Morphological Analysis of Derivational Prefixes in Fable Story of “Raja

Lebah dan Sesendok Madu”

Lusi Susanti
Universitas Brawijaya
lusi6223@gmail.com

Abstract
As we know that language is very important to our life to interaction in our daily life.
The purpose of this study to describe the derivation prefixes which happen in the
fabled story and will focus an analysis of the derivational prefixes in the fabled story
“Raja Lebah dan Sesendok Madu”. This data research is a qualitative description,
data collection using the literature study. Data analysis uses word-class classification
in the speech section. The results of this study show that Derivational prefixes consist
of se-, me-, meN-, ber-, di-. Although they are included in the derivation prefix they
also have different in word classes. For example the word “sendok” as a noun and
the word “sesendok” as an adverb. Based on the result from the analysis derivational
prefixes above we find that there are several words that have different word classes
when we add the prefix phonemes in front of a word. For example, the words
"sendok" and "sesendok" have different word classes.
Keywords: Morphology, Morphemes, derivational prefixes.

Abstrak
Seperti yang kita ketahui bahwa bahasa sangat penting bagi kehidupan kita untuk
berinteraksi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk
mendeskripsikan prefiks derivasi yang terjadi pada cerita fabel dan akan
memfokuskan analisis prefiks derivasi dalam dongeng “Raja Lebah dan Sesendok
Madu”. Data penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif, pengumpulan data
menggunakan studi pustaka. Analisis data menggunakan klasifikasi kelas kata pada
bagian pidato. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa prefiks Derivasional terdiri
dari se-, me, meN-, ber-, di-. Meskipun mereka termasuk dalam awalan derivasi,
mereka juga memiliki kelas kata yang berbeda. Misalnya kata “sendok” sebagai kata
benda dan kata “sesendok” sebagai kata keterangan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis
prefiks turunan di atas didapatkan bahwa terdapat beberapa kata yang memiliki kelas
kata yang berbeda bila kita menambahkan prefiks fonem di depan sebuah kata.
Misalnya kata "sendok" dan "sesendok" memiliki kelas kata yang berbeda.
Kata kunci: Morfologi, Morfem, prefiks turunan.

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I. Introduction
Language becomes one of the important connecting tools for humans. Therefore,
language can be said to be mandatory and important in terms of communication. A language
is a communication tool that is produced by humans and is used as a tool to interact with
other communities. As we know, language consists of words or collections of words. Each
has a specific meaning and purpose. When we talk to someone, the sentence we produce can
be immediately accepted by the person we are talking to, but this will be different if we write
our words. The words we say in our writing are not arranged just like that requires existing
arrangement rules.
To express ideas or ideas we must choose the right words and arrange them according
to standard grammar. Sentences are a collection of words consisting of subject and predicate.
The sentence itself can be formed from one clause or several clauses. Sentences are a
language unit that has phonemes and morphemes. A phoneme is a sound in a language that
distinguishes meaning in a word, while morpheme is a form of language that contains
meaning in a word.
Morphology itself is a branch of linguistics that identifies the basic units of language
as grammatical units. Morphology studies the ins and outs of word forms and the effect of
word shape changes on word groups and meanings. In morphology, there is morpheme, the
smallest part of a word. However, each morpheme has both grammatical and lexical
meaning. Morpheme itself is divided into two parts, namely free morpheme and bound
morpheme. This research is expected to contribute to the field of linguistics, specifically
morphology, namely derivation prefixes. In addition to being able to contribute to this
research, it is also expected to be able to enrich the insights of science that study linguistics.
This research will focus on the morphological analysis of prefixes derivational in fable
stories “Raja Lebah dan Sesendok Madu”. Based on those explanation, the questions of this
research are: How many prefixes that we found in the fabled story "Raja Lebah dan Sesendok
Madu" and How many words class that we found in the fabled story "Raja Lebah dan
Sesendok Madu"?. The limitations of the problem in this study, it refers to the background
described above. This research focuses on the analysis of the morpheme derivation which is
the prefixes content contained in the fabled story "Raja lebah dan Sesendok Madu" in
addition to the prefix analysis, word-class analysis is also intended because it remembers the
interrelations between words and word classes.

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 According to Pepke (2015) Morphology is the mental grammar component dealing
with word types and how words are formed from smaller meaningful pieces and other words.
The internal structure of words is studied by morphology as a sub-field of linguistics. It aims
to explain that meaningful pieces of language can be combined to form words and what
impact these combinations have on the meaning or grammatical feature of the resulting
word. Next Nida, (1952:1) in Rugaiyah, (2018) says that Morphology includes the study of
morphemes and their structures in word formation. Morphology is the kind of activity we
have just carried out and is an example of examining language types.
According to John Lyons (1968) said that, “Such minimal units of grammatical-
analysis, of word may be composed are customarily referred to as morphemes”
(Introduction theoretical linguistics, 1986:170). A morpheme is the smallest syntactic and
significant linguistic unit containing a word or word component such as the use of –s,
whereas this unit is not further divisible into smaller syntactic sections. In addition Pepke
(2015) also argues that morpheme is classically defined as the smallest significant linguistic
unit. There are a few notes on the terminology that we use to discuss morphemes. First, while
the root by definition contains only one morpheme, the stem may contain more than one
morpheme. In cattiness, for example, the root is cat, but the stem to which the derivative
affix-ness is added is catty, which, as we have already observed, contains two morphemes.
Every affix is a single morpheme as well. Affixes following a stem are called suffixes, while
affixes preceding a stem are referred to as prefixes. Simple words are called free morphemes
because they can all be used on their own as words. On the other side, a word must always
be added to the stem to be used. Because they cannot stand alone, they are referred to as
bound morphemes. According to William McGregor, (2009) say that "A simple word
consists of a single morpheme, and so is a free morpheme, a morpheme with the potential
for independent occurrence. In The farmer kills the duckling the free morphemes are the,
farm, kill and duck. It is important to notice here that (in this sentence) not all of these free
morphemes are words in the sense of minimal free forms--farm and duck are cases in point."
Steven Weisler and Slavoljub P. Milekic (1999), said that "Morphemes can be divided
into two general classes. Free morphemes are those which can stand alone as words of a
language, whereas bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes. Most roots in
English are free morphemes (for example, dog, syntax, and to), although there are a few
cases of roots (like -gruntle as in disgruntle) that must be combined with another bound
morpheme in order to surface as an acceptable lexical item...

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 "Free morphemes can be further subdivided into content words and function words.
Content words, as their name suggests, carry most of the content of a sentence. Function
words generally perform some kind of grammatical role, carrying little meaning of their
own. One circumstance in which the distinction between function words and content words
is useful is when one is inclined to keep wordiness to a minimum; for example, when drafting
a telegram, where every word costs money. In such a circumstance, one tends to leave out
most of the function words (like to, that, and, there, some, and but), concentrating instead
on content words to convey the gist of the message.
According to Andini, (2013) says that a free morpheme is one that could be standing
alone in a language, without needing additional morphemes to pronounce a word. Thus,
words composed of only one morpheme, like bunny, tiger, are essentially free morpheme.
According to Richards (1985: 31) in Nuril (2017), a linguistic form (a morpheme in
bounded morpheme is never used alone but must be used with another morpheme, for
example as an affix or as a combination form. Example: -al, -ful, -minus, -ed, -able, -al.
Thus, from the opinion of Richards, the writer concludes that bound morpheme is the
smallest element or the most fundamental unit in grammar which can not be subdivided into
even the smallest meaning which can not stand alone.
According to Halawa, (2017) says that derivational morphemes may be prefixes or
suffixes. Both English prefixes are analogous. Both English prefixes change the context
although they do not modify the syntactic type. Yule (2006:57) states that “derivational is
process of word formation to be found in the production of new English words”. The
derivational also gives meaning to the term imbued with the prefix, in addition to forming a
new expression. Derivational as a part of a morpheme that is a bound morpheme. A
derivative morpheme: abound as-is morpheme used to create new words or terms of a
particular grammar class (e.g. boyish) as opposed to an inflectional morpheme.
Affixation is the act of adding an affix to the root on either the left or the right side of
the root. When an affix is added to the end of the root or to the right side of the root, it is
considered a suffix, Meanwhile, if the affix is added at the beginning it becomes a prefix.
For example, utter+ {-ance} = utterance. If an affix is applied to the front of the root or to
the left side of the root, it is considered a prefix. {in-}+ direct = indirect, for example.
Prefixes and suffixes are affixes attached to the bases or to different variations of morphs
(Wardhaugh, 1977: 84) was cites Rugaiyah, (2018).

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 According to Vance, (1991) in Yurtbasi , (2015) said that a prefix is a component of
the word put a base word. The meaning of the base word typically shifts with a suffix. For
example, the prefix {un-‐‐}, an original English suffix opposed to Latin {in-‐‐}, applied to
the word happy gives a new meaning to a new word. The {un-‐‐} prefix means "not," so it
shifts the meaning of the word happy to not be happy.
Quirk (1973:430) said that prefix to add before the basic form, with or without
changing the word class. According to Katamba in Rugaiyah (2018), states that the prefix is
an addition that goes to the root. Here are some examples of how to use prefixes in English:
Un – happy
Dis – like
Im – possible
Mis – understanding
Re – play
The italics above are the prefixes attached to the root. Based on the above definition and
examples, the researcher concludes that the prefix is a morpheme attached to the root.
According to Broukal (2002) in Mena (2018) says that a suffix was a mixture of letters
applied to the root of a phrase or phrase. Suffixes were either used to build new words, or to
display a word's purpose. It indicates the Suffix was a mixture of letters to shape new words
and their functions included in the word.

II. Research Method

This research method is descriptive qualitative research. The data collecting through
library research that is using fable stories to analysis derivational prefixes. Shank (2002, p.
5) defines qualitative research as “a form of systematic empirical inquiry into meaning” it
means Qualitative research tends to use fact analysis that is appropriate in the field. In
quantitative research, research departs from theory to data. Hancock. (2009). States
qualitative research is Focuses on definition and explanation and may lead to the
development of new concepts or theory or organizational system evaluation.

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III. Findings and Discussion
Table Analysis of Derivational Prefixes

No Prefix Root Word Descriptions

1 se buah se-buah The words “buah/orang” and
orang seorang “sebuah/seorang” they are noun,
although the words “sebuah/seorang”
gets the prefix “se” in front of a word.
se sendok sesendok The word “sendok” is noun while the
word “sesendok” is a adverb although
the word sesendok get the prefix “se” in
front of a word.
se sampai sesampai The words “sampai” and “sesampai”
they are verb, although the word
“sesampai” gets the prefix “se” in front
of a word.
se telah setelah The words “telah” and “setelah” they
are adverb, although the word
“setelah” gets Athe prefix “se” in front
of a word.
2 me lihat melihat The words “lihat/minta” and
rasa meminta “melihat/meminta” they are verb,
minta merasa although the words “melihat/merasa”
gets the prefix “me” in front of a word.
It is different in word “rasa” and
“merasa”. The word “rasa” is a noun
but the word “meminta” is a verb.
3 meN ambil mengambil The words “ambil/jelang” and
jelang menjelang “mengambil/menjelang” they are verb,
although the words
“mengambil/menjelang” gets the prefix
“meN” added to the basic word with

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 the initial phoneme “ng” and “j” in
front of a word.
4 meN dengar mendengar The words “dengar” and “mendengar”
is a verb, although the word
“mendengar” get the prefix “meN”
added to the basic word with the initial
phoneme “d” in front of a word.
5 meN buka membawa The words “buka/bawa” and
bawa membuka “membuka/membawa” they are verb,
although the words
“membuka/membawa” gets the prefix
“meN” added to the basic word with
the initial phoneme “b” in front of a
word.
6 ber salah bersalah The words “salah” and “bersalah” they
sabda bersabda have the different words class, “salah”
tindak bertindak as a adjective and the word “bersalah”
as verb.
The words “sabda” and “tindak” they
are as a noun, but the words “bersabda”
and “bertindak” as a verb.
7 di mulai dimulai The words “mulai” and “dimulai” they
are verb, although the words “dimulai”
gets the prefix “di” in front of a word.
The different with the word “dimulai”
has the passive meaning.

From the results of the analysis on the above fable, it was found that the prefixes of se-
, me-, meN-, ber-, di-, were classified as if in their word-class they could be different. For
example in the words "salah" and "bersalah", "sendok" and "sesendok" and "sabda" and
"bersabda", while for other classes of words they tend to be the same for example the words
"orang" and "seorang" they are as a noun.

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IV. Conclussion
Based on the result from the analysis derivational prefixes above we find that there
are several words that have different word classes when we add the prefix phonemes in front
of a word. For example, the words "sendok" and "sesendok" have different word classes.
The word “sendok” as a noun and the word “sesendok” as a adverb. So does the words
“sabda” and “tindak” they have different word classes with the words “bersabda” and
“bertindak”, the words “sabda” and “tindak” as a noun and the wors “bersabda” and
“bertinda” as a verb. on the other hand, the word “salah” and “bersalah” they also have the
different wors classes, the word “salah” as a adjective and the word “bersalah” as a verb. In
other cases, some words have the same class of words but different in usage, for example
the word “mulai” and the wor “dimulai” they are the same classes in verb but the word
“mulai” we can use in active sentence while the word “dimulai” we can use in passive
sentence. On the other hand, the words “buah”, “sebuah”, “orang”, “seorang” and others all
of the word have the same word classes. Like the word “dengar” and the word “mendengar”
it is same the words classes they are as a verb.

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