Iso 12181-1-2011

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12181-1
First edition
2011-04-01
Geometrical product specifications

(GPS) — Roundness —
Part 1:
Vocabulary and parameters of roundness
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) — Circularité —
Partie 1: Vocabulaire et paramètres de circularité
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Reference number
ISO 12181-1:2011(E)
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ii
Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
ISO 12181-1:2011(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................iv
Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................1
3.1 General terms ........................................................................................................................................1
3.2 Terms relating to profiles .....................................................................................................................2
3.3 Terms relating to the reference circle .................................................................................................3
3.4 Terms relating to the circumference ...................................................................................................4
3.5 Terms relating to the filter function.....................................................................................................4
3.6 Terms relating to parameters...............................................................................................................5
Annex A (informative) Mathematical definition of roundness tolerances of nominal integral
features...................................................................................................................................................7
Annex B (informative) Synoptic tables of terms, abbreviated terms and parameters.................................9
Annex C (informative) Relationship to the GPS matrix model .....................................................................11
Bibliography......................................................................................................................................................13
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Standardization iii
ISO 12181-1:2011(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
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adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 12181-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 213, Dimensional and geometrical product
specifications and verification.
This first edition of ISO 12181-1 cancels and replaces ISO/TS 12181-1:2003, which has been technically
revised.
ISO 12181 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geometrical product specifications (GPS) —
Roundness:
⎯ Part 1: Vocabulary and parameters of roundness
⎯ Part 2: Specification operators
iv
ISO 12181-1:2011(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 12181 is a geometrical product specification (GPS) standard and is to be regarded as a
general GPS standard (see ISO/TR 14638). It influences chain link 2 of the chain of standards on form of a
surface (independent of a datum).
The ISO/GPS Masterplan given in ISO/TR 14638 gives an overview of the ISO/GPS system of which this
document is a part. The fundamental rules of ISO/GPS given in ISO 8015 apply to this document and the
default decision rules given in ISO 14253-1 apply to specifications made in accordance with this document,
unless otherwise indicated.
For more detailed information on the relationship of this part of ISO 12181 to other standards and the GPS
matrix model, see Annex C.
This part of ISO 12181 defines terms and concepts necessary for defining the specification operators
according to ISO 17450-2 for roundness of integral features.
Extracting data always involves applying a certain filtering process. An additional filtering of the extracted data
might or might not be applied. This additional filter can be a mean line filter (Gaussian, spline, wavelet, etc.) or
a non-linear filter (e.g. morphological filter). The type of filtering influences the actual specification operator
and, consequently, the actual definition of roundness. Therefore, the type of filtering needs to be stated
unambiguously.
This part of ISO 12181 is not intended to disallow any means of measuring roundness.
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© ISO for
Standardization v
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Copyright International Organization for Standardization

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12181-1:2011(E)
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Roundness —

Part 1:
Vocabulary and parameters of roundness
1 Scope
This part of ISO 12181 defines the terms and concepts related to the roundness of individual integral features
and covers complete roundness profiles only.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14660-1:1999, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Geometrical features — Part 1: General
terms and definitions
ISO 14660-2:1999, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Geometrical features — Part 2: Extracted
median line of a cylinder and a cone, extracted median surface, local size of an extracted feature
ISO 17450-1:— 1 ), Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — General concepts — Part 1: Model for
geometrical specification and verification
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3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14660-1, ISO 14660-2 and
ISO 17450-1 and the following apply.
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
roundness
property of a circle
3.1.2
roundness axis
axis of a feature associated to an integral feature
NOTE The integral feature can be a cylindrical surface or a surface of revolution.
1) To be published. (Revision of ISO/TS 17450-1:2005)
© ISO for
Standardization 1
ISO 12181-1:2011(E)
3.1.3
roundness plane
plane perpendicular to the roundness axis within the full extent of the feature
3.2 Terms relating to profiles
3.2.1
extracted circumferential line
〈roundness〉 digital representation of the intersection of the real surface and the roundness plane
NOTE The extraction conventions for roundness are given in ISO 12181-2. This extracted circumferential line is an
extracted integral feature as defined in ISO 14660-1.
3.2.2
roundness profile
extracted circumferential line intentionally modified by a filter
NOTE This is the profile to which the concepts and parameters of this part of ISO 12181 can be applied.
3.2.3
local roundness deviation
minimum distance from a point on a roundness profile to the reference circle
See Figures 1 and 2.
NOTE 1 For reference circle, see 3.3.1.
NOTE 2 The deviation is negative if from the reference circle the point lies in the direction of the material.
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Key
1 reference circle
a Positive local deviation.
b Negative local deviation.
Figure 1 — Local form deviation of an internal roundness feature
2
ISO 12181-1:2011(E)
Key
1 reference circle
a Negative local deviation.
b Positive local deviation.
Figure 2 — Local form deviation of an external roundness feature
3.3 Terms relating to the reference circle
3.3.1
reference circle
associated circle fitting the roundness profile in accordance with specified conventions, to which the deviations
from roundness and the roundness parameters are referred
3.3.1.1
minimum zone reference circles
two concentric circles enclosing the roundness profile and having the least radial separation
NOTE The abbreviated term MZ is used to refer to minimum zone reference elements.
3.3.1.1.1
outer minimum zone reference circle
outer circle of the minimum zone reference circles
3.3.1.1.2
inner minimum zone reference circle
inner circle of the minimum zone reference circles
3.3.1.1.3
mean minimum zone reference circle
arithmetic mean circle of the minimum zone reference circles
3.3.1.2
least squares reference circle
circle such that the sum of the squares of the local roundness deviations is a minimum
NOTE The abbreviated term LS is used to refer to least squares reference elements and the letter G (for Gaussian)
is used as a prefix for parameters based on least squares reference elements.
3.3.1.3
minimum circumscribed reference circle
smallest possible circle that can be fitted around the roundness profile
NOTE The abbreviated term MC is used to refer to minimum circumscribed reference elements.
3
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ISO 12181-1:2011(E)
3.3.1.4
maximum inscribed reference circle
largest possible circle that can be fitted within the roundness profile
NOTE 1 Cases exist where the maximum inscribed reference circle is not unique.
NOTE 2 The abbreviated term MI is used to refer to maximum inscribed reference elements.
3.3.2
associated derived centre
centre of the reference circle(s)
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3.4 Terms relating to the circumference
3.4.1
undulations per revolution
UPR
number of sinusoidal undulations contained in the roundness profile
3.4.2
circumferential wavelength
circumference of the reference circle divided by the UPR
3.5 Terms relating to the filter function
3.5.1 General
NOTE 1 If not otherwise specified, the details of the filter characteristics are as given in ISO 12181-2.
NOTE 2 Only the phase correct mean line filter is defined (see ISO 11562). Consequently, the terms in this subclause
relate only to this type of filter. Other filter methods are currently being investigated by ISO. It is intended to incorporate
these new filters in a future edition of this part of ISO 12181.
3.5.2
wave filter
filter operating on a closed profile, transmitting a range of sinusoidal undulations for which the ratio of output
to input amplitude is defined, while attenuating (i.e. reducing) the ratio for undulations lying outside the range
at either or both ends
3.5.3
undulation cut-off
cut-off wavelength of the filter applied to the extracted circumferential line
NOTE These are usually defined in terms of undulations per revolution, UPR.
3.5.4
transmission band for roundness profiles
band of sinusoidal profile undulations which are transmitted by greater than a specified percentage by the filter,
defined by the values of the upper and lower undulation cut-off
NOTE The specified percentage is usually 50 %.
4
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ISO 12181-1:2011(E)
3.6 Terms relating to parameters
3.6.1 General parameters
3.6.1.1
peak-to-valley roundness deviation
value of the largest positive local roundness deviation added to the absolute value of the largest negative local
roundness deviation
NOTE 1 The peak-to-valley roundness deviation is defined for all reference circles.
NOTE 2 The peak-to-valley roundness deviation is the only parameter that is defined for minimum zone, maximum
inscribed and minimum circumscribed reference circles.
NOTE 3 The modifier GT is used in specifications to indicate that a form tolerance applies to the peak-to-valley
deviation relative to the least squares reference element.
3.6.1.2
peak-to-reference roundness deviation
value of the largest positive local roundness deviation from the least squares reference circle
NOTE 1 The peak-to-reference roundness deviation is only defined for least squares reference circles.
NOTE 2 The modifier GP is used in specifications to indicate that a form tolerance applies to the peak-to-reference
3.6.1.3
reference-to-valley roundness deviation
absolute value of the largest negative local roundness deviation from the least squares reference circle
NOTE 1 The reference-to-valley roundness deviation is only defined for least squares reference circles.
NOTE 2 The modifier GV is used in specifications to indicate that a form tolerance applies to the reference-to-valley
3.6.1.4
root-mean-square roundness deviation
ΔRrms
square root of the sum of the squares of the local roundness deviations from the least squares reference circle
NOTE 1 The root-mean-square roundness deviation is only defined for least squares reference circles.
NOTE 2 The modifier GQ is used in specifications to indicate that a form tolerance applies to the root-mean-square
NOTE 3 The root-mean-square roundness deviation is given by:
2π
1
∫ ΔR l
2
ΔRrms = dθ
2π
0
where
ΔRrms is the root-mean-square roundness deviation;
ΔRl is the local roundness deviation (see 3.2.3);
θ is the instantaneous angle in the roundness profile.
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ISO 12181-1:2011(E)
3.6.2 Terms relating to other parameters of the extracted circumferential line
3.6.2.1
dynamic content
〈Fourier transform〉 harmonic components (sinewaves) of which the extracted circumferential line is made up
NOTE 1 Dynamic content is expressed as an amplitude and a phase for each UPR number.
NOTE 2 The amplitude for one or more UPR numbers or the sum of the amplitudes of a number of UPR numbers can
be specified.
NOTE 3 The parameters defined in 3.6.1 can be specified, including only a specific range of UPR numbers.
NOTE 4 The dynamic content can be used for all reference circles.
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ISO 12181-1:2011(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Mathematical definition of roundness tolerances

of nominal integral features
A roundness tolerance
G zone (see Figure A.1) for a given cross-section of a nominal integral feature consists of
a set of points, Pi , subject to the following conditions:
G G G
A j = L + c j Nˆ A coordinate system of arbitrary origin and Gorientation, points A j are on a line
(roundness axis) which is defined by a point, L, a direction, Nˆ , and a scalar distance
cj .
G G G G
( A′j − A j ) ⋅ Nˆ = 0 Point AG ′j is on a roundness plane that contains point A j and whose normal is Nˆ .
Point A′j is the centre of a reference circle.
G G G G
( Pi − A′j ) ⋅ Nˆ = 0 Points Pi are on a roundness plane that contains point A′j and whose normal is Nˆ .
G G G
r j1 u Pi − A′j u r j 2 Points Pi are further restricted to being between two G concentric circles (an annular
region) of radius, rj1 and rj 2, which are centred on A′j.
t = r j 2 − r j1 , r j 2 > r j1 For each roundness plane, the difference in radius between the concentric circles
equals the roundness tolerance, t.
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ISO 12181-1:2011(E)
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Figure A.1 — Roundness tolerance zone of a nominal integral feature
8
ISO 12181-1:2011(E)
Annex B
(informative)
Synoptic tables of terms, abbreviated terms and parameters
The indications of form requirements are based on combinations of symbols and modifiers that uniquely
describe the specification operator in a brief form on a drawing. However, there is a need to be able to
describe specification and verification operators, e.g. in measurement reports and other technical
documentation where it is impractical to rely on drawing symbols. This annex provides textual equivalents for
the terms and parameters defined in ISO 12180-1, this part of ISO 12181, ISO 12780-1 and ISO 12781-1,
which are recommended for use in those situations.
Table B.1 — Terms and abbreviated terms
Abbreviated
Term Defined in
term
LSCI Least squares reference circle ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.3.1.2
LSCY Least squares reference cylinder ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.3.1.2
LSLI Least squares reference line ISO 12780-1:2011, 3.3.1.2
LSPL Least squares reference plane ISO 12781-1:2011, 3.3.1.2
LCD Local cylindricity deviation ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.2.3
LFD Local flatness deviation ISO 12781-1:2011, 3.2.3
LRD Local roundness deviation ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.2.3
LSD Local straightness deviation ISO 12780-1:2011, 3.2.3
MICI Maximum inscribed reference circle ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.3.1.4
MICY Maximum inscribed reference cylinder ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.3.1.4
MCCI Minimum circumscribed reference circle ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.3.1.3
MCCY Minimum circumscribed reference cylinder ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.3.1.3
MZCI Minimum zone reference circles ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.3.1.1
MZCY Minimum zone reference cylinders ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.3.1.1
MZLI Minimum zone reference lines ISO 12780-1:2011, 3.3.1.1
MZPL Minimum zone reference planes ISO 12781-1:2011, 3.3.1.1
UPR Undulations per revolution ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.4.1
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ISO 12181-1:2011(E)
Table B.2 — Parameters and abbreviated terms
Abbreviated
Parameter Defined in
term
CYLrr Cylinder radii peak-to-valley ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.2.7
CYLtt Cylinder taper (LSCY) ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.2.5
CYLat Cylinder taper angle ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.2.8
STRsg Generatrix straightness deviation ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.2.3
STRlc Local generatrix straightness deviation ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.2.2
CYLp Peak-to-reference cylindricity deviation (LSCY)a ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.1.2
FLTp Peak-to-reference flatness deviation (LSPL)a ISO 12781-1:2011, 3.4.2
RONp Peak-to-reference roundness deviation (LSCI)a ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.6.1.2
STRp Peak-to-reference straightness deviation (LSLI)a ISO 12780-1:2011, 3.5.2
CYLt Peak-to-valley cylindricity deviation (MZCY, LSCY, MICY, MCCY)a ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.1.1
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FLTt Peak-to-valley flatness deviation (MZPL, LSPL)a ISO 12781-1:2011, 3.4.1

RONt Peak-to-valley roundness deviation (MZCI, LSCI, MCCI, MICI)a ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.6.1.1
STRt Peak-to-valley straightness deviation (MZLI, LSLI)a ISO 12780-1:2011, 3.5.1
CYLv Reference-to-valley cylindricity deviation (LSCY)a ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.1.3
FLTv Reference-to-valley flatness deviation (LSPL)a ISO 12781-1:2011, 3.4.3
RONv Reference-to-valley roundness deviation (LSCI)a ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.6.1.3
STRv Reference-to-valley straightness deviation (LSLI)a ISO 12780-1:2011, 3.5.3
CYLq Root-mean-square cylindricity deviation (LSCY)a ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.1.4
FLTq Root-mean-square flatness deviation (LSPL)a ISO 12781-1:2011, 3.4.4
RONq Root-mean-square roundness deviation (LSCI)a ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.6.1.4
STRq Root-mean-square straightness deviation (LSLI)a ISO 12780-1:2011, 3.5.4
STRsa Straightness deviation of the extracted median line ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.2.1
a The abbreviated term given in parentheses after the parameter names indicate the reference elements to which the parameter can
be applied.
10
ISO 12181-1:2011(E)
Annex C
(informative)
Relationship to the GPS matrix model
C.1 General
For full details about the GPS matrix model, see ISO/TR 14638.
The ISO/GPS Masterplan given in ISO/TR 14638 gives an overview of the ISO/GPS system of which this
document is a part. The fundamental rules of ISO/GPS given in ISO 8015 apply to this document and the
default decision rules given in ISO 14253-1 apply to specifications made in accordance with this document,
unless otherwise indicated.
C.2 Information about this part of ISO 12181 and its use
This part of ISO 12181 defines terms and concepts necessary for defining the specification operators
according to ISO 17450-2 for roundness of integral features.
C.3 Position in the GPS matrix model

This part of ISO 12181 is a general GPS standard, which influences chain link 2 of the chain of standards on
form of line independent of datum in the general GPS matrix, as graphically illustrated in Figure C.1.
Global GPS standards
General GPS standards

Chain link number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Size
Distance
Radius
Angle
Form of line independent of datum
Form of line dependent on datum
Fundamental Form of surface independent of datum
GPS
standards Form of surface dependent on datum
Orientation
Location
Circular run-out
Total run-out
Datums
Roughness profile
Waviness profile
Primary profile
Surface defects
Edges
Figure C.1 — Position in the GPS matrix model
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ISO 12181-1:2011(E)
C.4 Related International Standards

The related International Standards are those of the chains of standards indicated in Figure C.1.
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ISO 12181-1:2011(E)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 1101, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Geometrical tolerancing — Tolerances of form,
orientation, location and run-out
[2] ISO 8015, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Fundamentals — Concepts, principles and
rules
[3] ISO 11562, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method —
Metrological characteristics of phase correct filters
[4] ISO 12180-1:2011, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Cylindricity — Part 1: Vocabulary and
parameters of cylindrical form
[5] ISO 12181-2, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Roundness — Part 2: Specification
operators
[6] ISO 12780-1:2011, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Straightness — Part 1: Vocabulary and
parameters of straightness
[7] ISO 12781-1:2011, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Flatness — Part 1: Vocabulary and
parameters of flatness
[8] ISO 14253-1, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Inspection by measurement of workpieces
and measuring equipment — Part 1: Decision rules for proving conformance or non-conformance with
specifications
[9] ISO/TR 14638, Geometrical product specification (GPS) — Masterplan
[10] ISO 17450-2, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — General concepts — Part 2: Basic tenets,
specifications, operators and uncertainties
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© ISO for
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ISO 12181-1:2011(E)
ICS 01.040.17; 17.040.20

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INTERNATIONAL ISO

Geometrical product specifications

Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2011

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⎯ Part 1: Vocabulary and parameters of roundness

⎯ Part 2: Specification operators

Copyright International Organization for Standardization

Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Roundness —

3.1 General terms

NOTE The integral feature can be a cylindrical surface or a surface of revolution.

1) To be published. (Revision of ISO/TS 17450-1:2005)

3.2 Terms relating to profiles

See Figures 1 and 2.

NOTE 1 For reference circle, see 3.3.1.

Figure 1 — Local form deviation of an internal roundness feature

Figure 2 — Local form deviation of an external roundness feature

3.3 Terms relating to the reference circle

3.4 Terms relating to the circumference

3.5 Terms relating to the filter function

NOTE The specified percentage is usually 50 %.

3.6 Terms relating to parameters

3.6.1 General parameters

NOTE 3 The root-mean-square roundness deviation is given by:

ΔRrms is the root-mean-square roundness deviation;

ΔRl is the local roundness deviation (see 3.2.3);

θ is the instantaneous angle in the roundness profile.

3.6.2 Terms relating to other parameters of the extracted circumferential line

Mathematical definition of roundness tolerances

Synoptic tables of terms, abbreviated terms and parameters

Table B.1 — Terms and abbreviated terms

Table B.2 — Parameters and abbreviated terms

FLTt Peak-to-valley flatness deviation (MZPL, LSPL)a ISO 12781-1:2011, 3.4.1

Relationship to the GPS matrix model

C.3 Position in the GPS matrix model

Global GPS standards

General GPS standards

Figure C.1 — Position in the GPS matrix model

C.4 Related International Standards

[9] ISO/TR 14638, Geometrical product specification (GPS) — Masterplan

ICS 01.040.17; 17.040.20

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