Chemistry Class XII

Even Semester

January 2023
• Explain the meaning of organic compounds and how they differ from inorganic
compounds
• Classifying organic compounds with general characteristics and general formula on
their functional groups (haloalkanes, alcohol, ether, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic
acids, esters)
• Determine how to identify the functional group of a compound based on the reaction
results of carbon compounds with various chemical reagents in the laboratory
• Describe the structure and names of carbon compounds based on their functional
groups (haloalkanes, alcohol, ether, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters)
• Determine and describe the types of isomers of carbon compounds based on their
functional groups (haloalkanes, alcohol, ether, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids,
esters)
• Describe the uses of carbon compounds based on their functional groups (haloalkanes,
alcohol, ether, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters)
• Explain the chemical properties (chemical reactions) of the manufacture/synthesis of
carbon compounds based on their functional groups (haloalkanes, alcohol, ether,
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters)
 Functional Group
Haloalkanes Characteristic &
General Formula
Alcohol
Identify in
Laboratorium
Ether
Organic Structure &
Compound Aldehyde Nomenclature
IUPAC
Ketones
Type of Isomers
Carboxylic acids
Inorganic Utility &
Compound Esters Synthesis Reaction
Consider the following compounds in everyday life !

Organic Compound Inorganic Compound

Organic compounds are compounds composed of carbon
atoms (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and halogen
atoms (F, Cl, Br and I).

Organic compounds are different compounds from

inorganic compounds. The differences between organic
and inorganic compounds are :
 Organic Compound Inorganic Compound
Composed of elements nonmetal-nonmetal Composed of metal-nonmetal elements
Nonpolar covalent bonds Bond ionically and polar covalent bond
Generally insoluble in water but soluble in Easily soluble in water but poorly soluble in
nonpolar solvents nonpolar solvents
It has relatively low boiling and melting It has relatively high boiling and melting
points points
The solution cannot conduct electricity The solution can conduct electric current
(non-electrolyte) (electrolyte)
Has a structure with a carbon chain (C) Do not have a chain of carbon atoms (C)
In nature it is found from petroleum and In nature it is found as mineral salts
natural gas
If it is reacted with O2 it will produce CO2 Relatively difficult to react with gas O2
gas (muddy lime water) and H2O steam
Each organic compound contains distinct and different atomic groups. These
atomic groups are the characteristics that determine the physical and
chemical properties of these organic compounds. Because of the many
different atomic groups, organic compounds are generally classified into two
major groups which are further classified into several types of compounds,
namely:
Hydrocarbon Organic Compound
Haloalkanes
Alcohol
Alkane Ether
Alkene Aldehyde
Alkyne Ketones
Carboxylic acids
Esters
Functional Group,
Characteristic,
General Formula
 Type Functional Characteristic General Formula
Compound Group
R – X
Haloalkanes Halogen
(F, Cl, Br, I)
- X CnH2n+1X
Alcohol Hydroxyl R–O –H - OH
CnH2n+2O
Ether Alkoxy R–O –R -O-
O
Aldehyde II - CHO
R–C –H
Carbonyl
O CnH2nO
Ketones II - CO -
R–C –R
O
Carboxylic Acids II - COOH
R–C –O– H
Carboxyl
O CnH2nO2
Esters II - COO -
R–C –O– R
Identify in Laboratorium
Type Compound General Formula Characteristic Identify in Laboratorium
Haloalkanes CnH2n+1X R – X Substances that react with metals
(F, Cl, Br, I) will become salts
Reacts with Na to produce H2 gas
Alcohol R–O –H
and PCl5 to produce HCl gas
CnH2n+2O
Does not react with Na and react
Ether R–O –R
with PCl5 not produce HCl gas
reacts with Fehling's reagent to
O
produce a brick red precipitate
Aldehyde II
and Tollens' reagent to produce a
R–C –H
CnH2nO silver mirror
O
Does not react with reagent
Ketones II
Fehling and Tollens
R–C –R
O
pH < 7,
Carboxylic Acids II
change litmus paper & sour smell
R–C –O– H
CnH2nO2
O pH = 7,
Esters II does not change litmus paper &
R–C –O– R fragrance
Note the following statements :
❖ Compound A with the general formula C5H10O2 is neutral and has a fruity aroma
❖ Organic compound B with the general formula CnH2n+2O is easily soluble in water and
when reacted with sodium metal will produce H2 gas bubbles.
The functional groups and types in compounds A and B are....

Pay attention to the following test results !

❖ Compound A with the general formula C4H8O2 can change the color of blue litmus to
red and is very soluble in water
❖ Compound B with the general formula C5H10O cannot react with reagent Fehling and
reagent Tollens
The functional groups and types of compounds A and B according to the test data above
are respectively....
Structure
Nomenclature IUPAC
Type Compound Characteristic IUPAC Name
R – X
Haloalkanes -o -ane
(F, Cl, Br, I)
Alcohol R – O– H -anol
Ether R – O– R -oxy -ane
O
Aldehyde II -anal
R – C– H
O
Ketones II -anone
R – C– R
O
Carboxylic Acids II -anoic acid
R –C – O– H
O
Esters II -yl –anoate
R –C – O– R
C1 – meth C6 – hex
C2 – eth C7 – hept
C3 – prop C8 – oct
C4 – but C9 – non
C5 – pent C10 – dec

F = Fluoro
Cl = Chloro
Br = Bromo
I = Iodo
Haloalkanes
Alcohol

Ether
Aldehyde

Ketones
Carboxylic
Acid

Esters
Type of Isomers
Isomers are organic compounds that differ in terms
of structure, name and compound properties but
have the same molecular formula
Utility
Synthesis Reaction
Consider the reaction data for the manufacture of the following
organic compounds:

-Pentanal is reacted with PCC to produce compound A

-Chloroethane reacts with KOH to produce compound B
-When compounds A and B are reacted with the help of an H+
catalyst, compound C will produce a fruity aroma and water molecules

Determine the name of the reaction, structure and name of the

compounds A, B, C !
Consider the following organic compound test data:

- 2-methyl-2-pentene reacts with hydrochloric acid to form

compound X
- Compound X is reacted with NaOH solution to form compound Z
- Compound Z is then reacted with PCC to form compound Y
- Compound Y is known cannot react with Fehling's and Tollens'
reagent

Determine the name of the reaction, the structure and the name of
the compound X, Y, Z !
Pay attention to the reaction involving the following alcohol
compounds :

Determine the name of the reaction, the structure and the

name of the compound P, Q, R !
Ardyansyah Ibraham