"The earth is the

Lord's, and everything

in it, the world, and all
who live in it."
Psalms 24:1
Good Morning!
 Quarter 1 - Module 14:

Earth material
and processes
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

Identify different types of waste commonly found in a house

Determine the different activities of improper waste disposal

Describe the wastes produced from different sources and

their proper treatment

Identify hazardous materials and each impact on humans and the environment

Explain the effect of different wastes on human health and the environment
what is a waste?
Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or
unusable materials. Waste is any substance
that is discarded after primary use or is
worthless, defective, and of no use. Examples
include a municipal solid waste, hazardous
waste, wastewater, radioactive waste,
agricultural and animal waste, industrial
non-hazardous waste, medical waste, etc.
Solid waste
It is defined as any garbge, refuse, sludge from
waste treatment plant, water supply treatment
plant, or air pollution control facility and other
materials, including solid, liquid, semisolid,
contained gaseous resulting from industrials,
commercials, mining, and agricultural operations
from community activities.
 TWO TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
BIODEGRADABLE NON-BIODEGRADABLE
Wastes that come from our kitchen, and Wastes which include old newspapers,
include food remains, garden waste, etc. broken glass pieces, plastics, etc. These
These are also known as moist waste. are known as dry waste. Dry wastes can
These can be composted to obtain be recycled and can be reused. Non-
manure. They decompose themselves biodegradable wastes do not decompose
over a period depending on the material. by themselves hence are major
pollutants
Waste can be classified into five
types of waste which are all
commonly found around the house.
These include liquid waste, solid
rubbish, organic waste, recyclable
rubbish, and hazardous waste.
Make sure that you segregate your
wastes into these different types to
ensure proper waste removal.
Liquid wastE RADIOACTIVE
RADIOACTIVE
WASTE
WASTE

Liquid waste refers to waste materials that appear

in the form of liquid matter. It is commonly found
both in households as well as in industries. It
includes dirty water, organic liquids, wash water,
waste detergents, and rainwater. Waste
management and the proper disposal of liquid
waste are important for maintaining the safety of
the environment and production processes.
SOLID RUBBISH
This can include a variety of items found in your household along with
commercial and industrial locations:

Plastic Waste Paper/card Waste

Consists of bags, containers, jars, Includes packing materials, newspapers,
bottles, and many other products that cardboards, and other products. Paper
can be found in your household. Plastic can be easily be recycled and reused so
is not biodegradable, but many types of make sure to place them in your recycling
plastic can be recycled. bin or take them to your closest recyling
area near your place
SOLID RUBBISH
This can include a variety of items found in your household along with
commercial and industrial locations:

Tins and Metals Ceramics and Glass

Can be found in various forms Can easily be recycled. Look for special
throughout your home. Most metals can glass bins and bottle banks to dispose
be recycled. Consider taking these items them correctly.
to a scarp yard or to your closest
recycling area to dispose of this waste
types properly.
organic waste
This is another common household. All
food waste, garden waste, manure, and
rotten meat are classified as organic
waste. Over time, organic waste is turned
into manure by microorganisms.
Organic waste in landfills causes the
production of methane, so it must never
be simply discarded with general waste.
RECYLABLE RUBBISH
Includes all waste items that
can be converted into products
that can be used again. Solid
items such as paper, metals,
furniture and organic waste can
all be recycled
Hazardous wastE
Hazardous wastes are wastes or products that
have the potential to harm humans or the
environment. It is a waste is waste that must be
handled properly to avoid damaging human
health or the environment. It includes all types of
rubbish that are flammable, toxic, corrosive, and
reactive. These items can harm you as well as the
environment and must be disposed of correctly.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE
1. Corrosive: These are wastes that include acids
or bases that are capable of corroding metal
containers.
2. Ignitability: This is waste that can create fires
under certain conditions.
3. Reactive: These are unstable in nature, they
cause explosions, toxic fumes when heated.
4. Toxicity: Waste that is harmful or fatal when
ingested or absorbed
CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE
5. Non-Hazardous Waste: Is any type of industrial waste
which, according to regulations, cannot be added to a
dumpster or sewage line.
6. Hazardous waste: The most common examples of
Hazardous waste includes paints, batters, solvents,
cleaning agents, pesticides, heavy metals and chemical
sludges.
7. Radioactive: High and low-level radioactive waste. Low-
level radioactive waste (LLRW) is a regulatory term defined
as the broad group or class that is not included in the
following classes of radioactive waste:
CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE
a. Spent nuclear fuel
b. Fuel that has been withdrawn from a nuclear reactor
after use
c. High level radioactive wastes are high radioactive
materials produces as a byproduct of the reactions that
occur inside nuclear reactors

High level wastes take one of two forms:

i. Spent reactor fuel when its accepted for disposal
ii., waste materials remaining after spent fuel is
reprocessed.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE
8. Mixed Waste: Radioactive organic liquids,
radioactive heavy metals. Mixed hazardous waste is
waste that falls into two or more different categories
of hazardous materials. Examples include radioactive
contaminated phenol/chloroform or blood labeled
with a radionuclide
WHAT ARE SOURCES OF WASTE
MATERIALS
The source of waste comes from industrial, the
typical waste generated is light and heaving
manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites,
power and chemical plants. The commercial is
another sources of waste like stores, hotels,
restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc. The
institutional source came from schools, hospitals,
prisons, government centers
HOW ARE WASTE MATERIALS
TREATED
Hazardous waste can be treated by chemical,
thermal biological and physical methods.
Chemical Methods include ion exchange,
precipitation, oxidation and reduction, and
neutralization. Among thermal methods is high
temperature incineration, which can only detoxify
certain organic wastes but can also destroy them
CAUSES OF INCREASE
IN SOLID WASTE 1. Population growth
2. Increase in industrial manufacturing
3. Urbanization
4. Modernization, technological
advancement and an increase in the
global population created rising
demand for food and other essentials.
This has resulted in the amount of
waste being generated daily by each
household.
Sources of waste can be broadly
classified into four types:
Industrial Waste Commercial Waste
Wastes that are created in Wastes that are produced in
factories and industries. Most schools, colleges, shops, and
industries dump their wastes in offices.
rivers and seas which cause a lot Examples: plastic, paper,
of pollution. cardboard, electronic wastes,
Examples: plastic, dirt and gravel, retail packaging, and food
masonry and concrete, scrap wrappers
metal, oil, solvents, chemicals
Sources of waste can be broadly
classified into four types:
Domestic Waste Agricultural Waste
Different household wastes which Various wastes produced in the
are collected during household agricultural field.
activities like cooking, cleaning, Examples: crop waste, animal
etc. waste, processing waste, and
Examples: food waste, paper, hazardous waste
glass, metals, plastics, textiles
 WASTE TREATMENTS AND DISPOSAL METHODS
A. Thermal Treatment refers to the processes that use heat to treat waste materials.
The following are some of the most used thermal waste treatment techniques

INCENERATION GASIFICATION AND PYROLYSIS

One common waste treatment Are two similar methods, both of
method is incineration, which which decomposed organic waste
involves burning waste materials materials by exposing waste to low
in the presence of oxygen. This amounts of oxygen and very high
process helps reduce the volume temperature. Pyrolysis uses no oxygen
of waste, cuts down while gasification allows a very low
transportation costs, and amount of oxygen in the process.
decreases harmful greenhouse Gasification is more advantageous as
gas emissions while also it allows the burning process to
recovering energy for electricity recover energy without causing air
or heating. pollution.
 WASTE TREATMENTS AND DISPOSAL METHODS
A. Thermal Treatment refers to the processes that use heat to treat waste materials.
The following are some of the most used thermal waste treatment techniques

OPEN BURNING
A legacy thermal waste treatment that is
environmentally harmful. The incinerators
used in such process have no pollution control
devices. They release substances such as
hexachlorobenzene, dioxins, carbon
monoxide, particulate matter, volatile organic
compounds, polycyclic aromatic compounds,
and ash. Unfortunately, this method is still
practiced by many local authorities
internationally as it offers an inexpensive
solution to solid waste.
 WASTE TREATMENTS AND DISPOSAL METHODS
B. Dumps and Landfills.

SANITARY LANDFILLS CONTROL DUMPS

The most desired waste disposal
The same as sanitary landfills.
solution to reduce environmental
These dumps comply with many
and public health hazards is using
of the requirements for being a
landfills situated where natural
sanitary landfill but may lack
land features act as buffers.
one or two. Such dumps may
These sites often have clay soil,
have a well-planned capacity
which resists hazardous waste, or
but no cell planning. There may
are located where there's no
be no or partial gas
surface water or a low water
management, basic record-
table, minimizing the risk of water
keeping, or regular cover.
pollution.
 WASTE TREATMENTS AND DISPOSAL METHODS
B. Dumps and Landfills.

BIOREACTOR LANDFILLS
the result of recent technological research.
These landfills use superior microbiological
processes to speed up waste decomposition.
The controlling feature is the continuous
addition of a liquid to sustain optimal moisture
for microbial digestion. The liquid is added by
re-circulating the landfill leachate. When the
amount of leachate is not adequate, liquid
waste such as sewage sludge is used.
 WASTE TREATMENTS AND DISPOSAL METHODS
C. Biological Waste Treatment

COMPOSTING ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

Another frequently used waste
disposal or treatment method which
Uses biological processes to
is the controlled aerobic decompose organic materials.
decomposition of organic waste Anaerobic Digestion, however,
materials by the action of small uses oxygen and a bacteria-
invertebrates and microorganisms. free environment to decompose
The most common composting
techniques include static pile the waste material where
composting, vermin composting, composting must have air to
windrow composting, and in-vessel enable the growth of microbes.
composting.
 WASTE TREATMENTS AND DISPOSAL METHODS
Some of the main waste disposal methods include:

a. Incineration- The burning of waste materials at high temperatures

to transform them into gases or residue.
b. Recycling- The conversion of waste material into new products. It
aims to reduce strain on the environment by minimizing the waste that
is added to the water, air, and land.
c. Open Dumping- A simple and inexpensive method that involves the
deliberate disposal of garbage in an open space.
d. Ocean Dumping- Occurs when sewage, garbage, construction
debris, hazardous chemicals, etc. are intentionally discarded at sea
by ships, aircraft and other man-made machine
Proper waste disposal and management can be done
by applying the 3Rs- Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
Reducing means lessening the amount of
trash/garbage produced. Reusing involves the repeated
use of items or parts of items that still have usable
aspects. Recycling means the use of waste itself as a
resource.

Color coding exists to allow you to easily distinguish the

different types of biomedical waste, by sorting them into
different categories, each pertaining to a single color.
Your colored bins take different kinds of waste. Green for
biodegradable waste (non-recyclable waste); black for
electronic product-waste; and blue for plastic and
metal waste (recyclable waste).
HOW IS WASTE AFFECTING
OUR ENVIRONMENT
Disposing of waste has huge
environmental impacts and can cause
serious problems. Some waste will
eventually rot, but not all. In the process,
it may smell, or generate methane gas,
which is explosive and contributes to
the greenhouse effect. Leachate
produced as waste decomposes may
cause pollution.
 WASTE AND ITS CAUSES AND EFFECTS
Chlorinated Solvents
Causes: Effluents from metals and
plastics, degreasing fabric cleaning,
electronics and aircraft manufacture
Effects: Reproductive disorders and
some cancers
Petro-chemicals

Causes: underground petroleum

storage tanks
Effects: Benzene and other
petrochemicals can be cancer-causing
even at low pressure
 WASTE AND ITS CAUSES AND EFFECTS
Nitrates
Causes: Fertilizer runoff, manure from l life
stock operations, septic systems
Effects: Restricts amount of O2 reaching brain
which can cause death in infants or blue baby
syndrome, digestive tract cancers, causes
algae bloom and eutrophication
Pesticides
Causes: Runoff from farms, backyards,
golf course. landfill leaks
Effects: Reproductive and endocrine
damage in wild life, linked to metabolic
distruption
 WASTE AND ITS CAUSES AND EFFECTS
Heavy metals
Causes: Mining Waste and tailings,
landfills and hazardous waste
Effects: Nervous system and kidney
damage, metabolic disruption

Arsenic

Causes: Normally occurring, possibly

exacerbated by over pumping aquifers
and by phosphate from fertilizers
Effects: Nervous system and liver
damage
 WASTE AND ITS CAUSES AND EFFECTS
Salts

Causes: Seawater intrusion

Effects: Freshwater unusable for
drinking or irrigation

Fluoride

Causes: Normally occurring

Effects: Dental problems crippling
spinal and bone damage
 CONTAMINATION
Contamination results when hazardous
substance is spilled or buried in the soil or
when pollutants chemicals or industrial
smoke stack settle on the soil.

Plants in contaminated soil absorb

hazardous substances. Humans or animals
that ingest these plants may get sick, they
will also inhale soil contaminants through
dust that is present in the hair or absorb
these hazardous chemicals through their
skin.
 CONTAMINATION

The availability of clean water has come

to be recognized as perhaps the most
critical of all human issues facing the
work in the next quarter century as new
research finds that groundwater is
dangerously threatened.
CONTAMINATION
HOW DOES WASTE AFFECT
PEOPLE’S HEALTH
The more emissions that we produce due to how
much trash we generate, may affect us in the long
term. One can develop diseases such as asthma,
birth defects, cancer, cardiovascular disease,
childhood cancer, COPD, infectious diseases, low
birth weight, and preterm delivery.
Improper waste disposal poses serious health risks,
especially to children, and can result in soil, water,
and air pollution. Agricultural and industrial waste,
when mixed with municipal waste, exposes people to
chemical and radioactive hazards. Pollution from
waste contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and
harms marine and wildlife. Many people ignore waste
disposal rules, leading to environmental damage as
waste decays, producing harmful gases like methane
and leachate, which pollutes the environment.
 SOURCES OF HUMAN
EXPOSURES
1. Exposures occur through
Ingestion of contaminated water or food
Contact with disease vectors
Inhalation
Dermal
2. Points of contact, Soil adsorption, storage, and
biodegrading
3. Plant uptake
4. Ventilation
 SOURCES OF HUMAN
EXPOSURES
5. Runoff
6. Leaching
7. Insects, birds, rats, flies, and animals
8. Direct dumping of untreated waste in seas, rivers,
and lakes results in the plants and animals that feed
on it
 IMPACTS OF SOLID WASTE
ON HEALTH
1. Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation
2. Uncollected waste can obstruct the stormwater runoff
resulting in a flood
3. Low birth weight
4. Cancer
5. Congenital malformations
6. Neurological disease
7. Nausea and vomiting
8. Increase in the hospitalization of diabetic residents living
near hazardous waste sites.
9. Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high levels of
mercury
 EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE ON
ANIMALS AND AQUATIC LIFE
1. Increase in mercury level in fish due to disposal
of mercury in the rivers.
2. Plastic found in oceans ingested by birds
3. Resulted in a high algal population in rivers and
sea.
4. Degrades water and soil quality
 IMPACTS OF SOLID WASTE
ON ENVIRONMENT
1. Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane,
a potent greenhouse gas
2. Change in climate and destruction of the ozone
layer due to waste biodegradable
3. Littering, due to waste pollutions, illegal
dumping.
4. Leaching is a process by which solid waste
enters soil or groundwater and contaminates
them.
 THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF IMPROPER
REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE
1.Soil contamination- It does not
only affect plant growth, but it is
also unhealthy to humans and
animals feeding on those plants.
Take the case of plastic bottles.
When they eventually break
down, they release DEHA
(diethyl hydroxylamine), a
carcinogen that affects our
reproduction systems, causes
liver dysfunction, and weight
loss.
 THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF IMPROPER
REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE
2.Air contamination - Waste
that releases dioxins are
also dangerous and pose a
health risk when they diffuse
into the air that we breathe.
Landfill gas produced by the
decomposing wastes can be
explosive and can harm
nearby communities.
 THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF IMPROPER
REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE
3. Water contamination -
Untreated sewages can
destroy and suffocate
marine habitats, such as
corals. Contaminated water
is also dangerous and
harmful to humans who
consume fish and other
marine life.
 THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF IMPROPER
REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE
4.Bad impact on human health -
Improper disposal of waste can
greatly affect the health of the
population living nearby the
polluted area or landfills.
Exposure to improperly handled
wastes can cause skin
irritations, blood infections,
respiratory problems, growth
problems, and even
reproductive issues.
 THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF IMPROPER
REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE
5. Impact on animals and
marine life- The effects of
pollution caused by improperly
disposed wastes and rubbish,
Styrofoam, and cigarette butts
have been known to cause
deaths in marine animals.
Animals who consume grasses
near contaminated areas or
landfills are also at risk of
poisoning due to the toxins
that seep into the soil.
 THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF IMPROPER
REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE
6. Disease-carrying pests-
Mosquitoes breed in cans and
tires that collect water and
can carry diseases such as
malaria and dengue. Rats find
food and shelter in landfills
and sewage, and can carry
diseases such as leptospirosis
and salmonellosis.
 THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF IMPROPER
REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE
7.Missed recycling
opportunities- There is
revenue in recycling. Cities
that do not implement proper
removal and recycling of
wastes miss on this, miss out
on the resources that can be
reused, and on the
employment opportunities
that a recycling center brings.
 THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF IMPROPER
REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE
9. Causes extreme climate
changes- Decomposing
waste emits gases that rise
to the atmosphere and trap
heat. Greenhouse gases are
one of the major culprits
behind the extreme weather
changes that the world is
experiencing.
QUIZ
1) REFERS TO ANY MATERIAL THAT CAN BE HARMFUL TO
HUMAN HEALTH OR THEENVIRONMENT IF NOT PROPERLY
DISPOSED

A. Biodegradable Waste

B. Hazardous Waste

C. Plastic

D. Papers
2) TYPE OF WASTE THAT CAN BE BROKEN DOWN AND
RECYCLED BY BACTERIA AND OTHER DECOMPOSERS

A. Non-biodegradable

B. Liquid

C. Biodegradable

D. Solid
3) REFER TO THE UNWANTED
SUBSTANCES NEEDED TO DISPOSED

A. compost

B. waste

C. plastic

D. solid waste
4) CONTAINERS, JARS AND BOTTLES ARE EXAMPLES OF
WHAT TYPE OF WASTE?

A. Solid waste

B. Liquid waste

C. Hazardous waste

D. E-waste
5) WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING
IS NOT CONSIDERED TO BE
A SOURCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY?

A. Hydropower

B. Wind

C. Natural gas

D. Solar
Thank
You
Have A Great Day