Data Processing

As data is in its raw form it

cannot solve any problem. The data
needs some processing to make it
useful. Data processing is the
conversion of data into a more useful
form. That is, transmission of data into
meaningful information is called data
processing. Data is processed by either
analog or digital computer.
 Data Vs. Information

Data Information
refer to raw refers to processed data.
materials like These data have undergone
letters, numbers, operations and can serve as
sounds, images. input to other subsequent
These are facts but operations. The result
they do not obtained by data
necessarily have
processing is called
meanings.
information.
Processing (EDP)
refers to the utilization of
computer or information and
communications technology
(ICT) equipment in the
processing, operation, and
manipulation of data.
 Data Processing Cycle
Storage and
Input Processing Output Feedback
Origination

01 02 03 04 05
 DataProcessing Cycle
Origination: The initial capture of raw data as transactions occurs.
This stage involves collection, gathering and identifying data.
Input: Data are collected and converted into a form acceptable for processing. It involves
classifying, summarizing, sorting and coding of data.
Processing: This stage refers to the electronic manipulation of data. In this stage, logical or
mathematical operations are executed based on the required goals
Output: This stage refers to the display of results from the process stage. It involves
preparation of processed information into a format acceptable to the user for analysis or as
input for a second cycle.
Storage and Feedback: Sometimes there is a need to balance and counter check the result
of the processes undertaken. As such the actual result is compared with the desired result.
This stage also involves retention of the results of processed data for future use or retrieval.
How Computer Communicate
Human language or Natural language (e.g.
English, Filipino, French, etc.)
Binary language - computer recognized are 0’s
and 1’s.
Machine language – a language that computer
understand (e.g. assembly language)
 With the different types of number systems, it is
important to understand how computers interpret the
letters on the keyboard through a series of 0’s and 1’s. This
is normally done through the number system conversion.
How Computer Interpret Data
 How Computers Communicate
with One Another
Control bus – it is used by CPUs to
communicate with other devices within
the computer system. It carries the
signals that control the actions of the
computer.

Example: A user tries to copy a file from

computer to a flash drive that is
already removed from the computer,
the computer will notify the user with
an error message saying that the
folder or destination drive is no longer
in existing.
 How Computers
with One Another
Communicate
Address bus – it is used by the CPU
to specify a physical address for
instructions, files, and other
devices with the computer system.

Example: A computer unit with 6-

8 USB ports. The address bus is
responsible for determining which
of the ports has a printer
connected to it, along with the
mouse, keyboard, speakers, a
sometimes, external drives.
 How Computers Communicate
with One Another
Data bus – can transfer data
to and from the memory of a
computer, or into or out of the
CPU.

Example: File transfer from

computer to hard drive.
Document sent to the printer.
Source: https://study.com/academy/lesson/system-bus-in-computers-definition-lesson-quiz.html
 Computer Network System
A computer network is an interconnection of
two or more computers. This interconnection
gives these computers the capability to share
information and resources. There are several types
of networks, mostly depending on the number of
computers in it, how they are used, and what type
of technology is used in its connectivity.
Some types of network topologies are:

Bus topology
Each node is linked to one other node only. Data transmission over the network
connections occurs in one direction.
Star topology
A central server node is linked to multiple client network devices. This topology
performs better as data doesn’t have to go through each node. It is also more reliable.
Mesh topology
Every node is connected to many other nodes. In a full mesh topology, every node is
connected to every other node in the network.
Ring topology
Each node is linked to two other nodes, forming a ring. Data can flow bi-directionally.
However, single node failure can bring down the entire network.
Point to Point Topology
Is a type of topology that works on the functionality of the sender and receiver. It is the
simplest communication between two nodes, in which one is the sender and the other
one is the receiver.
Hybrid Topology
This topological technology is the combination of all the various types of topologies we
have studied above. Hybrid Topology is used when the nodes are free to take any form
Tree Topology
This topology is the variation of the Star topology.
 Computer Network System
Personal Area Network (PAN) – a type of connection which is often
limited to an individual person and his personal devices. Normally,
these devices must within the range of 10 meters with each other.

An ecosystem, in technology, is a family of devices and services that are

all designed to work with one another. Like a real ecosystem, the
relationship between these devices makes them stronger than they are
on their own.

Example: The Apple ecosystem.

Computer Network System
 Computer Network System
Local Area Network (LAN) – a connection in which a group of
computers and other devices share a common
communication.
Example: LAN connection on schools.

LANs are often found in schools and offices to secure

organization’s information. This is done thru computer server in
which user’s access may be restricted to avoid unwanted users.
Computer Network System
 Computer Network System
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) - Several computers can
be connected to MAN in the same city or separately. It
encompasses a greater region, including minor towns and
cities. MAN can be either public or private. A lot of
businesses and telephone companies could own them.
Computer Network System
 Computer Network System
Wide Area Network (WAN) – a network that extends over a
large geographical area such as state or countries.

Example: The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.

Computer Network System
 Computer Network System

Campus Area Network (CAN)

With a campus area network (CAN), universities, colleges, and
corporate campuses connect different LANs from various
departments sharing a common area.
Computer Network System
 Computer Network System

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

WLANs use high-frequency signals, lasers, and infrared beams to
enable devices (also known as clients) to communicate with each
other without the need of electrical conductors (wires) to transmit
data.
Computer Network System
 Methods of
Communication
Wired Communication – Different
types of cables are used to connect
to a given network. There are
coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables,
Ethernet cables, and traditional
telephone lines.
 Methods of
Communication
Wired Communication – Different
types of cables are used to connect
to a given network. There are
coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables,
Ethernet cables, and traditional
telephone lines.
 Methods of
Communication
Popular Wired Connections:
 VGA – Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector has
been provided on many video cards, computer
monitors, laptop computers, and projectors.
 Serial – An RS-232 serial connection was once
a
standard feature of a personal computer.
 Parallel – similar to the serial connection, parallel
connections were used before to connect other
computer peripherals such as printers.
 PS/2 – a 6-pin connector used to connect the
mouse and keyboard to a computer.
 Audio jacks – a 3.5mm jacks used for mic (a s
input) and speaker (as output).
 Methods of
Communication
Wireless Communication – wireless communications
include microwave transmission, satellite
communication, cellular transmission, and radio
transmission such as WiFi connectivity. The Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineer (IEEE), a
professional technical association with members all
across the globe, identified standard 802.11 for Wi-Fi
and 802.15 for Bluetooth in the wireless standard.
 Wi-Fi – it uses radio waves to wirelessly transmit
information across a network. Transmitted in
frequencies between 2.5 and 5
gigahertz (GHz).
 Bluetooth – uses radio waves to connect to other
devices. Connection via Bluetooth is called pairing.
Range is typically 10 meters.
 How Human Communicate with Computers?
Reading a long string of 0’s and 1’s can be very confusing and
taxing. As such, people who invented the computer identified two
areas in computer systems—computer hardware and computer
software. Through computer software, humans are able to
“communicate” with the computer.
 Computer Software – a combination of instructions, data, and
programs that the computer need in order to do a specific task
 Programs are set of codes or instructions which are usually
designed or written by computer programmers using a specific
programming language.
How Human Communicate with Computers?
Two Types of Computer Software
Application Software - A group of related applications
programs designed to perform a specific function, e.g.
Microsoft Word, Adobe Photoshop, Google Chrome, etc.
System Software – also called operating system (OS). The
most important software running in the computer since it
manages the computer memory and instructions. Has the
ability to control all the
connected hardware and installed software applications.
How Human Communicate with Computers?
Two ways of Person to Computer Interaction
By using a command-line operating system (e.g., DOS) in
which the computer responds according to the text
command that is typed
With a graphical user interface (GUI) operating system (e.g.,
Windows) such a s pictures and buttons through mouse clicks
and keyboard entries.
How Human Communicate with Computers?
System Platforms
Platform
• is a group of technologies that are used as a base upon
which other applications, processes or technologies are
developed.
• a platform is the basic hardware (computer) and
software (operating system) on which software
applications can be run. This environment constitutes the
basic foundation upon which any application or software
is supported and/or developed.
How Human Communicate with Computers?
System Platforms
• Computer Platform - is a system that consists of a
hardware device and an operating system that an
application, program, or process runs upon.

• Systems Software - System software refers to the

files and programs that make up your
computer’s operating system
 Application Software
Application Program Type Examples
Word Processing Software Microsoft Word. WordPad, and Notepad
Database Software Oracle, Microsoft Access etc.
Spreadsheet Software Apple Numbers, Microsoft Excel
Multimedia Software Real Player Media Player
Presentation Software Microsoft PowerPoint, Keynote
Enterprise Software Customer Relationship Management Systems
Information Worker Software Documentation Tools, Resource Management Tools
Educational Software Dictionaries: Encarta, Britannica
Mathematics: MATLAB
Others: Google Earth
Simulation Software Flight and Scientific Simulators
Application Software OpenOffice, Microsoft Office
Software for Engineering and Product Development Integrated Development Environments IDE
 Online Application Software
Application Software- Programs that are designed to perform specific
tasks for users. Software Packages - is an assemblage of files and
information about those files
Online Application Software – Introduced with the improved internet
speed being made available to consumers. ( Ex. Microsoft Office Suite,
Google Docs, Google Sheets and Google Slides)
Online Productivity Tools – for Data collection and analysis, especially
on those marketing industries. (Online Survey)
 Online Application Software
Popular applications available in the App Store and Google Play that can increase
productivity, improve efficiency, and provide convenience
Any.do -a scheduler and reminder notification app
Microsoft Office Word, Excel, and PowerPoint - available for free download in
both Android and iOS
WPS Office - another office productivity suite that does the same as Microsoft Word,
Excel,
and Powerpoint
Adobe Acrobat Reader - a PDF reader and annotation app which lets you view and
sign PDF forms
Microsoft Outlook - for reading emails, managing contacts, and calendar
Newton Mail - for accessing all email accounts in one "unified inbox" 7. Forge - a mobile
drawing app that allows the user to creates ketches and edit photos.
Web hosting and web content management- used to create own blogs and
websites through online tools.

Wix.com and WordPress.com - two of the most popular website creation tools
available online. Both tools offer blogging and website content management
system (CMS). Users do no need to be programmers due to the simple and
easy-to-use desi of the CMS.

WordPress Wix
Programming Uses PHP, HTML, and CSS Uses HTML5
Language used
Development Uses web templates and Uses online drag and drop
Process templates and template tools.
processors
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