System of Lin EQs

Row Echelon form
Any matrix is said to be in the row echelon

form if it satisfies following three
properties…
1) The first non-zero element in each row must be
1, called as leading element of that row.
2) The leading element of upper row must be on the
left hand side of the leading element of lower row.
3) All zero rows must be gathered at the bottom.
•Reduced row echelon form
A matrix is said in reduced row echelon form
when it satisfies the following conditions.
1) The matrix satisfies conditions for a row echelon form.
2) The leading entry in each row is the only non-zero entry in

that respective column.
Examples of Matrices in Row echelon form :
1 2 3
1) 0 1 8
0 0 1
1 2 3 5
2) 0 1 8 7
0 0 0 1
0 1 3 5
3) 0 0 1 7
0 0 0 0
1 2 3
0 0 1
4)
0 0 0
0 0 0
Determine which of the following matrices are in Row Echelon form :
0 1 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 5
1) 1 2 8 2 2) 0 0 1 3) 0 1 8 4) 0 1 8 0
0 0 1 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
Linear Equation :
𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑎3 𝑥3 + … + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏
Where 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ,……𝑎𝑛 are real constants(coefficients) and
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ,……. 𝑥𝑛 are unknowns(variables)
System of Linear Equations :

A finite set of linear equations in the variables 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ,……. 𝑥𝑛 is called a system of
L.E.
Solution of System of Linear Equations:

Consider a system with m equations and n variables say 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ,……. 𝑥𝑛 .
A solution of this system is a set of values S1, S2, …..Sn that satisfies all the m
linear equations upon substituting 𝑥1 = S1, 𝑥2 = 𝑆2,……. 𝑥𝑛 = Sn .
System Of Linear Equations
Homogeneous System Non-Homogeneous System

•Non-Homogeneous System
• A System of linear equations is said to be non-Homogeneous ,
if it is in the form of, AX=B
a11x1 + a12x2 + … + a1nxn=b1 a11 a12 … a1n x1 b1

a21x1 +a22x2 + …+ a2nxn=b2  a21 a22 … a2n x2 b2
=
… … … … … … … … … …
am1x1 + am2x2 +… + amnxn=bm am1 am2 … amn xn bm
Non-Homogeneous system may or may not have solution.

•Homogeneous System
• A System of linear equations is said to be Homogeneous ,
if it is in the form of, AX=0
a11x1 + a12x2 + … + a1nxn=0 a11 a12 … a1n 0

x1
a21x1 +a22x2 + … + a2nxn=0 
a21 a22 … a2n x2 0
=
… … … … … … … … … …
am1x1 + am2x2 +… + amnxn=0 am1 am2 … amn xn 0
Homogeneous system always has at least one solution

•Consistent & Inconsistent system
A system of equations is said to be consistent if
it has at least one solution
otherwise (if it has no solution) the system is said to
be inconsistent.
Consistent Inconsistent Consistent

Non-homogeneous System (AX = B)
No Solution Consistent
(Inconsistent)
Unique Solution Infinite Solutions

Guassian Elimination Method :
1) Write system Ax = B in Matrix form [A | B]
2) Convert augmented matrix [A|B] in to row echelon form by using
elementary row operations
a) Ri + k. Rj
b) Interchange Ri with Rj.
c) Multiply a row with some constant (k.Ri )
3) Write new equivalent system A’X =b’
4) By back substitution find solution of it.
EX : Use Gaussian elimination Method to solve the following system
of equations:
Solution: The augmented matrix of the given system is
Operating R2+2(R1), R3-3(R1) we get

Operating 1/5 (R2) we get
Operating R3+6(R2), we get
Operating -1/2(R3), we get
Which is the row echelon form of the augmented matrix.

For Gaussian Elimination method we will stop here and go back to equations.
This gives
By using back substitution, we get solution as,
So, we have a unique non-trivial solution for this system.

Solve the system of linear equations by G.E. method.
X-2y +3Z = -2
-x +y -2z = 3
2x-y +3z = -7
Solution : The Augmented matrix for given system is
1 −2 3 −2
−1 1 −2 3
2 −1 3 −7
Perform R2 + R1 , R3 – 2 R1
1 −2 3 −2
0 −1 1 1
0 3 −3 −3
Perform R2 x (-1)
1 −2 3 −2
0 1 −1 −1
0 3 −3 −3
Perform R3 – 3 R2,
1 −2 3 −2
0 1 −1 −1
0 0 0 0
This is required row echelon form.

Going back to equations, we get
x – 2y +3z = -2………….(i)
y – z = -1 ………………..(ii)
Since there is no leading 1 in column of z . It is taken as free variable.
Put Z = t, where t is any real
By equation (ii) we get, y = -1 + t
By equation (i) we get x = - 4 – t
Solution set = {(-4-t, -1 +t, t) / t is any real no.}
The system has infinitely many solutions
• Solve,
-2b + 3c = 1
6a + 6b + 3c = 5
3a + 6b -3c = -2
Solution: The Augmented matrix for given system is
0 −2 3 1
6 6 3 5
3 6 −3 −2
Perform R12(Interchange R1 and R2)
6 6 3 5
0 −2 3 1
3 6 −3 −2
Perform R1 x (1/6)
1 1 1/2 5/6
0 −2 3 1
3 6 −3 −2
1 1 1/2 5/6
0 −2 3 1
0 3 −9/2 −27/6
Perform R2 x (-1/2)
1 1 1/2 5/6
0 1 −3/2 −1/2
0 3 −9/2 −9/2
Perform R3 – 3R2
1 1 1/2 5/6
0 1 −3/2 −1/2
0 0 0 −3
Since the last equation is in the form 0a + 0b + 0c = -3 which has
no solution. Therefore the system has no solution.
• It is called as inconsistent system.
•Solve the following homogeneous system of linear equations by using Gaussian ellimination
method.
-2X1+ X2 - X3=0 X1+ 2X2+ 3X3=0 3X1 +X3 =0
The augmented matrix is
Perform R12,
1 2 3 0
−2 1 −1 0
3 0 1 0
Operating R2+2(R1) , R3 – 3(R1), we get,
1 2 3 0
0 5 5 0
0 −6 −8 0
Perform 1/5 (R2)
1 2 3 0
0 1 1 0
0 −6 −8 0
Perform R3 + 6 R2 ,
1 2 3 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 −2 0
Performe 1/2 (R3),
1 2 30
0 1 10
0 0 10
This is required Row echelon form.
Going back to equations, we get
X + 2 y +3 z = 0 , y + z = 0, z = 0.
By back substituation,
We get x= 0, y= 0, z = 0
The system has unique solution.(trivial solution.)
• Solve the following homogeneous system of linear equations by using Gaussian
elimination method.
x + 2y + 5z + 2w =0 , 2x + 4y + z - 7w =0
Solution : The augmented matrix is

1 2 5 2 0
2 4 1 −7 0
Apply R2 – 2R1 1 2 5 2 0
0 0 −9 −11 0
Apply R2 x –(1/9) 1 2 5 2 0
0 0 1 11/9 0

The 2nd column and 4th column are not having laeding one’s , so 2nd variable and 4th
variable are free . Let y = t , w = s where t, s are any real nos.
X + 2y + 5Z +2w = 0, z +11/9w = 0
By substituting values of y and w we get,
Z = -11/9s
X = -2t + 55/9 s -2 s = -2t + (37/9)s
37 −11
Solution set = {(-2t + 9 s , t, 9 s , s)/ t, s are real nos.}
•Solve the following non homogeneous system of linear equations by using Gaussian
elimination method.
x - y + 7z =3 , 3x -3y + 21z = 2
Solution : The augmented matrix is

1 −1 7 3
3 −3 21 2
Apply R2 – 3R1
1 −1 7 3
0 0 0 −7

Going back to equations
X –y + 7 z = 3
0x + 0y +0z = -7
There are no values of x, y, z which will satisfy second equation.
The above system has no solution. (Inconsistent System)

Homogeneous System (AX = 0)

(Zero solution)
Non-homogeneous System (AX = B)
No Solution Consistent
(Inconsistent)

Questions:
Q1) If we have a homogeneous system AX = 0 with 3 equations
and 4 variables then it will have
1) Unique Solution i.e. trivial solution
2) Infinitely many solutions.
Q2)Consider a system AX = B where the coefficent matrix A is of
order 3x3.If A is invertible matrix, then the system has,
1) Unique Solution
2) Infinitely many solutions
3) No solution.
Q3) If we have a non homogeneous system AX = B with 2
equations and 4 variables then it will have
a) Unique Solution
b) Infinte Solution
C) No Solution
d) (b) or (c)
Comment on solution of the following systems.(without solving them)
1) x +2y – 4Z +w = 0
x – y + 3z -2w = 0
x - 5y + 3z +w = 0
Ans : Homogeneous sys with 3 equations and 4 variables
i.e. No. of equations < No. of variables
Therefor System has infinite solutions.
2) x +2y +z = 7
2x +4y – 3z = 8
x –2z = 9
1 2 1
A = 1 4 −3 det A = 1(-8 - 0)-2(-2 +3) + 1(0 - 4) = -14
1 0 −2
System has unique solution.
3) 2x + 2y + 4z = 0
2x +10y + 4z = 0
x + 5y + 2z = 0
Ans : det A = 2(20-20)-2(4-4)-4(10-10) = 0
Sys has infinite solutions.
4) ) 2x + 2y + 4z = 2
2x +10y + 4z = -1
x + 5y + 2z = 5
Ans : det A = 2(20-20)-2(4-4)-4(10-10) = 0
System may have infinite solutions or no solution.
Homogeneous Non
System Homogeneous
AX = 0 System
AX = B
A-1 exist Unique solution Unique
det A ≠ 0 (Zero solution) Solution
A is m x m square
A-1 does not Infinite
matrix
exist Solutions
det A = 0 Infinite Solutions OR
No solution
If m < n Infinite
No. of Eqs < No. Infinite Solutions Solutions
of var OR
A is mxn matrix No solution
If m>n
No. of Eqs > No.
of var Can’t predict Can’t predict
Consider homogeneous system AX = 0 system.
Case 1: No. of equations = No. of variables

A is a square matrix .
a.If matrix A is invertible.(det A ≠ 0)
Then system AX = 0 has unique solution X =0.
b.If A is not invertible.(det A = 0)

Then system AX = 0 has infinite solutions
Case 2 : No. of equations ≠ No. of variables

A is m x n matrix
a. If No. of equations < No. of variables (m < n)
The system AX = 0 has infinitely many solutions.
b. If No. of equations > No. of variables (m > n)

Can’t Predict anything about solution.(Unique or infinite)
Consider AX = B system.
Case 1: No. of equations = No. of variables

A is a square matrix .
If matrix A is invertible.(det A ≠ 0)
Pre multiply AX = B by 𝐴−1
𝐴−1 (AX ) = 𝐴−1 B
(𝐴−1 A) X = 𝐴−1 B
X = 𝐴−1 B
Then system AX = B has unique solution X = 𝐴−1 B.
Case 2 : No. of equations ≠ No. of variables

Can’t Predict anything about solution.

System of Lin EQs

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Row Echelon form

Any matrix is said to be in the row echelon

2) The leading entry in each row is the only non-zero entry in

Determine which of the following matrices are in Row Echelon form :

System of Linear Equations :

Solution of System of Linear Equations:

Homogeneous System Non-Homogeneous System

a11x1 + a12x2 + … + a1nxn=b1 a11 a12 … a1n x1 b1

Non-Homogeneous system may or may not have solution.

a11x1 + a12x2 + … + a1nxn=0 a11 a12 … a1n 0

Homogeneous system always has at least one solution

Consistent Inconsistent Consistent

Unique Solution Infinite Solutions

Solution: The augmented matrix of the given system is

Operating R2+2(R1), R3-3(R1) we get

Operating R3+6(R2), we get

Operating -1/2(R3), we get

Which is the row echelon form of the augmented matrix.

By using back substitution, we get solution as,

So, we have a unique non-trivial solution for this system.

Solution : The Augmented matrix for given system is

This is required row echelon form.

-2X1+ X2 - X3=0 X1+ 2X2+ 3X3=0 3X1 +X3 =0

The augmented matrix is

Solution : The augmented matrix is

This is required row echelon form.

Solution : The augmented matrix is

This is required row echelon form.

The above system has no solution. (Inconsistent System)

Unique Solution Infinite Solutions

Unique Solution Infinite Solutions

Case 1: No. of equations = No. of variables

b.If A is not invertible.(det A = 0)

Case 2 : No. of equations ≠ No. of variables

b. If No. of equations > No. of variables (m > n)

Case 1: No. of equations = No. of variables

Case 2 : No. of equations ≠ No. of variables

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