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𝐒𝐎𝐅𝐓 𝐒𝐊𝐈𝐋𝐋𝐒 𝐃𝐄𝐕𝐄𝐋𝐎𝐏𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐓

Sub: Soft Skills Development

Unit-I
Know Thyself/Understanding Self
Introduction to soft skills-Self-Discovery-Developing positive attitude-Improving
PerceptionsForming Values.
KNOW THYSELF/UNDERSTANDING SELF
Know Thyself is a term coined by the great Greek philosopher Socrates meaning
“Know Yourself”. Knowing yourself is to know your true identity. If you know yourself you
will be able to know your strength and weakness then you will be able to remove your weak
portion. You must know yourself in order to be useful to yourself and others.
Importance of knowing yourself

฀ Control emotions.
฀ Reach your goal.
Importance
of knowing ฀ Reach better decisions.
yourself ฀ Improve relationship.
will help to ฀ Realize you’re potential.
฀ Experience happiness and joy.

Figure 1: Importance of knowing yourself

Helps to Control emotions

Knowing yourself helps you to take control your emotions and helps in decisions
and choices when you are in an emotional state.
Helps to reach your goal
When you know who you are, and clearly understands what you want, you have a
better chance of discovering how to reach your goal, personal fulfilment and
happiness.
Helps to reach better decisions
You will be able to improve those things that you want to and let go of the things
that you can’t. Helps you to take better decisions and be a better person.
Helps to Improve relationship
Knowing your inner self help in working to reach your goals effectively, improve
your attitude and relationship with others in your life. Helps to Realize you’re
potential
If you know yourself, then you can develop your potential fully. It will ensure
success in business, Friendship, love or altogether
Helps to Experience happiness and joy
When you reach your goals, you turn out to be a happy person and improve your
mindset in positive way.
Process of Knowing yourself
Maintain Personal Diary
It helps you in learning who you are, likes and dislikes your passion and what you
want to be in your life. Use a comfortable place to write About how you feel what
bothers you What exercise you and establish a connection between you and
yourself.
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Practice Meditation it helps you to observe yourself in the present moment it

helps in empty yourself of worries, excitement and so on.
Exercise and go for walk regularly
Exercise helps a person physically and mentally if exercising is not possible opt for
walking. if you are a person facing hard times then exercise is a best way to slow
you down.
Do some riding or driving or outing
Driving proves to be a good process particularly when you find it hard to locate a
quiet place. practice habit of going out for sightseeing particularly went down with
something in life.
Develop Some Hobbies and New Interest it will give you a chance to identify
your passion within you it will help you to find some time to relax allow yourself
to think something new and different it will take you sky high in the ladder of your
personal and professional life
(Source: Dr.K.Alex, Soft Skills Know yourself and Know the World,S.ChandPublishing,2014)

INTRODUCTION TO SOFT SKILLS

Soft skills are character traits and interpersonal skills that characterize a person's relationships
with other people. These skills make it easier to form relationships with people, create trust and
dependability, and lead teams.
Attributes regarded as soft skills

Figure 2:Attributes regarded as soft skills.

➢ Interpersonal skills
The behaviours and tactics a person use to interact with others effectively. In the business
world, the term refers to an employee's ability to work well with others. Interpersonal
skills range from communication and listening to attitude and deportment.
(https://www.investopedia.com/)
➢ Team working
Teamwork is the collaborative effort of a group to achieve a common goal or to complete
a task in the most effective and efficient way. It is crucial to work with other teammates
to share ideas, improve each other's work and help one another to form a good team.(
https://www.indeed.com)
➢ Negotiation skills
Negotiation is a method by which people settle differences. It is a process by which
compromise or agreement is reached while avoiding argument and dispute. Negotiation
skills can be of great benefit in resolving any differences that arise between you and
others. ( https://www.skillsyouneed.com) ➢ Communications Skills

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Communication skills are the abilities you use when giving and receiving different kinds
of information. Some examples include communicating new ideas, feelings or even an
update on your project. Communication skills involve listening, speaking, observing and
empathising.( https://www.indeed.co.in)
➢ Time Management
Time management” refers to the way that you organize and plan how long you spend on
specific activities. Good time management enables you to work smarter – not harder –
so that you get more done in less time, even when time is tight and pressures are high.
(https://www.mindtools.com) ➢ Stress management
Effective stress management helps you break the hold stress has on your life, so you can
be happier, healthier, and more productive. The ultimate goal is a balanced life, with time
for work, relationships, relaxation, and fun—and the resilience to hold up under pressure
and meet challenges head on. (https://www.helpguide.org)

SELF-DISCOVERY
Self-discovery is the process of learning more about yourself and who you are. Self-
discovery is a lifelong journey of exploration through to our inner self trying to discover
who we are, our potential, our purpose in life. it is a fundamental component of a personal
growth it takes the time to Discovery who we are as a person this is accomplished through
self-reflection
Process of self-Discovery
It is one in which people are guided through self-questioning and examination of one's
own thoughts, words and actions in order to reach his or her own conclusion regarding
who they truly are through the process. The person gets a deeper understanding of his
or her own self character values. process of self-Discovery is divided into four
segments

Figure 3:Process of self-Discovery

1. Self-awareness
It will increase the understanding of Increase understanding of who you are, your
characteristics emotions, needs and values
2. Interest Awareness
Establishing your personal interest.
3. Hopes and Dreams
Listing your hopes and dreams for future.
4. Career Discovery
Finding a career that corresponds to your personality and interest.
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(Source: https://destinysodyssey.com/personal-development/self-discovery/)
SWOT Analysis

SWOT analysis is the examination of your (or your organisation’s) situation by looking
at Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats.

SWOT analysis is a way of looking at your situation by identifying:

✓ Strengths, or those areas where you have an advantage over others, or some
unique resources to exploit;
✓ Weaknesses, or areas where you or your organisation may be weaker than
others, and may find that others can do better than you;
✓ Opportunities, or possibilities that you can take advantage of to help you
achieve your goals and ambitions; and
✓ Threats, or things that may prevent you or your organisation from making
a profit or achieving your goals.
(Source: https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ps/personal-swot-analysis.html)

Benefits of SWOT analysis

The main advantages of conducting a SWOT analysis is that it has little or no cost – anyone
who understands your business can perform a SWOT analysis. You can also use a SWOT
analysis when you don't have much time to address a complex situation. This means that you
can take steps towards improving your business without the expense of an external consultant
or business adviser. (Source: https://www.business.qld.gov.au/starting-
business/planning/market-customer-research/swot-analysis/benefits-limitations)

DEVELOPING POSITIVE ATTITUDE

Values help to guide our behaviour. Attitudes are the response that is a result of our values.
Values decide what we think as for right, wrong, good, or unjust. Attitudes are our likes
and dislike of things, people, and objects.
An attitude is a predisposition to act or feel a certain way towards a person or thing. A
person with a negative attitude will find a complaint at anyone, while a person with a
positive attitude will find only positive things at others. They are optimistic.
Features of Attitudes
✓ Multiplexity (attitudes are constituted by number of elements like family society
and environment)
✓ Attitude vary in relation to the needs they serve.
✓ Valence (refers to the magnitude. low valence means a person have indifferent
attitude towards something. high valence refers to a person having an extremely
favourable or unfavourable Attitude toward something) ✓ Attitudes are related to
feelings and beliefs. ✓ Attitude affect behaviour
✓ Attitude undergo changes. Formation of Attitudes
Attitudes are acquired and learnt by individual from the situation they face in their life.
factors that play a significant role in formation of attitude are
➢ Psychological Factors

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Psychological factors are the elements of your personality Like values ideas
beliefs perception except that limit or enhance the ways that you think.
➢ Family
It plays a significant role in the primary stage of attitudes held by individuals.
person developed certain attitude from his parents, brothers, sisters and elders in
the family.
➢ Society
Culture, tradition, language Influence person's attitude. It is the society, the
tradition and the culture which teach an individual what is acceptable and what
is not acceptable.
➢ Political Factors
Ideologies of political parties’ political leaders and political stability affect the
attitudes of the people.
➢ Economic Factors
Persons attitude also depends on the issues such as his salary, status, work etc.,
Ways of changing attitude in person

• Filling the information gap (in the circumstances providing the students with a
sufficient information can change the attitude of the students)
• Attitude can be changed by the use of fear in a person. A moderate level of fear
makes people change their attitude.
• If there is a discrepancy between attitude and behaviour then it can be resolved.
Peers with high credential can cause change in the attitude of a person. co-
opting approach (people are taught to co-operate with each other)

Attitude in Workplace
Attitude represents a powerful force in any organisation and attitude of Trust can pave the
way for better communication between employee and supervisor. You are expected to have
the following attitude in your workplace.

Belief
Passion

Pride

Figure 4:Attitude in Workplace

Pride
It refers to arrogance. Especially when one has too high an opinion of oneself. Pride
prevents you from doing just enough to get by. If you know everything you do at work
has your name and signature on it then you will give it your best shot and nothing less.
Passion
An intense enthusiasm for all things worth doing will pull you through the
toughest time. Belief

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In order to have passion it is important to believe. you can achieve all that you set out to
do for yourself if you start believing yourself.
Positive attitude manifest in the following ways:
• Positive Thinking
• Constructive Thinking
• Creative Thinking
• Expecting Success
• Optimism
• Being Inspire
• Choosing Happiness
• Not Giving Up Looking at The Failure and Problems As Blessing In Disguise.

Benefits of Positive Attitude

▪ Helps achieving goals and attaining success.
▪ Ability to inspire and motivate yourself and others.
▪ Fewer difficulties encountered along the way.
▪ More happiness, energy.
▪ Greater inner power and strength.
▪ People respect you. ▪ Ability to face any difficulty

Developing Positive Attitude

Here are some ways to help you develop a more positive attitude:
Listen to Internal Dialogue

Learn to Communicate

Get Back to Basics

✓Help Someone Out

Find Your Spirituality

Allow Yourself to Be Loved, Laugh and Find Humour in The Simplest Of

Things

Participate in New Physical and Mental Activities

✓Follow the Principles of Holistic Health

Figure 5: Developing Positive Attitude

✓ Listen to Internal Dialogue:

Divide a sheet into two columns in the left side write down all negative thoughts
that comes into your head rewrite each thought in a positive way in the second
column. practice doing this in your mind until it becomes a habit.
✓ Learn to Communicate:
If you find communicating difficult or afraid of arguments take a course and
communicating effectively.
✓ Get Back to Basics:

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Reconnect with old friends listen to your favourite music relax bath, read a book
it is a simplest thing in life that gives us the most pleasure.
✓ Help Someone Out:
Helping others helps us to feel good ✓
Find Your Spirituality:
Persons those who developed their spirituality through associating with others
ritual individuals are having their own personal and unique believes live longer
a more satisfying life.
✓ Allow Yourself to Be Loved, Laugh and Find Humour in The Simplest Of
Things:
The ability to love and to be loved is the most basic human quality finding ways
to reconnect with others is extremely helpful in developing a positive attitude.
laughter is a powerful mode elevator. if you are feeling down read some jokes
watch funny movies.
✓ Participate in New Physical and Mental Activities:
To improve the confidence level or coping mechanism it would be a easy as
learning the meaning of new words on new topics to build confidence.
✓ Follow the Principles of Holistic Health
Better nutrition and exercise help improve mood and attitude.

Obstacles in Developing Positive Attitude:

▪ Exaggerating (overestimating problems and underestimating abilities)
▪ Overgeneralizing (taking an isolated event and assuming it always happened).
▪ Personalising (thinking everything revolves around you).
▪ Thinking (seeing things as mutually exclusive even when they are not).
▪ Jumping to conclusions (drawing conclusion from limited information).
▪ Ignoring the positive (focusing on one negative and forgetting about all the
positives).
▪ Avoid perfectionism (try to recognise that falling short of perfection is not failure)

Five Types of Negative Thinking

Mind Divide and

reading conquer

Destructive Imperative
Magnifying
labelling thinking
Figure 6:Types of Negative Thinking

Magnifying:

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Magnifying turns the consequences of an event into a catastrophe such as I am going to

be fired.
Destructive labelling
This is an extreme form of overgeneralization. making a particular situation totally
negative.
Imperative thinking
It's usually based on negative past experiences. Mind
reading
Attributes to motives that explain other people's action towards a person or event
Divide and conquer
This happens because of over magnification and wanting others to support a particular
position

Overcoming Negative Attitude:

• Work on your personal strength.
• Counterpunch the negative self-talk with the substantial dose of positiveness. Look
for alternative explanations.
• Do something that will place you in a positive mood.
• Control your frustration speak slowly, breathe deeply in to your heart.
• Stop looking at the rear-view mirror you are vision of each event or situation is totally
up to you.
• Watch with great care who you hang out with. Ask yourself these questions who am i
around with? What are they doing to me? What have they got me saying? Measuring
Attitude
There are three components that you have to take into account while measuring once attitude
there are cognitive component, affective component and behavioural component.
cognitive component includes beliefs models preferences another aspect that shaped
how person interprets the world. affective component is the part of the attitude that
people experience emotions and make choice based on what they feel. behavioural
component is a part of the attitude that people say and do things. Attitude measurement
can be divided into two basic categories Direct measurement:
Statements or and designed in such a way to find out what the person actually is.
Indirect measurement:
Persons are asked to respond how they react to certain situation and thereby it is
found out what the person actually is.

(Source: Dr.K.Alex, Soft Skills Know yourself and Know the World,S.ChandPublishing,2014)

IMPROVING PERCEPTIONS
Perception refers to the ways in which a person experiences the world. perception is the process
by which people organise, interpret and experience ideas.
Factors Influencing Perception

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Needs and desires.

Internal Factors Experience.
Personality.

Factors influencing
perception
Intensity.
Size.
Frequency/ Repetition, Status, Contrastand
External Factors
Movement.

Figure 7:Factors Influencing Perception

Internal Factors
These are the factors which remain with the person. the internal factors are Needs
and desires
Perception varies depending on variation in desires and needs. socially oriented people
pay attention to interpersonal factors in connection with their perception. Experience
Experience and knowledge have a constant influence on
perception positive experience express one's person's ability and negative
experience affects one's self confidence. Personality
What is perceived in a given situation depends on personality type. optimistic people
always perceive things favourable and Pessimistic people in negative terms.
External Factors
Intensity
It states that more intense the situation the more likely it is to be perceived. Size
Size always attracts the attention of individual. for example, we see thousands of
people on the road but we always remember the one who are unusually tall.
Frequency/ Repetition
Repeated external object is more attention getting than a single one. repetition
increase our sensitivity to the object.
Status
Perception is always influenced by the status of the perceiver. people with high status
can influence the perception of others more than the people of low status. Contrast
Person objects of contrasting nature generally receive more attention and influence
one's perception.
Movement
people pay more attention to the moving things than that of the stationary ones.

Improving Perception

➢ Perceiving oneself accuracy

Frequent interaction with peers free and Frank communication with others will help
oneself understand better. ➢ Be empathetic
Looking at an issue from others point of view will enable you to understand better.
➢ Have a positive attitude
It makes one perception positive. to perceive better you need to overcome your
personal bias.
➢ Avoid perceptual distortion

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Sincere efforts should be made to Guard oneself again distortion such as attribution
first impression.
➢ Open communication
Ensure that the right message reach the right person at right time in a right way.

FORMING VALUES
Values
Values of general beliefs containing and individual’s idea about what is right and what is
wrong.
Values Relating to Education
• Accepting the importance of learning and knowledge.
• Encouraging curiosity and questioning mind.
• Promoting logical and critical thinking based on evidence
• Recognising the partnership between School home and community in education.
Seeing education as a lifelong process.
Values Relating to Self and Others
• Accepting our own worth as individuals.
• Accepting the importance of developing personal belief and value system.
Working cooperatively with others.
• Being honest and open in dealing with the others.
• Promoting positive welfare of others.
• Being punctual and fulfilling commitments.
Values Related to Civic Responsibilities
• Being committed to democratic process.
• Developing pride in being an Indian and sharing in our rich and diverse heritage.
• Showing respect for the rights and property of others.
• Accepting lawful and just authority
• Actively supporting economic development and the conservation of environment.
Importance of Values
Personal value system influences one's perception of individuals, situation and
decision-making process.

Similarities Between Values and Attitudes

Both are learned, acquired from the same source, affect the behaviour of the people,
both are endurable, difficult to change and influence each other’s.
Differences Between Attitude and Value
Attitude represents predisposition, value represents judgement.
Attitude refers to several believes; value refers to single belief.
Attitude are one's personal experiences, values are derived from social and cultural
aspects.
Formation of Values
It is believed that a significant portion of one's value is genetically acquired or
determined. The rest is acquired through experiences and situation faced. major source of
formation of values his parents, teachers, friends, peers, role models, reference group.
Types of values
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According to Milton Rokeach human values are divided into two types they are
terminal values and instrumental values. Terminal values are ones an individual would like to
achieve in his lifetime. instrumental values are ones an individual employs to achieve terminal
values.
Personal value are evolve from circumstances with external world and can change
over time. they may be derived from those particular group or system such as culture and
political party.
Social Values
Values can be either individual or social values. Individual values are absolutely necessary in
the formation of the basic character of a person and social value hold the key knitting person
together. In the present highly competitive environment it is more focused on academic and
individual values there is a risk of individuals becoming more self centred an insensitive to the
needs of the society so it is decided to give more emphasis on social values which are listed
below:
✓ Universal love and compensation.
✓ Caring and sharing
✓ Politeness and courtesy
✓ Gratitude and appreciation
✓ Duty and responsibility towards society
✓ Tolerance and patience
✓ Ready to serve attitude
✓ Team Spirit
✓ Empathy and sensitivity
✓ Repentance
✓ Forgive and forget
✓ Patriotism and sacrifice
✓ Civic sense and love for nature
✓ Peace non violence

Unit-II
Interpersonal Skills/Understanding Others.
Developing interpersonal relationship-Team building. Groups-Definition, Characteristics, why
are groups formed? Types of Group, Stages of group development, Group
CohesivenessDefinition, factors influencing group cohesiveness.
DEVELOPING INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP
Interpersonal relationship refers to social and emotional interaction between two or more
individuals in an environment.
TEAM BUILDING
Team
Team is a group of people working towards a common objective. Skills
Needed for Teamwork
besides technical proficiency you need to have a wide variety of social skills desire for
successful teamwork they are
✓ Listening

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✓ Questioning ✓ Persuading
✓ Respecting
✓ Helping
✓ Sharing
✓ Participating
✓ Communication
Team Building Process
Bruce Tuckman, an educational psychologist, identified a five-stage development process that
most teams follow to become high performing. He called the stages as: forming, storming,
norming, performing, and adjourning.

Adjourning

Performing

Norming

Storming

Forming

Figure 8: Stages of Team Building

Forming
This is a process of getting members acquainted with one another and start feeling
themselves as a part of a group. In the stage the members of the team get to know one
another and make new friends.
Storming
This is a process of conflict confrontation concern and criticism members question each
other's intention but at the end the members come together towards achieving group task.
Norming
This is a process of developing close relationship among the members the group
experience cohesiveness.
Performing
This is a stage of developing high level of maturity the group experience team work
clarity and task accomplishment.
Adjourning
This is a stage of separation the members of the group were separated for two reason the
group might have completed its task for the members decided to close the group

Characteristics of Effective Team

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There are several characteristics of an effective team:

✓ Clear purpose
Vision mission goals for the task of the team has been defined and is now accepted
by everyone.
✓ Informality
The climates tend to be informal comfortable and relaxed
✓ Participation
There is much discussion and everyone is encouraged to participate ✓
Listening
The members use effective listening techniques such as questioning paraphrasing
and summarising to get out ideas.
✓ Civilised disagreement
If there is disagreement that it must be comfortable with this and shows no sign
of avoiding or suppressing conflict
✓ Consensus decision
For important decision the goal is substantial but not necessarily anonymous
agreement to open discussion of everyone ideas, avoidance of formal voting.
✓ Open communication
Team members feel free to express their feelings on the task as well as on the
groups operations
✓ Clear roles and work assignments
There is clear expectation about the roles played by each team members work
distributed among team members
✓ Shared leadership
Leadership function shift from time to time depending on the circumstances the
needs of the group on the skills of the members
✓ External relationship
Team spend time developing ki relationship outside and mobilizing resources
then building credit ability with important place in other parts of organisation
✓ Style diversity
The team has a broad spectrum of team players types including members who
emphasize attention to task goal setting focus on process and questions about
how the team is functioning.
✓ Self-assessment
Periodically the team stops to examine how will it is functioning on what may be
interfering with its effectiveness
Role of Team Leader
A team leader is someone who provides direction, instructions and guidance to a group
of individuals, who can also be known as a team, for the purpose of achieving a certain
goal. An effective leader will know her team members' strengths, weaknesses and
motivations.
Team leaders serve various roles in an organization. Their job is to get tasks done by
using all of the resources available to them, including other employees or team
members. Below is a list of some important roles a team leader must often take on:

• Develop a strategy the team will use to reach its goal

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• Provide any training that team members need

• Communicate clear instructions to team members
• Listen to team members' feedback
• Monitor team members' participation to ensure the training they are being
provided is being put into use, and also to see if any additional training is needed
• Manage the flow of day-to-day operations
• Create reports to update the company on the team's progress
• Distribute reports to the appropriate personnel

(Source: https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-team-leader-description-
roleresponsibilities)

Role of Team Members

✓ Care for each other
✓ Open and truthful
✓ High level of trust
✓ Consensus decision
✓ Commitment
✓ Address conflict ✓ Real listening ✓ Express feelings
It is equally important for team members to ensure the following
✓ Be clear about the objectives of the team
✓ Identify individual skills
✓ Reflect the work methods
✓ Set targets for improvement
✓ Develop close relationship
✓ Have an open relationship

Nine persons A successful team should have

1. Coordinator: this person will have a Clear View of team objectives and the skill
that extracting work from others.
2. Shaper: this person will make things happen and get things going. Tries to pull
things together.
3. Planner: the person who come out with original ideas and challenges the
traditional one.
4. Resource investigator: this person with his strong contact a network brings lot
of information and support from outside.
5. Implementer: this person is well organised and effective of turning big ideas into
manageable task.
6. Completer: this person is the one who reaches the deadline and targets.

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7. Evaluator: person is good at evaluating all options. He judges the situations

accurately.
8. Specialist: he has a single-minded approach to reach the target.
9. Finisher: sticks to deadlines and likes to get on with things. Person does not
believe in relaxing at workplace.

GROUPS-DEFINITION
A group is a collection of individuals who interact with each other such that one person’s
actions have an impact on the others. In other words, a group is defined as two or more
individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular
objectives

TYPES OF GROUPS

Groups may be classified according to many dimensions, including function, the degree of
personal involvement and degree of organization.Types of Groups are;

Formal Groups
Formal groups are created to achieve specific organizational objectives. People are
brought together based on different roles within the structure of the organization. The
nature of the task to be undertaken is a predominant feature of the formal groups. Formal
groups chain to be related to permanent although there may be changes in actual
membership. However temporary formal groups may also be created by management,
for example, the use of project teams in a matrix organization.
Informal Groups
Informal groups are based more on personal relationships and agreement of group’s
members than on defined role relationships. They serve to Satisfy psychological and
social needs not related necessarily to the tasks to be undertaken.
Managed Group
Groups may be formed under a named manager, even though they may not necessarily
work together with a great deal. The main thing they have in common, at least the
manager and perhaps a similar type of work.
Process Group
The process group acts together to enact a process, going through a relatively fixed set of
instructions. The classic environment is a manufacturing production line, where every
movement is prescribed.
Semi-Formal Groups
Many groups act with less formality, in particular where power is distributed across the
group, forcing a more collaborative approach that includes- negotiation rather than
command and control.Families, communities and tribal groups often act as semi-formal
ways as they both have nominal leaders yet members can have a high degree of autonomy.
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Goal Group
The goal group acts together to achieve a shared objective or desired outcome. Unlike
the process groups, there is no clear instruction on how they should achieve this, although
they may use some processes and methods along the way.
Learning Group
The learning group comes together to increase their net knowledge. They may act
collaboratively with discussion and exploration, or they may be a taught class, with a
teacher and a syllabus.
Problem-Solving Group
Problem-solving groups come together to address issues that have arisen. They have a
common purpose in understanding and resolving their issue, although their different
perspectives can lead to particular disagreements.
Friendship Group
Groups often develop because individual members have one or more common
characteristics. We call these formations of friendship groups.Social alliances, which
frequently extend outside the work situation, can be based on similar age or ethnic
heritage, the holding of similar political views, to name just a few such characteristics.
Interest Group
People who may or may not be aligned into a common command or task groups may
affiliate to attain a specific objective with which each is concerned. This is an interest
group.
(Source: https://www.iedunote.com/group.)

CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUP

▪ Size: To form a group, it must be having at least two members. Practically, the number
of group members ranges from 15 to 20. The more the members in the group, the more
complex it is to manage.

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▪ Goals: Every group has certain goals, that are the reasons for its existence.
▪ Norms: A group has certain rules, for interacting with the group members.
▪ Structure: It has a structure, based on the roles and positions held by the members.
▪ Roles: Every member of a group has certain roles and responsibilities, which are
assigned, by the group leader.
▪ Interaction: The interaction between the group members can occur in several ways,
i.e. face to face, telephonic, in writing or in any other manner.
▪ Collective Identity: A group is an aggregation of individuals, which are separately
called as members, and collectively called as a group.
(Source: https://businessjargons.com/group.html)

WHY ARE GROUPS FORMED?

People form groups basically for activities, interaction and due to sentiments. People
living in proximity frequently discuss their problems. They try to reduce their tensions and
achieve satisfaction. Individuals interest each other only when they have common attitudes and
sentiments. The group members share beliefs, principles, and standards about areas of
common interest and they come together to work on common tasks for agreed purposes and
outcomes.

(Source: https://www.shareyouressays.com, https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/groups.html)

STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT
Tuckman was responsible for coining the 5 main stages in the process of group
discussion. They are also known as Tuckman’s 5 stages of group development. the stages are:
forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. (refer Team Building Process)

GROUP COHESIVENESS-DEFINITION
Group cohesiveness can be defined as a bond that pulls people toward membership in a
particular group and resists separation from that group. Group cohesiveness Means the degree
of attachment of the members or their groups. if group location is high then interaction between
the members of the group Sky and the degree of agreement in group opinion

FACTORS INFLUENCING GROUP COHESIVENESS

The twelve major factors influencing group cohesiveness, i.e, (1) Similarities of Attitudes and
Values, (2) Size of the Group, (3) Time, (4) Location, (5) Status, (6) Difficulty in Entry, (7)
Inter Dependency, (8) Management Behaviour, (9) Member Turnover, (10) Threat, (11)
Previous Successes and Shared Goals, and (12) Cooperation.
1. Similarities of Attitudes and Values:
One of the strongest sources of group cohesiveness is the similarity in attitudes and values
among group members. We enjoy the company of people who hold similar opinions,
morals, beliefs and code of conduct, because the person who shares the same opinions as
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we do provide us with a kind of social validation for our beliefs. He provides us with a
feeling that we are right. If someone disagrees with us, this might make us scared that
we are wrong.Similarity of interest is very important when the group’s primary goal is
that of creating a friendly interpersonal climate.
2. Size of the Group:
Small groups are effective. The larger the size of the group, the less cohesive the group
is.
3. Time:
It is quite natural that the more time people spend with one another, the more they will
get to know each other and more tendency there will be to get closer to each other, thus,
strengthening the degree of cohesiveness.
4. Location:
Location of the group plays an important role in determining the cohesiveness. Where
members of a group are located close together separated from other groups, they will
develop greater cohesiveness because of constant face to face interaction.
5. Status:
A high status group receives greater loyalty from its members which in turn makes the
group more strong. That is why people are generally more loyal to high status groups.
6. Difficulty in Entry:
The more difficult it is to get in a group, the more cohesive that group becomes. The
reasons is that in exclusive and elite groups the members are selected on the basis of
certain characteristics and these characteristics being common to all add to the degree of
liking and attraction towards each other.
7. Inter Dependency:
When each member of a group has independent activities, the cohesiveness among the
members of such group will be less as compared to the group whose members are doing
the operations which are dependent upon each other, thus, mutual dependency leads to
greater cohesiveness.
8. Management Behaviour:
The behaviour of management has a direct influence on the degree of cohesiveness that
exists within a group. The cohesive group can help attain the group goals more
effectively, if the group members are properly inspired by the manager.
9. Member Turnover:
The higher the degree of member turnover, the less cohesive a group becomes, because
the more frequently members leave a particular group the more time a new member takes
to get attached to the group and the more time the old member takes to get attached to
the new group.
10. Threat:

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Threat is a very powerful force which unifies the group, particularly when it come from:
(i) Outside the group
(ii) Cooperation can help over-some the threat and
(iii) There is little or no chance for escape.
11. Previous Successes and Shared Goals:
When a group achieves a meaningful goal, the cohesiveness of the group increases
because the success is shared by all the members and each one feels responsible for the
achievement. , If the group agrees on the purpose and direction of its activities, this serves
to bind the group together. For this reason, successful companies find it easy to hire new
talented employees.
12. Cooperation:
Sometimes the general atmosphere of group enhances cohesiveness. The overall
atmosphere depends among other things on leadership.
(Source: https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/organization/group-cohesiveness/top-12-
factorsinfluencing-group-cohesiveness/63921)

Contents were taken from the following resources

Dr.K.Alex, Soft Skills Know yourself and Know the World,S.ChandPublishing,2014
https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ps/personal-swot-analysis.html
https://www.business.qld.gov.au/starting-business/planning/market-customer-
research/swotanalysis/benefits-limitations. https://www.investopedia.com
https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ps/personal-swot-analysis.html
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/organization/group-cohesiveness/top-12-
factorsinfluencing-group-cohesiveness/63921 https://www.shareyouressays.com,
https://businessjargons.com/group.html
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-team-leader-description-
roleresponsibilities https://www.mindtools.com

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