet itself, the web
is actually just the most common means of accessing data online in the form of websites
and hyperlinks.
The web helped popularize the internet among the public, and served as a crucial step in
developing the vast trove of information that most of us now access on a daily basis.
WHAT IS INTERNET?
“Internet is a global network that inter connects billions of computers across the world
with each other and to the World Wide Web. That uses the standard Internet Protocol Suite
(TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide”.
It is set up by using cables such as optical fibers and other wireless and networking technologies.
It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business,

and government networks of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic
and optical networking technologies.
Prepared By: M.VENKAT (MCA, M-Tech) Lecturer in Computer Science

It can be defined in many ways as follows:
1. Internet is a world-wide global system of interconnected computer networks.
2. Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
3. Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.
4. IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which identifies a computer

location.
5. A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to give name to the IP Address so
that user can locate a computer by a name.
6. For example, a DNS server will resolve a name http://www.webduniya.com to a

particular IP address to uniquely identify the computer on which this website is hosted.
7. Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.
Advantages of Internet:
Now a day, using internet is almost everywhere. We can search for almost any topic on the
internet using a search engine. Thousands of pages of information are kept available on various topics
on the internet.
Apart from providing information, internet has some more significant advantages…
1. Instant Messaging:
You can send messages or communicate to anyone using internet, such as email, voice
chat, video conferencing, etc.
2. Get directions:
Using GPS technology, you can get directions to almost every place in a city, country, etc.
You can find restaurants, malls, or any other service near your location.

3. Online Shopping:
It allows you to shop online such as you can be clothes, shoes, book movie tickets, railway
tickets, flight tickets, and more.
4. Pay Bills:
You can pay your bills online, such as electricity bills, gas bills, college fees, etc.
5. Online Banking:
It allows you to use internet banking in which you can check your balance, receive or
transfer money, get a statement, request cheque-book, etc.
6. Online Selling:
You can sell your products (or) services in online. It helps you reach more customers and
thus increases your sales and profit.
7. Work from Home:
In case you need to work from home, you can do it using a system with internet access.
Today, many companies allow their employees to work from home.
8. Entertainment:
You can listen to online music, watch videos (or) movies, play online games.
9. Cloud computing:
It enables you to connect your computers and internet-enabled devices to cloud services
such as cloud storage, cloud computing, etc.
10. Career building:
You can search for jobs online on different job portals and send you CV through email if
required.

ISP: Internet Service Provider

Internet service was originally limited to government agencies and specific university departments. The
technology was developed to provide access to the general public through the World Wide Web in the
late 1980s
ISP stands for Internet Service Provider. It is a company that provides internet access to both personal
and business customers. ISP provides the services to surf the web, shop online, and connect with family
and friends all for a fee.
ISPs can also provide other services, including email services, domain registration, web hosting,
and browser packages.
An ISP may also be referred to as an information service provider, a storage service provider, an internet
network service provider (INSP), or any combination of these three based on the services offered by the
company.
For example, when you connect to the Internet, the connection between your device and the internet is
executed through a transmission technology that involves the transfer of information packets through an
Internet Protocol route.
Data is transmitted through different technologies, including cable modem, dial-up, DSL, high speed
interconnects. Accordingly, based on the method of data transmission, the Internet access provided by
ISPs can be divided into many types, some of which are as follows:
1). Dial-up Internet access:
It is the oldest technology to provide Internet access by modem to modem connection using
telephone lines. In this method, the user's computer is connected to a modem with a telephone
line. This method has become outdated today due to slow connection speed. However, in remote
areas, this method can be used where the broadband network is not available.

2). DSL:
DSL, which stands for 'digital subscriber line' is an advanced version of the dial-up Internet access
method. It uses high frequency to execute a connection over the telephone network and allows
the internet and the phone connection to run on the same telephone line. This method offers an
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber (ADSL), where the upload speed is less than the download speed,
and a Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL), which offers equal upload and download speeds.
Out of these two, ADSL is more popular among users and is popularly known as DSL.
3). Wireless Broadband (WiBB):
It is a modern broadband technology for Internet access. It allows high-speed wireless internet
within a large area. To use this technology, you are required to place a dish on the top of your
house and point it to the transmitter of your Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP).
4. Wi-Fi Internet:
It is the short form for "wireless fidelity," which is a wireless networking technology that provides
wireless high-speed Internet connections using radio waves. To use the internet, you are required
to be within the range of Wi-Fi network. It is commonly used in public places such as hotels,
airports, restaurants to provide internet access to customers.

5). ISDN:
It is a short form of Integrated Services Digital Network. It is a telephone system network which
integrates a high-quality digital transmission of voice and data over the same standard phone line.
It offers a fast upstream and downstream Internet connection speed and allows both voice calls
and data transfer.
6). Ethernet:
It is a wired LAN (Local Area Network) where computers are connected within a primary physical
space. It enables devices to communicate with each other via a protocol (a set of rules or common
network language). It may provide different speeds such as 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps and 10 Gbps.
Types of Networking
There are many different types of networks. However, from an end user’s point of view there are four basic types.
1. LAN(Local Area Network)
2. CAN(Campus Area Network)
3. MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
4. WAN(Wide Area Network)
5. PAN(Personal Area Network)

1. Local Area Network(LAN)
Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small area such as
building, office. It provides higher security.
A computer network placed inside a building and operated under single administrative system is
generally called as Local Area Network (LAN). Usually, LAN covers an organization’ offices, schools,
colleges or universities. Number of systems connected in LAN may vary from at least as 2 to 16
million.
1. LANs are composed of low cost networking and routing equipment.

2. It mostly operates on private IP addresses.
3. LAN can be wired, wireless, (or) in both forms at once.
Advantages
 Resource Sharing:
 Centralized data
 Internet Sharing
Disadvantages
 High setup cost
 Privacy violations
 Covers limited area
2. Campus Area Network (CAN)

CAN stand for “Campus Area Network”, and it is also called the “Corporate Area Network“. CAN
network helps to link couples of local area networks with small geographical space. CAN is larger to
Local Area Network but it smaller compare to WAN and MAN networks.
Campus Area Network (CAN) has main objective is that offer to best accessibility of campus
residential regions such as schools, colleges, university, small institutes (Campus), and corporate area
(building).

Campus Area Network (CAN) means to connect multiple LAN networks to each other through switches
and router, and finally to create a single network.
Advantages
 Easy accessibility of data:
 Higher speed:
 Share internet connection:
Disadvantages
 It can support up to 40 meter length.
 In CAN network, to seem undesirable interactions in between all nodes
Examples of Campus Area Network:- Schools, colleges, university campus,etc…
3. Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)

The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) generally expands throughout a city such as cable TV
network. It can be in the form of Ethernet, Token-ring, ATM, or Fiber Distributed Data Interface
(FDDI).
Metro Ethernet is a service which is provided by ISPs. This service enables its users to expand their
Local Area Networks. For example, MAN can help an organization to connect all of its offices in a city.
Backbone of MAN is high-capacity and high-speed fiber optics. MAN works in between Local Area
Network and Wide Area Network.
Advantages
 It mainly used Fiber optic cable
 It generally covered a city or a town.
 It supports voice communication.

Disadvantages
 It is very expensive for the setting part.
 Phone network is needed
4. Wide Area Network(WAN)

The Wide Area Network (WAN) covers a wide area which may cover across a whole states and
country. Generally, telecommunication networks are Wide Area Network. These networks provide
connectivity to MANs and LANs. A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans
over a large geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.
Advantages
 Shares software and resources with connecting workstations.
 Messages can be sent very quickly to anyone.
 Share information/files over a larger are
Disadvantages
 Are expensive and generally slow.
 Need a good firewall to restrict outsiders from entering and disrupting the network
4. PAN (Personal Area Network)
Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person, typically within a range of
10 meters. PAN is used for connecting the computer devices of personal use is known as Personal
Area Network.
Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network are the laptop, mobile
phones, media player and play stations.

There are two types of Personal Area Network:
1. Wireless Personal Area Network: Wireless Personal Area Network is developed by simply using
wireless technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth. It is a low range network.
2. Wired Personal Area Network: Wired Personal Area Network is created by using the USB.
What is Internet addressing (IP Address)

A way to locate people, computers, and Internet resources. It can be
1) IP (Internet Protocol) addresses and domain names

2) Electronic mail addresses
3) URLs
In general, Internet addressing is a systematic way to identify people, computers and

Internet resources.
On the Internet, the term "address" is used loosely. Address can mean many different things
from an electronic mail address to a URL.
1. IP Address
An IP address is a unique number that identifies computers on the Internet; every computer
directly connected to the Internet has one. Every client, server and network device must have
a unique IP address for each network. Your IP address is assigned to your device by your ISP.
An IP address consists of four numbers separated by periods (dot). Each number must be
between 0 and 255. So, the full IP addressing range goes from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.
An example is: 172.16.20.137

IP addresses are not random. They are mathematically produced and allocated by the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), a division of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
and Numbers (ICANN).
Your internet activity goes through the ISP, and they route it back to you, using your IP address.
Since they are giving you access to the internet, it is their role to assign an IP address to your
device.
IP addressing supports five address classes - A, B, C, D, and E, of which only classes A, B,

and C are available for commercial use. The following table illustrates the IP address
classes.
IP Address Classes
Class Format Purpose Address range Max hosts

A N.H.H.H A few large organisations 1.0.0.0 - 126.0.0.0 16,777,214
B N.N.H.H Medium-size organisations 128.1.0.0 - 191.254.0.0 65,534
C N.N.N.H Relatively small organisations 192.0.1.0 - 223.255.254.0 254
D N/A Multicast groups (RFC 1112) 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 N/A
E N/A Experimental 240.0.0.0 - 254.255.255.255 N/A
(N = Network number, H = Host number)
Types of IP addresses
Here is a list of the five most common types of IP addresses:
1. Private IP addresses
Each device connected to a home network or a private network carries a private IP address.
Private IP addresses are non-internet facing and are only used on an internal network.
2. Public IP addresses
An ISP assigns these addresses, which enable a router to communicate with the internet or an
outside network.
3. Dynamic IP addresses
These IP addresses are constantly changing and a new dynamic IP address is assigned to a device
every time it connects to the internet. ISPs buy large pools of IP addresses to assign to their
customers automatically.
4. Static IP addresses
Unlike dynamic IP addresses, static IP addresses never change once they're assigned by the
network. A static IP address ensures that all websites and email addresses associated with a
certain web server will always have a consistent IP address so it can be reached on the internet.
5. Website IP addresses
These are IP addresses for website owners who don't host their websites on their own servers but
rely on a hosting company to do so.
IP Versions IP, IPV4, IPV6:
Generally IP addresses are two types they are:
a) Static IP address.
The Static IP address is having the Personal Computer, and the Dynamic IP address is
having on the internet.
b) Dynamic IP address.
An Internet Service Providers(ISP) are generates the Dynamic IP address, when we

access the new web sites (or) dialup, a new IP address are generated by ISP for every
time.
The ISP will generate limited IP address for every use, for this reason IPV4 version has
introduced to generate more IP address. So IPV4 is also generating the some limited IP
address, that’s why and IPV6 version has developed. IPV6 is a latest version it will generate
unlimited IP address for every time and it is a 64-bit host part.
Domain Name
Most of the computers on the Internet have a unique domain name. it is the name of the web
site for human understanding purpus.
An example domain name is: freejobalerts.com, Domain names are easier for most people
to relate to than a numeric IP address.

2. Electronic Mail Address

For example, within CompuServe an e-mail address consists only of two numbers separated
by a comma: 36547,891.
 The domain name is compuserve.com, so the Internet address would be:
36547.891@compuserve.com
3. URLs
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. URLs are used to identify specific sites and files
available on the World Wide Web.
For example the URL http://www.healthyway.com
DNS
Domain Name System (DNS) is a hostname for IP address translation service. DNS is a hierarchy
of name servers. It is an application layer protocol for message exchange between clients and
servers. It is required for the Internet.
What is the Need of DNS?
Every host is identified by the IP address but remembering the IP numbers is very difficult also the
IP addresses are not static therefore it has to change the domain name to the IP address.
So DNS is used to convert the domain name of the websites to numerical IP address.
1. DNS stands for Domain Name System.

2. Each node in a tree has a domain name, and a full domain name is a sequence of symbols
specified by dots.
3. DNS is a service that translates the domain name into IP addresses.
4. For example, suppose the FTP site at TechSoft had an IP address of 132.147.165.50, most
people would reach this site by specifying ftp.TechSoft.com. Therefore, the domain name
is more reliable than IP address.
The Domain name system comprises of Domain Names, Domain Name Space, Name
Server that have been described below:
a). Domain Names

Domain Name is a symbolic string associated with an IP address. There are several domain names
available; some of them are generic such as com, edu, gov, net etc, while some country level
domain names such as au, in, za, us etc.

b). Domain Name Space

The domain name space refers a hierarchy in the internet naming structure. This hierarchy has
multiple levels (from 0 to 127), with a root at the top. The following diagram shows the domain
name space hierarchy:
c). Name Server
Name server contains the DNS database. This database comprises of various names and their
corresponding IP addresses. Since it is not possible for a single server to maintain entire DNS
database, therefore, the information is distributed among many DNS servers.
 Hierarchy of server is same as hierarchy of names.
 The entire name space is divided into the zones
Zones
Zone is collection of nodes (sub domains) under the main domain. The server maintains a
database called zone file for every zone.
Types of Name Servers

Following are the three categories of Name Servers that manages the entire Domain Name System:
 Root Server
 Primary Server
 Secondary Server
Root Server
Root Server is the top level server which consists of the entire DNS tree. It does not contain the
information about domains but delegates the authority to the other server
Primary Servers
Primary Server stores a file about its zone. It has authority to create, maintain, and update the
zone file.
Secondary Server
Secondary Server transfers complete information about a zone from another server which may be
primary or secondary server. The secondary server does not have authority to create or update a
zone file.

DNS is a TCP/IP protocol used on different platforms. The domain name space is divided into three
different sections: generic domains, country domains, and inverse domain.
1. Generic Domains
1. It defines the registered hosts according to their generic behavior.

2. Each node in a tree defines the domain name, which is an index to the DNS database.
3. It uses three-character labels, and these labels describe the organization type.
Label Description
aer Airlines and aerospace companies
com Commercial Organizations
edu Educational institutions
gov Government institutions
int International Organizations
mil Military groups
net Network Support centers
org Nonprofit Organizations

2. Country Domain
The format of country domain is same as a generic domain, but it uses two-character country
abbreviations (e.g., us for the United States) in place of three character organizational abbreviations.
3. Inverse Domain
The inverse domain is used for mapping an address to a name. When the server has received a request
from the client, and the server contains the files of only authorized clients. To determine whether the
client is on the authorized list or not, it sends a query to the DNS server and ask for mapping an address
to the name.
DNS Working
DNS translates the domain name into IP address automatically. Following steps will take you through the
steps included in domain resolution process:
 When we type www.tutorials.com into the browser, it asks the local DNS Server for its IP address.
//Here the local DNS is at ISP end.
 When the local DNS does not find the IP address of requested domain name, it forwards the
request to the root DNS server and again enquires about IP address of it.
 The root DNS server replies with delegation that I do not know the IP address of
www.tutorials.com but know the IP address of DNS Server.
 The local DNS server then asks the edu DNS Server the same question.
 The edu DNS Server replies the same that it does not know the IP address of www.tutorials.com
but knows the address of tutorials.com.
 Then the local DNS asks the tutorials.com DNS server the same question.
 Then tutorials.com DNS server replies with IP address of www.tutorials.com.
 Now, the local DNS sends the IP address of www.tutorialscom to the computer that sends the
request.

What is Internet Applications?

Applications that require the Internet to run (or) use those applications are called Internet applications.
(Or) you can also say that those applications have been made to run from the Internet itself.
What are the Applications of Internet?

Today there is a specific internet application to do every work, using which you can do those tasks very
easily. Today we will know in detail about the same applications of the Internet.
There are various applications of internet in points, which are given below.
 Communication
 Job Search
 Online Shopping
 Web Browsing
 Stock Market Updates
 Travel
 Research
 E-Commerce
 Online Payments
 Social Networking
 E-banking
 Education
 Entertainment
1. Communication
Communication is also one of the most used applications of the Internet because today it is very
easy to talk through the Internet and today almost everyone is communicating with each other
through the Internet.
Now a day it is very cheap to communicate through the Internet, as compared to other mediums,
so people are using Internet applications to communicate.
There are some popular communication internet applications, which are given below.
 Email
 Skype
 Google Meet
 Zoom
 WhatsApp
 Facebook Messenger

2. Job search
Nowadays, many people search for their jobs online, it is quicker and there is a larger variety of
job vacancies present. People can publish resume online for prospective job.
Some of the web sites providing this job service are
naukri.com, monster.com, summerjob.com, recuritmentindia.com etc.
3. Online Shopping:
Today the whole world is doing online shopping through the internet, that too sitting at home and
you can also shop online from home through the internet.
Today there are many such applications on the Internet, through which you can buy anything
online. Such as - Mobile, Tablet PC, Computers, Watch, Smart Watch, Television, Fan, Table Fan,
LED Bulb, Glasses, Ring, Jewellers, Camera, Home Appliances, clothes, etc.
We have given below the names of some shopping applications, from which you can shop.
 Amazon
 FlipKart
 Paytm Mall
 ShopClues
 Myntra
 Snapdeal
 Meesho
4. Stock market updates
You can sell (or) buy shares while sitting on computer through internet. Several websites
like ndtvprofit.com, moneypore.com, provide information regarding investment.
Stock Market
5. Travel
One person can use internet to gather information about various tourist place. It can be used for
booking Holiday tours, hotels, train, bus, flights and cabs. Some of the web sites providing this
service are goibibo.com, makemytrip.com, olacabs.com.

Tourist places
6. Research
Research papers are present online which helps in the researcher doing a literature review
7. E-Commerce
E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services, (or) the
transmitting of funds (or) data, over an electronic network, primarily the Internet.
These business transactions occur business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-

consumer (or) consumer-to business. Largest e-commerce companies in India are India, Paytm.
Flipkart, Snapdeal, Amazon
E-commerce sites
8. Online payments
The online payments in India have given way to many new entrants in the industry such as Paytm,
Mobikwik, oxigen etc these are majorly wallet payment companies. This provides the tranaction
led by the increasing use of smartphones, tablets and speedy access to internet through
broadband, 3G etc
Online payment apps

9. Social networking
Social networking is the internet based social media programs to make connections with friends,
family, classmates, customers and clients. Social networking can be done for social purposes,
business purposes (or) both. Examples of social networking have included Facebook, LinkedIn,
Classmates.com and Yelp.
10.E-Banking:
11. Education:
12. Entertainment

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ESSENTIALS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE: Page no-1

It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business,

Prepared By: M.VENKAT (MCA, M-Tech) Lecturer in Computer Science

It can be defined in many ways as follows:

1. Internet is a world-wide global system of interconnected computer networks.

2. Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

3. Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.

4. IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which identifies a computer

6. For example, a DNS server will resolve a name http://www.webduniya.com to a

7. Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.

Prepared By: M.VENKAT (MCA, M-Tech) Lecturer in Computer Science

7. Work from Home:

10. Career building:

Prepared By: M.VENKAT (MCA, M-Tech) Lecturer in Computer Science

ISP: Internet Service Provider

1). Dial-up Internet access:

Prepared By: M.VENKAT (MCA, M-Tech) Lecturer in Computer Science

3). Wireless Broadband (WiBB):

Prepared By: M.VENKAT (MCA, M-Tech) Lecturer in Computer Science

Prepared By: M.VENKAT (MCA, M-Tech) Lecturer in Computer Science

1. Local Area Network(LAN)

1. LANs are composed of low cost networking and routing equipment.

2. Campus Area Network (CAN)

Prepared By: M.VENKAT (MCA, M-Tech) Lecturer in Computer Science

Examples of Campus Area Network:- Schools, colleges, university campus,etc…

3. Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)

 It supports voice communication.

4. Wide Area Network(WAN)

4. PAN (Personal Area Network)

Prepared By: M.VENKAT (MCA, M-Tech) Lecturer in Computer Science

There are two types of Personal Area Network:

What is Internet addressing (IP Address)

1) IP (Internet Protocol) addresses and domain names

In general, Internet addressing is a systematic way to identify people, computers and

An example is: 172.16.20.137

Prepared By: M.VENKAT (MCA, M-Tech) Lecturer in Computer Science

IP addressing supports five address classes - A, B, C, D, and E, of which only classes A, B,

Class Format Purpose Address range Max hosts

(N = Network number, H = Host number)

Here is a list of the five most common types of IP addresses:

IP Versions IP, IPV4, IPV6:

Generally IP addresses are two types they are:

An Internet Service Providers(ISP) are generates the Dynamic IP address, when we

Prepared By: M.VENKAT (MCA, M-Tech) Lecturer in Computer Science

2. Electronic Mail Address

For example the URL http://www.healthyway.com

What is the Need of DNS?

1. DNS stands for Domain Name System.

a). Domain Names

Prepared By: M.VENKAT (MCA, M-Tech) Lecturer in Computer Science

b). Domain Name Space

Types of Name Servers

Prepared By: M.VENKAT (MCA, M-Tech) Lecturer in Computer Science

1. It defines the registered hosts according to their generic behavior.

Prepared By: M.VENKAT (MCA, M-Tech) Lecturer in Computer Science

//Here the local DNS is at ISP end.

 Then tutorials.com DNS server replies with IP address of www.tutorials.com.

Prepared By: M.VENKAT (MCA, M-Tech) Lecturer in Computer Science

What is Internet Applications?

What are the Applications of Internet?