ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021

Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
• a good lighting system will place the proper
quantity and quality of light where it is
needed in a cost-effective way

• the amount of light needed is highly

dependent on the tasks being performed

• having good lighting is vital to health,

comfort, convenience, and safety

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 1
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

LIGHTING
Light
- is defined as visually evaluated radiant
energy
- it is a small portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum
- visible light varies in color, color being
determined by wavelength

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 2
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 1
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Light

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Electromagnetic
Engineering Division, Institute ofspectrum. 3
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

LIGHTING
Natural Sources of Light:

• Sun – dominant source of light

• Moonlight
• Lightning
• Bioluminescence (such as produced by
fireflies)
• Thermoluminescence (produced by heated
objects)

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 4
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 2
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Manmade Sources of Light:

• Incandescent
- producing light by heating a filament

• Gaseous Discharge
- producing light when excited atoms return
to their normal state and radiate energy in
the process

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 5
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

LIGHTING
Lighting Quantities and Units:

1. Lighting effectiveness
- amount and quality of light received at a
particular surface from a source per unit
of power input

Variables affecting lighting effectiveness:

• type of light source how much the
surroundings reflect and diffuse the light
• distance from the lamp to work
Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 6
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 3
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Lighting Quantities and Units:

2. Illuminance
- the intensity at a point and is measured
in units of lux (lx) for the SI-system or in
footcandles (fc) for the inchpound system

3. Luminous Flux
- the quantity of light output by a source
and is measured in lumens

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 7
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

LIGHTING
Lighting Quantities and Units:

4. Lumen (lm)
- is the amount or quantity of light needed
to illuminate one square foot of area at an
intensity of one footcandle

Example:
- to produce a level of illumination of 20 fc, 20 lm for
every square foot would be required
- a level of 215 lx would require 215 lm per square
meter Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 8
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 4
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Lighting Quantities and Units:

5. Footcandle (fc)
- unit of measure used when describing
the amount of light in a room and is
expressed in lumens per square foot

6. Footlambert (fl)
- defined as the luminance of a surface
reflecting, transmitting, or emitting one
lumen (lm) of illumination per square foot
of area Agribiosystems
inEngineering
the Division,
direction
Machinery and Power
Institute of
being viewed 9
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

LIGHTING
Lighting Quantities and Units:

𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑡 = 𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒 × 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

7. Efficiency
- refers to the amount of energy
converted to visible light

8. Efficacy
- is a measure of the lumens per watt
produced by the
Agribiosystems lamp
Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 10
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

10

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 5
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Lighting Quantities and Units:

Lighting parameters.
Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 11
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

11

LIGHTING
Lighting Quantities and Units:

Light intensity.
1 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒 = 1 𝑙𝑢𝑥 × 0.0929
Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
1 𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 1Division,
Engineering 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒
Institute of × 10.76 12
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

12

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 6
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Lighting Quantities and Units:

𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Agribiosystems Machinery and Power 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑
Engineering Division, Institute of 13
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

13

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources

• Incandescent Lamps
• Fluorescent Lamps
• High Intensity Discharge Lamps
− Mercury Lamps
− Metal Halide Lamps
− Sodium Lamps
• LED Lamps Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 14
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

14

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 7
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (Incandescent Lamps)

Incandescent Lamps
- critically dependent on the wattage that even
for a small fluctuation of the current or
voltage, its life, output and efficiency is
affected
- less than 10% of the wattage is utilized to
produce light and the rest produces heat
- considered as poor choice for energy
conservation
Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 15
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

15

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (Incandescent Lamps)

Typical incandescent lamp.

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 16
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

16

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 8
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (Incandescent Lamps)

Common Incandescent Lamp Data

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 17
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

17

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (Fluorescent Lamps)

Fluorescent Lamps
- considered as the best and widely used type
of lamp
- requires ballast, made of coil with a purpose
to limit the current in the circuit, in its circuit
- about 20% of its energy input becomes light
and 80% is converted to heat including the
ballast heat energy loss

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 18
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

18

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 9
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (Fluorescent Lamps)

Typical
Engineering fluorescent
Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Division, Institute of lamp. 19
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

19

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (Fluorescent Lamps)
Common Fluorescent Tube Lamp Data

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 20
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

20

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 10
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (Fluorescent Lamps)
Common Compact Fluorescent Lamp Data

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 21
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

21

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (Mercury Lamps)

Mercury Lamps (HID)

- combination of the arc discharge characteristics
of a fluorescent lamp and the compact
focusable shape of an incandescent lamp
- requires ballast which could be mounted away
from the lamp
- dimming of mercury lamp is possible with a
dimming ballast
- not suitable for installation which is subject to
constant switching
Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 22
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

22

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 11
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (Mercury Lamps)

Typical mercury
Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of lamp. 23
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

23

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (Mercury Lamps)

Common Mercury Lamp Data

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 24
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

24

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 12
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (Metal Halide Lamps)

Metal Halide Lamps (HID)

- are mercury lamps which have been improved
by the addition of halides of metal such as
Thallium, Indium, or Sodium to the arc tube
- the addition of these halides makes the light
frequency radiate other than the basic mercury
colors and at the same instance increases its
efficacy
- strike time is shorter than mercury lamps which
is around 2 to 3 minutes
Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 25
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

25

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (Metal Halide Lamps)

Typical
Engineeringmetal halide
Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Division, Institute of lamp. 26
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

26

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 13
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (Metal Halide Lamps)

Common Metal Halide Lamp Data

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 27
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

27

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (High Pressure Sodium Lamps)

High Pressure Sodium Lamps (HID)

- the efficacy including the ballast losses is
double of the corrected mercury lamps
- has a yellowish color similar to low wattage
incandescent lamp
- not sensitive to voltage changes unlike metal
halide lamp

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 28
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

28

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 14
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (High Pressure Sodium Lamps)

TypicalAgribiosystems
high Division,
Engineering pressure
Machinery and Power
Institute of sodium lamp. 29
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

29

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (High Pressure Sodium Lamps)

Common High Pressure Sodium Lamp

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 30
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

30

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 15
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (LED Lamps)

LED Lamps
- lamps have a lifespan and electrical efficiency
that is several times better than incandescent
lamps and significantly better than most
fluorescent lamps
- come to full brightness without need for a
warm-up time
- do not emit light in all directions, and their
directional characteristics affect the design of
lamps Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 31
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

31

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (LED Lamps)

Typical LED lamp.

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 32
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

32

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 16
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 33
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

33

LIGHTING
Types of Light Sources (LED Lamps)

Common LED Lamp Data

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 34
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

34

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 17
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Principles of Illumination

Illumination
- intensity of light per unit area

Electric Illumination
- production of light by means of electricity
and its application to provide efficient,
comfortable, and safe vision

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 35
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

35

LIGHTING
Principles of Illumination

Quantity of Light
- refers to amount of illumination or luminous
flux per unit area

Quality of Light
- refers to the distribution of brightness in the
lighting installation

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 36
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

36

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 18
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Factors that Affect Illumination

Brightness - is the light that seems to radiate

from an object being viewed
Contrast - the brightness ratio between an
object and its background
Glare - is a strong, steady, dazzling light or
reflection
Diffuseness - refers to the control of shadows
cast by light
Perfect Diffusion - is an equal intensities of light
clashing Agribiosystems
from allMachinery
direction
and Power producing no shadows
Engineering Division, Institute of 37
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

37

LIGHTING
Characteristics that Define Coloration

Hue - is the quality attributed by which we

recognize and describe colors
(e.g. red, yellow, green, blue)
Brilliance or Value - is the difference between
the resultant colors of the same hue
(e.g. navy blue, sky blue, royal blue)
Saturation or Chroma - is the difference from
the purity of the colors
(e.g. light or dark)
Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 38
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

38

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 19
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Recommended illumination for dairy farm.

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 39
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

39

LIGHTING
Recommended illumination for dairy farm.

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 40
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

40

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 20
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Recommended illumination for poultry farm.

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 41
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

41

LIGHTING
Recommended illumination for poultry farm.

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 42
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

42

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 21
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Recommended illumination for general areas
associated with dairy and poultry facilities.

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 43
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

43

LIGHTING
Recommended illumination for residences.

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 44
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

44

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 22
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Recommended illumination for residences.

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 45
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

45

LIGHTING
Types of Lighting Systems

Luminaire - is the complete lighting unit made

of a light source together with other parts
Classification by layout and location
a. General lighting system
b. Localized lighting system
c. Local or supplementary lighting system
Classification of luminaires
a. Direct System
b. Indirect Agribiosystems
System Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 46
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

46

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 23
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Classification by layout and location:

a. General lighting system

- provides an approximately uniform level of
illumination over the entire area
- the chief advantage is that it permits
flexibility in task location
- the luminaires are usually arranged in a
symmetrical plan to fit the physical
characteristics of the area

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 47
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

47

LIGHTING
Classification by layout and location:

b. Localized lighting system

- has luminaires located such that lighting is
more concentrated at designated areas

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 48
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

48

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 24
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Classification by layout and location:

c. Local or supplementary lighting system

- provides lighting only over a relatively small
task area and its immediate surroundings
- this is an economical means of providing
higher illumination levels over a small area
- it usually permits some adjustment of
lighting to suit the requirements of the
individual
- example are table lamps and spot lights
Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 49
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

49

LIGHTING
Classification of luminaires:

a. Direct system
- have the most efficient use of light

b. Indirect system
- tend to give better glare control

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 50
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

50

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 25
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Classification of luminaires:

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 51
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

51

LIGHTING
Lighting Calculations for Interior Areas

• lighting calculations can determine how many

luminaires are needed to provide the needed
illumination

• involves both photometric and environmental

data

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 52
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

52

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 26
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Lighting Calculations for Interior Areas

photometric data
- describe the light-emitting characteristics of
the lighting equipment
environmental data
- describe the nature of the interaction of light
and surfaces and the physical dimension of
the space

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 53
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

53

LIGHTING
Lighting Calculations for Interior Areas

• theoretically, the level of illumination could be

calculated as:
𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 × 𝐶𝑈 × 𝐿𝐿𝐹
𝑀𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒

if the area is in square meters, the illumination is

in units of lux (lumens per square meter)

if the area is in square feet, the illumination is in

units of footcandles (lumens per square feet) 54
Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

54

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 27
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Lighting Calculations for Interior Areas

• in actual application, a portion of the light

produced will be lost before it reaches the
work plane

• losses occurs both in the luminaire and at the

room surface

• losses are described by coefficient of

utilization (CU) and light loss factor (LLF)
• Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 55
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

55

LIGHTING
Lighting Calculations for Interior Areas

coefficient of utilization (CU)

- represents the portion of light that reaches
the work area

light loss factor (LLF)

- include the estimated deterioration in the light
source and estimated losses from dirt
collection on the luminaires and room
surfaces Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 56
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

56

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 28
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Lighting Calculations for Interior Areas

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 57
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

57

LIGHTING
Uniformity of Light

• the purpose of footcandle lighting calculation

is to determine the average illumination in a
room to a working level
• this working level refers to a height of about
75 cm above the floor
• the average illumination at the working level
is directly related to the maximum spacing of
the light to the mounting height ratio (S / mh)
S – spacing of light fixture
Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
mh – mounting
Engineering height
Division, Institute of
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering
58

58

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 29
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Uniformity of Light

Spacing and mounting height ratio.

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 59
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

59

LIGHTING
Example:
A 40-watt fluorescent lamp 120 cm long produces 3200
lumens of light in a room having a general dimension of
10 x 20 ft. Find the illumination on the floor.

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 60
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

60

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 30
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Example:
A 40-watt fluorescent lamp 120 cm long produces 3200
lumens of light in a room having a general dimension of
10 x 20 ft. Find the illumination on the floor.

Solution:

𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
3,200 𝑙𝑚
𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 10 𝑓𝑡×20 𝑓𝑡 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒇𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒍𝒆

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 61
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

61

A LIGHTING
B Example:
E Compute for the brightness of a fixture with a 1’ x 4’
plastic diffuser having a transmittance of 0.6 and
illuminated by 2 pieces of 3200 lm lamp assuming
100% use of light flux.

4
7

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 62
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

62

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 31
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

A LIGHTING
B Example:
E Compute for the brightness of a fixture with a 1’ x 4’
plastic diffuser having a transmittance of 0.6 and
illuminated by 2 pieces of 3200 lm lamp assuming
100% use of light flux.

4 Solution:
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
7 𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

2 𝑝𝑐𝑠 × 3,200 𝑙𝑚 × 0.6

𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = Agribiosystems Machinery and Power = 𝟗𝟔𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒕
1 𝑓𝑡
Engineering × 4𝑓𝑡
Division, Institute of 63
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

63

A LIGHTING
B Example:
E A30school classroom with a general dimension of 24 ft by
ft is lighted with 10 fixtures of four F40 T10
fluorescent lamp. Calculate the maintained illumination
assuming that CU is 0.35 and LLF is 0.70.

4
7

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 64
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

64

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 32
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Example:
A school classroom with a general dimension of 24 ft by
30 ft is lighted with 10 fixtures of four F40 T10
fluorescent lamp. Calculate the maintained illumination
assuming that CU is 0.35 and LLF is 0.70.

Solution: Referring to the table of fluorescent tube lamp data,

each 40 W fluorescent lamp has an output of 3,550 lumens.

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 65
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

65

LIGHTING
Example:
A school classroom with a general dimension of 24 ft by
30 ft is lighted with 10 fixtures of four F40 T10
fluorescent lamp. Calculate the maintained illumination
assuming that CU is 0.35 and LLF is 0.70.

Solution:
𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 10 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 × 4 ൗ𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 × 3,550 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠ൗ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝

𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 66
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

66

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 33
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Example:
A school classroom with a general dimension of 24 ft by
30 ft is lighted with 10 fixtures of four F40 T10
fluorescent lamp. Calculate the maintained illumination
assuming that CU is 0.35 and LLF is 0.70.

Solution:
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 × 𝐶𝑈 × 𝐿𝐿𝐹
𝑀𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

142,000 𝑙𝑚 × 0.35 × 0.70

𝑀𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟑𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒍𝒆
24 𝑓𝑡 × 30 𝑓𝑡
Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 67
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

67

LIGHTING
Example:
A room with a ceiling height of 3 meters is to be lighted
with directly concentrating fluorescent lamps. What is
the maximum fixture spacing?

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 68
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

68

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 34
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Example:
A room with a ceiling height of 3 meters is to be lighted
with directly concentrating fluorescent lamps. What is
the maximum fixture spacing?

Solution: Referring to the table on spacing and mounting height

ratio: The S/mh ratio of direct concentrating is 0.40

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 69
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

69

LIGHTING
Example:
A room with a ceiling height of 3 meters is to be lighted
with directly concentrating fluorescent lamps. What is
the maximum fixture spacing?

Solution:
𝑆
= 0.40
𝑚ℎ

𝑆 = 0.40 × 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑆 = 0.40 × 3 𝑚 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎

Therefore, 1.2 meters is the maximum side to side distance of the

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
fixtures. Engineering Division, Institute of 70
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

70

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 35
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Example:
Find how many 1200 lumen LED light bulb will be
needed to illuminate a 3m x 4m bedroom. Assume
inefficient fixture and dirty room.

Solution:
From Table

𝑀𝐼 = 100𝑙𝑥
Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 71
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

71

LIGHTING
Example:
Find how many 1200 lumen LED light bulb will be
needed to illuminate a 3m x 4m bedroom. Assume
inefficient fixture and dirty room.

Solution:

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 72
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

72

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 36
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

LIGHTING
Example:
Find how many 1200 lumen LED light bulb will be
needed to illuminate a 3m x 4m bedroom. Assume
inefficient fixture and dirty room.

Solution:
100𝑙𝑥 × (3𝑚 × 4𝑚) 100𝑙𝑥 × 12𝑚2
𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠 = =
1200𝑙𝑚 1200𝑙𝑚
0.25 × 0.6 × 0.25 × 0.6 ×
𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏
100𝑙𝑥 × 12𝑚2 1200𝑙𝑚
= = = 6.6667 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠
1200𝑙𝑚 180𝑙𝑚
0.25 × 0.6 ×
𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏
≈ 7 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠 (𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑝)
Agribiosystems Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of 73
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

73

Sample Lighting Layout

Use
continuous
lines if
connecting
multiple
fixtures to
one switch
Use curved
broken
lines to
connect
Light fixtures to
switches
fixture

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 74
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

74

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 37
ABE 83 Electrical System Design for 1st SEM AY 2020-2021
Biosystems Structures

Sample Lighting Layout

References
- Catriz, R. L., Lecture Handouts in EE1 (Basic Electrical
Engineering). EED, CEAT, UPLB.
- Fajardo, M. B. Jr. and L. R. Fajardo. 1994. Electrical Layout and
Estimate. 2nd Ed. 5138 Merchandising.
- Gustafson, R. J. and M. T. Morgan. 2004. Fundamentals of
Electricity for Agriculture. 4th Ed. ASAE.
- Philippine Electrical Code. 2000.
- Sclater, N. and J. E. Traister. 2003. Handbook of Electrical
Design Details. 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Agribiosystems Machinery and Power

Engineering Division, Institute of 75
Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering

75

Study Guide Questions

• What is light and how is it similar to radio waves and cosmic
rays?
• What are the difference between Illuminance, Luminus Flux
and Lumens?
• What is the difference between efficiency and efficacy?
• How does light propagate from a light bulb?
• If incandescent bulbs only convert 10% of energy to light
what happens to the 90%?
• Discuss the difference between General lighting system,
Localized lighting system, and Local or supplementary
lighting system
• What comprises a luminaire?
• Why do we have to consider indirect types of luminaires if it
is not as efficient in illuminating surfaces as direct types?
• Discuss the stepsAgribiosystems
taken to design
Machinery and Power
Engineering Division, Institute of
the lighting system of a 76
building space. Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering
76

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal

Updated and Compiled by: Asst. Prof. Adrian A. Borja 38