SETTLEMENT AND

STABILITY
ANALYSIS OF
FOUNDATIONS
Dr. FLORANTE D. POSO, Jr.
OUTLINE
 Introduction to Foundations
 Type and Selection of Foundations
 Use of data from soil exploration results
 Ultimate Bearing Capacity
 Factor of Safety Analysis
 Types of Foundation Settlement
 Allowable Bearing Pressure on Settlement Consideration
 Settlement Analysis
 Stability Analysis application to Shallow Foundations
 Load Calculation and Analysis
 Sliding Check
 Overturning Check
 Foundation Bearing capacity check
 Allowable bearing capacity check of original ground
 The Pressure distribution under the original ground
 Plane sliding check of rubble mound
 Sample Design calculations
FOUNDATIONS
The lowest part of a structure is generally
referred as the FOUNDATION.

A properly designed foundation is one that

transfers the load throughout the soil without
overstressing the soil.

Overstressing the soil can result in either

excessive settlement or shear failure of the soil.

Thus, geotechnical and structural engineers

who design foundations must evaluate the
bearing capacity of soils.
FOUNDATIONS

A foundation is defined as
that part of the structure
that supports the weight
of the structure and
transmits the load to
underlying soil or rock.
FOUNDATIONS
 All foundations are divided into two categories:
1. shallow foundations
2. deep foundations.

The words shallow and deep refer to the depth of

soil in which the foundation is made. Shallow
foundations can be made in depths of as little as 3ft
(1m), while deep foundations can be made at
depths of 60 - 200ft (20 - 65m).

Shallow foundations are used for small, light

buildings, while deep ones are for large, heavy
buildings.
FOUNDATIONS

Every building consists

of two basic Components
The super structure
The sub-structure
(Foundation)
FOUNDATIONS

The basic function of foundation

is to transmit:
 the dead load (weight of walls,
partitions, floors, roofs, and
other permanent structures)
 Super imposed load (Live
loads)
 Wind load
FOUNDATIONS
From a building to the soil on
which the building rests in such
away that:
settlements are with in
permissible limits, without
causing cracks in the super
structure
the soil doesn’t fail by the shear
failure criterion
FOUNDATIONS
The foundation should be sufficiently strong
to prevent excessive settlement as well as
differential settlement. Differential
settlement may be caused by:
 Weak sub soils
 Shrinkable and expansive soils (clay)
 frost action
 movement of ground water and uplift
pressure
 Excessive vibration, slipping of strata on
slopping etc.
FOUNDATIONS
Foundations serve the following
purposes:
 Reduction of load intensity
 Even distribution of loads
 Provision of level surface
 Lateral stability
 Safety against undermining
 Protection against soil movements
FOUNDATIONS

Essential Requirements of a
good foundation
 sustain the dead and
imposed loads
 it should be rigid
 Good location.
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Shallow foundations are also called spread
footings or open footings.
The 'open' refers to the fact that the foundations
are made by first excavating all the earth till the
bottom of the footing, and then constructing the
footing. During the early stages of work, the entire
footing is visible to the eye, and is therefore called
an open foundation. The idea is that each footing
takes the concentrated load of the column and
spreads it out over a large area, so that the actual
weight on the soil does not exceed the safe bearing
capacity of the soil.
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

There are several

kinds of shallow
footings: individual
footings, strip
footings and raft
foundations.
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow foundations
are those foundations
that have a depth-of-
embedment-to-width
ratio of approximately
less than four (4).
INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS
INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS
 Individual footings are one of the most simple
and common types of foundations.
 These are used when the load of the building is
carried by columns.
 Usually, each column will have its own footing.

 To get a very rough idea of the size of the footing,

the engineer will take the total load on the
column and divide it by the safe bearing capacity
(SBC) of the soil. For example, if a column has a
vertical load of 10T, and the SBC of the soil is
10T/m2, then the area of the footing will be 1m2.
INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS
 Individual footings are usually connected by a
plinth beam, a horizontal beam that is built at
ground or below ground level
STRIP FOOTINGS

Strip footings are commonly

found in load-bearing masonry
construction, and act as a long
strip that supports the weight of
an entire wall. These are used
where the building loads are
carried by entire walls rather
than isolated columns, such as in
older buildings made of masonry.
STRIP FOOTINGS
RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATIONS
 Raft Foundations, also called Mat
Foundations, are most often used
when basements are to be constructed.
In a raft, the entire basement floor slab
acts as the foundation; the weight of
the building is spread evenly over the
entire footprint of the building. It is
called a raft because the building is
like a vessel that 'floats' in a sea of
soil.
RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATIONS

Mat Foundations are used where

the soil is weak, and therefore
building loads have to be
spread over a large area, or
where columns are closely
spaced, which means that if
individual footings were used,
they would touch each other.
RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATIONS
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
PILE FOUNDATIONS
A pile is basically a long
cylinder of a strong material
such as concrete that is
pushed into the ground so that
structures can be supported on
top of it.
PILE FOUNDATIONS
Pile foundations are used in the following
situations:
1) When there is a layer of weak soil at the
surface. This layer cannot support the weight
of the building, so the loads of the building
have to bypass this layer and be transferred to
the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below
the weak layer.
2) When a building has very heavy,
concentrated loads, such as in a high rise
structure.
PILE FOUNDATIONS

Pile foundations are

capable of taking
higher loads than
spread footings.
PILE FOUNDATIONS
There are two types of pile foundations.
END BEARING PILES
The bottom end of the pile rests on a
layer of especially strong soil or
rock. The load of the building is
transferred through the pile onto the
strong layer. The key principle is that
the bottom end rests on the surface
which is the intersection of a weak and
strong layer. The load therefore bypasses
the weak layer and is safely transferred
to the strong layer.
END BEARING PILES

The load carried by the

pile is transmitted at its
tip to a firm stratum.
FRICTION PILES

The pile transfers the

load of the building to
the soil across the full
height of the pile, by
friction.
FRICTION PILES

The
superstructure
load is resisted
by the shear
stresses
generated along
the surface of
the pile.
FOUNDATION SELECTION
CRITERIA FOR BUILDINGS

Selection criteria for

foundation for buildings
depend on two factors, i.e.
factors related to ground
(soil) conditions and factors
related to loads from the
structure.
SELECTION OF FOUNDATION BASED ON
GROUND CONDITIONS:
The ground or soil condition is
necessary for determining the
type of suitable foundation. The
soil on which the industrial,
commercial or residential
building rests may be stable, level
and of uniform composition, but
in some situations it may be
otherwise.
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING SUITABLE
FOUNDATION BASED ON SOIL CONDITION:

 Where soil close to the surface is capable

of supporting structure loads, shallow
foundations can be provided.
 Where the ground close to surface is not
capable of supporting structural loads,
hard strata is searched for, and in some
cases, it may be very deep, like in case of
multi-storey buildings, where loads are
very high. So, deep foundations are
suitable for such cases.
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING SUITABLE
FOUNDATION BASED ON SOIL CONDITION:

 Field up ground have low bearing

capacity, so deep foundation is
required at that place, whereas
uniform stable ground needs
relatively shallow foundation.
 Level of the ground also affects
foundation selection. If the ground is
not levelled, and has gradient then
step foundation may be preferred.
SELECTION OF FOUNDATION BASED ON
LOADS FROM BUILDING:
The loading condition i.e. type and
magnitude of loads, depends on the form and
type of building to be constructed.
In case of low rise building with large span, the
extent of loading is relatively modest, so
shallow foundation is preferred in this case.
While high-rise building with short span has
high loads. Therefore, deep foundation is
required in such cases. Deep foundation is
provided because ground at greater depth are
highly compacted.
SELECTION OF FOUNDATION BASED ON
LOADS FROM BUILDING:

In case of framed structure multi-

storey building, where loads are
concentrated at the point of
application, the use piles are
common.
Where, loads of the buildings are
uniformly distributed, like from
masonry claddings, the piles are
not needed.
TYPES OF
SETTLEMENT
Dr. FLORANTE D. POSO, Jr.
WHAT IS FOUNDATION SETTLEMENT?

Soils deform under the load of

foundation structures. The total
vertical displacement that occur
at foundation level is termed as
settlement. The cause of
foundation settlement is the
reduction of volume air void ratio
in the soil.
SETTLEMENT
The magnitude of foundation
settlement is controlled by many
factors, type of soil and
foundation structure.
Foundations on bedrock settle a
negligible amount. In contrary,
Foundations in other types of soil
such as clay may settle much
more.
SETTLEMENT
 Building foundation settlement is
normally limited to amounts
measured in millimeter or fractions
of an inch.
 Structures will suffer damages due
to settlement of its foundation
specifically when the settlement
occur in quick manner.
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
SETTLEMENT

Differential
foundation settlement
Uniform foundation
settlement
DIFFERENTIAL FOUNDATION
SETTLEMENT

 Settlement that occurs at differing

rates between different portions of a
building is termed differential
settlement.
 Differential settlement occurs if there
is difference in soils, loads, or
structural systems between parts of a
building. in this case, different parts of
the building structure could settle by
substantially different amounts.
DIFFERENTIAL FOUNDATION
SETTLEMENT

 The frame of the building may

become distorted, floors may slope,
walls and glass may crack, and doors
and windows may not work properly.
 Uneven foundation settlement may
force buildings to shift out of plumb
which lead to crack initiation in
foundation, structure, or finish.
DIFFERENTIAL FOUNDATION
SETTLEMENT

Majority of foundation failures are

attributable to severe differential
settlement.
For conventional buildings with
isolated foundations, 20mm
differential settlement is
acceptable.
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
UNIFORM FOUNDATION
SETTLEMENT

 When foundation settlement occurs

at nearly the same rate throughout
all portions of a building, it is called
uniform settlement.
 If all parts of a building rest on the
same kind of soil, then uniform
settlement the most probable type
to take place.
UNIFORM FOUNDATION
SETTLEMENT
 When loads on the building and the
design of its structural system are
uniform throughout, the anticipated
settlement would be uniform type.
 Uniform settlement has small
detrimental influence on the building
safety.
 However, it influences utility of the
building for example damaging sewer;
water supply; and mains and
jamming doors and windows.
UNIFORM SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT
FOUNDATION SETTLEMENT
CAUSES

Direct causes
Indirect causes
DIRECT CAUSES

The direct cause of

foundation
settlement is the
weight of building
including dead load
and live load.
INDIRECT CAUSES
 Failure of collapsible soil underground
infiltration
 Yielding of excavation done adjacent to
foundation
 Failure of underground tunnels and mines

 Collapse of cavities of limestones

 Undermining of foundation

 Earthquake induced settlement

 Finally, due to extraction of ground water.

COMPONENTS OF TOTAL SETTLEMENT
OF FOUNDATIONS

Immediate settlement
Primary settlement
Secondary settlement
IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT
It is also called short term
settlement.
Immediate settlement take
place mostly in coarse grained
soils of high permeability and in
unsaturated fine-grained soils of
low permeability.
Lastly, it occurs over short period
of time which about 7 days. So, it
ends during construction time.
PRIMARY SETTLEMENT
 Take place over long period of time
that ranges from 1 to 5 years or
more
 Primary settlement frequently
occurs in saturated inorganic fine
grain soil.
 Expulsion of water from pores of
saturated fine grain soil is the
cause of primary settlement.
SECONDARY SETTLEMENT
 Secondary settlement is the
consolidation of soil under constant
effective stress.
 Frequently, it occurs in organic fine
grain soil.
 It continues over the life span of
foundation structure similar to
creep in concrete.